Economist American uPawulu 'uSamuelson: wemiqondo eyisisekelo, ithiyori kwezomnotho kanye biography

Paul Samuelson, uMklomelo KaNobel okuyinto waklonyeliswa ngo-1970, akusilo ize ibhekwa Economist sonke isikhathi. Ingxenye enkulu phakathi impumelelo yakhe akha ubufakazi eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma lokubalulekile izimiso cishe kuto tonkhe tigaba umnotho: imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukukhiqizwa, ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba, ukuhlaziywa kwezezimali, inhlokodolobha theory kanye nokukhula komnotho, wonke umlando wokucabanga kwezomnotho, Macroeconomics. Sikunikeza ukuba simazi kangcono ezifana nezazi eziphakeme njengoba uPawulu Samuelson. Imibono, echaza kafushane impumelelo yayo esemqoka izokwethulwa kulesi sihloko. Izinto azibhala zaba izazi ngayifunda ngiphindelela kuze kube manje.

Isihloko sokuqala Samuelson

ithiyori Economic sikaPawulu 'uSamuelson ezishiwo izincwadi zayo kanye izihloko. Isihloko sokuqala usosayensi wabhala eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-23, ngo-1938. Ibizwa ngokuthi "Amanothi theory oluhlanzekile ukuziphatha kwabathengi." Phakathi ukudalwa isihloko Samuelson wafunda iziqu. Wabonisa ukuthi ijika ngokufunwa, eyaziwa ukuhlaziywa ithuluzi, kungenziwa etholakala izintandokazi, eyayibonakala "uyokwambulwa" sibonga ukuthi ingxenye ukuthenga, ngoba lapho kukhona ithuba lokubheka emakethe, kuyilapho nawe ungalushayi asesebenzisa Curves nandaba noma abekelwe emaceleni Umbuso ithiyori .

isihloko esikhulu

Ngo-1939, isihloko Samuelson sika "Ukuxhumana kwe-Okuphindaphinda kanye namafutha," kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi uma ungeza e engenayo ukuzimisela theory (Keynesian) model of namafutha utshalomali, uthole incazelo elula kodwa ephelele kungani emnothweni okwamanje kubhekene imijikelezo ibhizinisi. Ngo-1948 lanyathelisa isihloko "ukuhweba International ... ', elinikeza ubufakazi bokuthi ama-agumenti abasekeli ukuhweba khulula, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile phezani nethonya. Zezomnotho ngendlela efanayo ezatholakala eminyakeni eminingi edlule ukuthi ukukhiqizwa imikhiqizo ethile ngokusebenzisa mshini emakethe ingaphumeleli, njengoba izinzuzo silethwe kubo, atholakale yonke, ngakho akekho unesithakazelo ukukhokha ngabo. Nokho, 'uSamuelson kuphela isihloko esithi "theory Pure kwezindleko yomphakathi" enikeziwe incazelo azinabo yesayensi izici futhi izakhiwo zalezi izimpahla zomphakathi.

I mqondo kuyinto

USamuelson bavikela ngo-1941 ngineminyaka waseHarvard University, mqondo brilliant zobudokotela. Nokho, umsebenzi alishicilelwanga kuze 1947. Ibizwa ngokuthi "Izisekelo Economic Analysis". Lokhu kungesinye isinyathelo phambili ekuqondeni emnothweni ukuthi kungenziwa kube nezithelo ukuhlola yikuphi ukuziphatha kwezomnotho. Ukuze lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze asondele icutshungulwe njengoba inkinga nokukhulisa, okuyinto ixazululwe esebenzisa ebalulekile futhi umehluko calculus. USamuelson washayelwa okubizwa ngokuthi ukuxhumana isimiso. Ngokusho kwakhe, lo ukuhlaziya ngokwezibalo kwemininingwane equilibria abakwazi ukunikeza imiphumela emihle, uma kungekho ubufakazi ezingeni ohambelana ukuzinza. Kugcine kusho ukuphambuka inessential kusukela yakhoibrium amagugu lokwehlukile ahlukahlukene sizibangela ukulungisa. Lokhu ekwakhiweni uqalile inzalo samanje ososayensi ukuba Dynamics kwezomnotho, kanye ekutadisheni amanani, okuyinto kuyagcinwa ezimweni okungezona zilingana.

