Iron: isakhiwo ye-athomu, isikimu kanye izibonelo. Isakhiwo electronic yase-athomu lokusansimbi

Cabanga isakhiwo electronic athomu yensimbi, kanye isikhundla salo ishadi lesikhathi. Thola izindawo ukhiye ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali element, emkhakheni ukusetshenziswa.

Isimo e-SS

Iron liyisici d-8 iqembu (ushintsho eqenjini). 26 has a nenombolo ye-serial, isihlobo mass-athomu - 56, e-athomu yayo iqukethe 26 proton, 26 ama-electron, futhi 30 neutrons. Lokhu metal has a reactivity okusezingeni eliphezulu, imibukiso ekunciphiseni izakhiwo. isimo namachibi ejwayelekile +2, +3.

Izici isakhiwo ye-athomu

Kuyini electronic idayagramu isakhiwo athomu ensimbi? Uma sicabangela ukusatshalaliswa electron amazinga energy, sithola samuntu elandelayo:

2e; 8e; 14 e; 2e. a okunjalo isakhiwo igobolondo electron-athomu ensimbi kufakazela ukuthi indawo yayo sub-ngamaqembu, kuqinisekisa omndeni izakhi uDkt.

Ukuba nemvelo

Iron ingenye ezivame kakhulu zemvelo izakhi zamakhemikhali. Esikhathini uqweqwe nokuqukethwe kwalo iphesenti imayelana 5.1%. Ngo ngaphezulu ekujuleni iplanethi yethu kukhona izakhi ezintathu kuphela: Silicon, aluminium, umoya-mpilo.

Iron imikhando zitholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene Zomhlaba. Alchemy atholakele kwakwakhe lokhu metal enhlabathini. Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa nsimbi kuyakhethwa lapho okuqukethwe ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-30.

I yensimbi kazibuthe iqukethe mayelana ayisikhombisa nambili amaphesenti kwensimbi. Basic magnetite ezifakwa asezindaweni eKursk anomalies kazibuthe, kanye Wik-Ural. Ngo Bloodstone iphesenti yensimbi ifinyelela amaphesenti angu-65. Hematite watholakala endaweni Krivoy rog.

Inani kakhulu ezimileni nasezilwaneni

Iyiphi indima ezintweni eziphilayo, wenza insimbi? Isakhiwo athomu uchaza impahla yayo okuvuselela. Lo msuka chemical kuyingxenye elithwala umoya-mpilo, wasinikeza a umbala sekhethelo. Mayelana ezintathu amagremu yensimbi okumsulwa, eziningi zazo ezifakwe elithwala umoya-mpilo, atholakala emzimbeni womuntu omdala. Inhloso eyinhloko ukuze uthumele ezicutshini kwamaphaphu oxygen asebenzayo futhi ukuhoxiswa carbon dioxide kwakhiwa.

Kudingeka lokhu kube nensimbi futhi izitshalo. Njengengxenye cytoplasm, kuthatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo inqubo ye-photosynthesis. Uma isitshalo akuyona yensimbi ngokwanele, amaqabunga ayo abe nombala omhlophe. Nge sakugcina sigqoka nosawoti zensimbi isitshalo amaqabunga luhlaza.

izakhiwo

Sabuyekeza isakhiwo athomu ensimbi. Isifunda kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngempela lo metallic ayebuthaka isici (electron etholakalayo Valence). Ngo-silver-zethusi kuqhathaniswa okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuma (1539 degrees Celsius). Ngenxa ductility ezinhle metal kungaba kalula elendlalekile, nginyathela, ekwakheni.

Amandla magnetization futhi demagnetization nobuntu yensimbi, wakwenza impahla kakhulu ukwenziwa cores electromagnets enamandla ezimotweni ezahlukene kanye ngezimoto zikagesi.

yensimbi kanjani asebenzayo? Isakhiwo ikhombisa khona kuyi-athomu ye ezingeni elingaphandle electron ezimbili okuyinto uzonikezwa ngokuhamba ukusabela zamakhemikhali. Ukuze wandise ubulukhuni bayo namandla, futhi enze eyengeziwe ugingqe metal saphenduka. izinqubo ezinjalo kungukuthi ephelezelwa ushintsho isakhiwo ye-athomu.

zinhlobo yensimbi

Isakhiwo electronic athomu yensimbi, isikimu okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla okwakubekelwa, uchaza yawo yamakhemikhali izici. Ngo metal okumsulwa okudayiswayo, okuyinto ongaphakeme-carbon steel ingxenye kabani main yensimbi. Njengoba okuphothula wembula amaphesenti angaba ngu-0.04 carbon, iqukethe i-phosphorus, i-nitrogen, isibabule.