izincwadi Main Samuelson

Konke okungenhla ehlaba umxhwele, kodwa akubona bonke kuzuzwe nososayensi waseMelika. Ngo-1948 incwadi "Economics" eyayibekwe (Paul Samuelson, uWilliam Nordhaus) i ezingeni ezethula. It sathunyelwa kokusungulwa Samuelson "45-degree Keynesian Cross", okunikeza kwencazelo ingeniso kazwelonke. Lokhu okusungulile uye wafeza nendima ebalulekile yokwanda ezindaweni ezifana Keynesianism, ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II eminyakeni. Ngo-1958, 'uSamuelson idale incwadi ethi "izinhlelo Linear kunemnotfo." Kwakuthinta co-ezibhaliwe ne Robert Solow noRobert Dorfman. Le ncwadi waba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu yokwanda izindlela nokwenza zezibalo, phakathi nempi. Ukuthuthukiswa nokwenza zezibalo iphutha ngokuhlanganyela ezomnotho Keynesian. Le ncwadi wawungelona nje uhide ebhukwinitifundvo kusukela abalobi bayo bakwazile ukuhlanganisa kwelinye theory yonke sokukhula komnotho, izinhlelo lwento futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela amanani, ie ezidingidwa yifayela kubo atihambi todvwa.

UPawulu 'uSamuelson: Biography

Usosayensi esizayo wazalwa ngo Indiana (Gary City) ngo-1915. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-elishumi linamithandathu langena-University of Chicago. USamuelson wathola iziqu zeMasters eHarvard University, lapho wayengakabi amabili. Futhi 26 esevele engumshumayeli udokotela wefilosofi. Mqondo Samuelson won David A. Wells, olunikezwa waseHarvard University. Khona-ke waqala ukusebenza njengendlela womfundisi eMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-6, uSamuelson isibe Uprofesa egcwele. Kulesi sikhungo, wasebenza konke ukuphila kwakhe, kuze kube isikhathi sakhe sokuthatha umhlalaphansi, owawuse-1986.

Emva kokuthola uMklomelo KaNobel Samuelson izincwadi zakhe eziningi aqhubeka avele ukuphrinta. Kwayo ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise uhlelo kahle lukuphepha emphakathini futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela zabasebenzi wokusebenza njengoba zibekiwe ethebuleni umsebenzi we Marxists. Kusukela maphakathi nawo-1970 futhi kamuva sihloko Samuelson sika mayelana "zokulinganiswa of isici amanani," anikezelwe ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba, kubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi ukuhweba khulula phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene kufanele kusize ekunciphiseni umehluko phakathi engenayo esuka bofeleba netinhlavu zomsebenzi kulawo mazwe.

Ngokuphathelene siqu, 'uSamuelson has namadodakazi 2 kumkakhe wokuqala futhi 4. Washada okwesibili ngo-1981. Naphezu baso, usosayensi ngemva komshado wakhe waqhubeka efundisa e-Harvard, kanye nokweluleka Federal Reserve futhi uhulumeni wase-US.

USamuelson wafa Disemba 13, 2009 ngemva kokugula emfushane. Ngakho, waphila engu-94. Ukufa kwakhe umphakathi isevisi cindezela we-Institute of Technology.

Imiklomelo kanye imiklomelo

UPawulu 'uSamuelson iyona Umamukeli imiklomelo eminingi, kanye umnikazi inombolo kweziqu zokuhlonishwa. Ngo-1947 yena yanikezelwa uJohane. B. Clark, owawungumnyaka sokuqala salolu chungechunge. Lokhu umklomelo unikelwa ososayensi abasha (kuze iminyaka 40) I-impumelelo yakhe emkhakheni othile wezomnotho. Ngo-1953, 'uSamuelson eba umongameli Econometric Society, futhi-ke, ngo-1961, i-American Economic Association. Esikhathini kusuka 1965 ngonyaka po1968 uPawulu 'uSamuelson futhi ephethwe International Economic Association. Usosayensi kwakungu-Albert Einstein wasebusika ngo-1970. Khona-ke wathola uMklomelo KaNobel. USamuelson kwaba umnikelo wakhe umnotho.

umsebenzi State

USamuelson kwaba umeluleki ejensi ahlukahlukene kahulumeni, phakathi kwawo -. UMgcinimafa, Office for the umkhakha lempi, Federal Reserve, Bureau of Ibhajethi, njll Ngaphezu kwalokho, bathi wayeyingane efana nezinye umeluleki kuya UMengameli waseMelika uJohn F. Kennedy. Pol Entoni Samuelson wabhala umbiko we okukhethekile iqembu, okuyinto yalotshelwa umongameli. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi lokhu isazi like M. Friedman, kwaba esivivaneni njalo kuya-Newsweek amaphephabhuku. Ngo 5 amavolumu obukhulu zathathwa by izihloko zakhe ekhethiwe. Umsebenzi wabizwa ngokuthi "Lomhlangano umsebenzi yesayensi" futhi yanyatheliswa ngo-1966.

isitayela Literary Samuelson

Qaphela ukuthi isitayela kwezincwadi usosayensi libhekene iluma indida kanye wokungayifuni abafayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo it has nokuthambekela umuntu azalwa nalo lokuhlaziya nenkulumo ngqo imicabango ezehlela bonke othisha ozalwa. Njengoba omunye zezomnotho kwande kakhulu waso sonke isikhathi (ingakapheli iminyaka 45, usosayensi udale isilinganiso sihloko esisodwa inyanga ngayinye), waba labalobi yimpumelelo kakhulu maqondana ukushicilelwa imisebenzi yabo. Incwadi, okwadala Paul Anthony uSamuelson ( "Umnotho"), isibonelo, ngasinda izincwadi ezingaphezu kuka ezimbili kweshumi. Wathunyelwa izilimi okungenani ezingu-12. Lo msebenzi uye edayiswa uthi ezahlukene isamba amakhophi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-4.

Umcimbi eyingqayizivele ngempela libonwe emlandweni ezomnotho! Ngisho ezweni lethu it wadedelwa, yebo, isichibiyelo okungagunyaziwe kanye nezimboni ngemibono.

Kungani "umnotho" uye uthandwa kangaka?

I zezomnotho ziye wahlupheka iminyaka eminingi ngenxa yokuntuleka ukuxhumana phakathi Macroeconomics entsha (Keynesian) kanye Microeconomics ubudala (neoclassical). Nokho, 'uSamuelson ebhukwinitifundvo azidalile itleyimu "zamagama neoclassical." Izinkinga umsebenzi, ngokusho kwakhe, ezidinga ukuthi kungenelelwe imfundiso neoclassical ka Keynesianism. Kodwa okokuqala, ungakwazi ukunikeza emuva izinso kwamandla emva umsebenzi wasikhathi kufinyelelwe.

Lokhu kuqashelwa kuyisiphetho kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda impumelelo okusheshayo incwadi, obadalwa nguPawulu uSamuelson ( "Umnotho"). Omunye izici ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ke (endleleni, isampula olukhulu sobuciko bokunyathelisa, kanye ebhukwinitifundvo kuqala ku ithiyori kwezomnotho, wenza usebenzisa amagrafu anemibala) iyona ngesilinganiso eyodwa okuyinto edishini yimpumelelo wakwazi ukubonakalisa nomnotho omphakathi, ushintsho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Angikanyukeli kwadingeka isikhathi libhekisela ekupheleni kumagazini omusha nezokusigcoba, njengoba yayibizwa kanjalo ngokushesha kubonakala edition elilandelayo "Economics."

Imfihlo elikhulu Samuelson

Paul Samuelson, edumile ukubukwa "ngomqondo ovulekile" (ngomqondo eMelika izwi), zama ukugcina kusho yegolide izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu, njenge-mthetho sama noma emakethe, noma ezangasese, monetarism futhi Keynesianism. Akalokothi wavuka umsebenzi wakhe kuze kwedlulele izikhundla ngemibono. Ngakho, uPawulu 'uSamuelson ziyisibonelo esihle kakhulu, usosayensi Okwezomnotho ngubani banamathela inqubomgomo isikhungo kalula. Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu izizathu ithonya elikhulu siqu Economist.

Izitha kanye abayithandayo

Ngo Samuelson kwakungelona eziningi izitha. Labo okuthiwa ngu equilibrists umnotho nabanengqondo Paganini. Kodwa abalandeli abaningi lokhu usosayensi ambheka njengomfundisi wawo umsunguli we izinkomba main yesayensi kwezomnotho esikhathini sethu. Abanqikazi ukubiza " 'uSamuelson inkathi" post-yimpi isikhathi ku ekuthuthukeni kwale sayensi.