yensimbi okumsulwa amakhemikhali ku imingcele yayo yangaphandle esifana-platinum. It has ukumelana ukugqwala izinqubo, ezinzile ukuze acid. Ngesikhathi ukungcola kancane yethulwe metal okumsulwa izici zayo eyingqayizivele zinyamalale.

kukho ngoba

Isakhiwo aluminium nensimbi ama-athomu okuqondene amphoteric ukhombise iqeqebana esikhulu ukuze aluminium, kungenzeka bayisebenzisa le nqubo yokuzihlukanisa yensimbi kusuka oxides zayo. Aluminothermy eyenziwa ashisa ephakeme, lwenza ukwaba metal okumsulwa kusukela imikhando zemvelo. Ngaphezu aluminium njenge-ejenti enamandla ekunciphiseni kuyakhethwa -hydrogen, i-nitrous carbon (2) kanye namalahle.

nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali Ikakhulukazi

Yiziphi izindawo amakhemikhali yensimbi? Isakhiwo athomu uchaza umsebenzi wayo ukunciphisa. Ukuze yensimbi, libhekene kumiswa ezimbili uchungechunge compounds kokuba isimo namachibi +2, +3.

Ngo emoyeni ezinomswakama, kukhona inqubo nokugqwala (ukugqwala) we metal, okuphumela ekwakhiweni yensimbi hydroxide (3). Nge-mpilo ukufuthelana yensimbi wire ixubana kusungulwa ensimbi amnyama oxide powder (2.3), okuthiwa i-ayini oxide esikalini.

Ngezinye okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa metal uyakwazi ukusabela nge umhwamuko, kanjalo zakha isimiso oxide okuxubile. Inqubo kuhambisana hydrogen kwemvelo.

Ukusabela ne-non-izinsimbi kwenzeka kuphela Ukushisa owandulelayo izingxenye kokuqala.

Iron kungenziwa oncibilikiswe sulfuric alulaze noma acid hydrochloric ngaphandle preheating ingxube. sulfuric kanzulu hydrochloric acid passivate kwensimbi.

Yini enye ine chemical izakhiwo yensimbi? Isakhiwo athomu timphawu ibonisa umsebenzi kwesilinganiso sayo. Le ndawo kuqinisekisiwe insimbi hydrogen (H2) ochungechungeni electrochemical. Ngenxa yalokho, kungaba azixoshe kusukela nosawoti kuzo zonke izinsimbi, okuyinto zitholakala kuya kwesokudla emgqeni Beketova. Ngakho, ukusabela ngethusi (2) wenziwa khona ngaphansi Ukushisa, kuyinto ukwabiwa zethusi okumsulwa nokuthola imvume chloride isixazululo ferric (2).

izicelo

Ingxenye enkulu insimbi Imininingwane isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni zensimbi steel. Amaphesenti yensimbi carbon okuqukethwe 3-4 amaphesenti ku steel - hhayi ngaphezulu kuka 1.4 amaphesenti. Lo msuka nonmetal yenza umsebenzi kukhuliswa amandla kunenze nisondelane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngendlela efanele kuthinta izakhiwo ukugqwala of Alloys kwandisa ukumelana kwento i lokushisa eliphakeme.

vanadium izithasiselo ezidingekayo ukuthuthukisa amandla mechanical we steel. I-Chromium kwandisa ukumelana namakhemikhali nolaka.

izakhiwo Ferromagnetic kwalesi sakhi chemical wakwenza ethandwa izicelo zezimboni, kufaka ekhatsi electromagnets. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimbi wathola ukusetshenziswa kwalo embonini isikhumbuzo. A isizinda ngokukhiqiza eziyisikhumbuzo ezehlukene ezifana odonsa egqamile esiqandisini.

Izikhwepha ductility avumele ukusetshenziswa metal ngoba ukudalwa zempi, izikhali ezahlukene.

chloride Ferric (3) esetshenziselwa ukuhlanzwa amanzi kusukela ukungcola. Kwezokwelapha 26 isici ishadi lesikhathi esetshenziswa ekwelashweni kwezifo ezifana nesifo sokuntuleka kwegazi. Esimeni yokuntuleka kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu kukhona ukukhathala, isikhumba bheka ibala ngendlela ephambene neyemvelo okhanyayo. yensimbi amalungiselelo ukusiza ukuqeda lolu hlobo nkinga, ubuyele umzimba emisebenzini evamile. Iron ibaluleke ngokukhethekile umsebenzi indlala yegilo, kwesibindi. Ngakho ukuthi umzimba womuntu awuwona ngempela izinkinga ezingathi sína, kudle ngokwanele nsuku zonke mayelana 20 mg kwensimbi.