IbhizinisiEzolimo

Emazweni Agricultural: umqondo, isakhiwo, ukusetshenziswa

Zonke izindawo ezweni ezweni lethu zihlukaniswe ezolimo kanye abangekho kwezolimo. Kuye izimo zezulu, indlela yokusetshenziswa futhi subtypes futhi isimo qualitative isehlane yala maqembu amabili.

definition

Kuyini yokulima? Incazelo yaleli umqondo likubeka ngokucacile (njengoba kuqhathaniswa izigaba). umhlaba wokulima ibizwa ngokuthi izwe senzelwe ukutshala izitshalo, imfuyo zizalela kanye nokusentshenziswa kwe imisebenzi ehlobene. ingxenye ngayinye okunjalo umngcele kwezikhalo ngasese, futhi indawo ethize.

Ukuze yezolimo ezweni Holdings amaqembu ezilandelayo: umhlabathi olimekayo, emadlelweni, hay Amasimu, izitshalo zisetshenziswa, yifusi. Omunye zenyathi enqubeni yokwenza ibhizinisi Ungahambisa kwenye. Kodwa kwenzeka kakhulu kuyaqabukela.

umhlabathi olimekayo, umhlaba kanye zisetshenziswa ekutshaleni yifusi

Iningi womhlaba wokulima umhlaba okuhloswe sokutshala. iziza ezinjalo eshayisa ensimini. Kodwa kuphela uma kusetshenzwe ngendlela ehlelekile. Ngaphezu emasimini nge izitshalo, e leli qembu lalihlanganisa nalabo utshani zisetshenziswa ezindaweni kwezitshalo, excretory futhi ehlanzekile ensimini pair. Le ndawo ingqikithi umhlabathi olimekayo Emhlabeni namuhla bangaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 1.3 amahektha. Lokhu kumayelana 3% womhlaba. Inani indawo yokulima eRussia - 2434,6 ha .. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwi olimekayo umhlaba-akhawunti 60% womhlaba.

Sencazelo "idiphozi" ufaka izindawo ngaphambili lishayisa, kodwa hhayi esetshenziselwa ukutshala izitshalo isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, futhi awakulungele ngaphansi par. Ezikhula iminyaka eminingi - leli zwe, izihlahla eyayenziwe itshalwe, izihlahla kanye utshani zisetshenziswa. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa, isibonelo, amajikijolo, amasimu ezithelo, izivini, Khmelniki, itiye emasimini, nokunye. D.

Hayfields kanye namadlelo

Izindawo zokulima Isetshenziswa akuzona kuphela ekukhiqizeni isivuno, kodwa futhi nemfuyo. Ngakho, i-hay emazweni yilezo iziza lapho sikhule amakhambi zisetshenziswa. Inhloso esemqoka yalolu hlobo komhlaba - yokudla obugundiwe izimila izinkomo kuwo ebusika. Lezi amazwe, yena, ihlukaniswa okwengeziwe ngemacembu eziningana. Ngu izimfanelo ukuhlukanisa hay:

  1. Hlanza. Zizathu kungekho uhlevane, iziphunzi, ezinkulu amatshe, nezihlahla. Ugunda ku kwesabelo lolu hlobo zingaba ngempumelelo enkulu.
  2. Zakochkarennye. Leli qembu lihlanganisa izindawo ezinophahla hummocks okungenani ngo-10%.
  3. Anamahlathi nezintaba zakustarennye. ezindaweni ezinjalo ezweni lethu - hhayi siyindlala. Ezihlobene kuleli qembu komhlaba ezimboziwe nge nezihlahla ukuze 10-70%. Ugunda kumasayithi afana liyinkimbinkimbi futhi kudinga isikhathi esiningi.

Aklaba umhlaba igcwele ihlathi nezihlahla, eRussia kukhona abangaba yizigidi ezingu-10 amahektha, zakochkarennyh - mayelana 2.2 million hectares.

Kuye ngezinga hydration yokulima enjalo oluthathwa zibe:

  • kukazamcolo;
  • upland;
  • namaxhaphozi.

Of emacembu lamabili ekucala luqiniswa ukukhululwa amasayithi.

Lamadlelo abizwa ngokuthi, zenzelwe kokudla phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo, musa bangabanye hayfields noma idiphozithi. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela izinhlobo ezindaweni ezifana: amaxhaphozi kanye upland. Laba ngokuvamile etholakala emathafeni uzamcolo imifula nemifudlana waphuphuma ngesikhathi entwasahlobo izikhukhula isikhathi esifushane. emadlelweni izimbuku zitholakala ezindaweni ezisezansi, emaphethelweni bogs nezindawo kahle akhanywa.

Upland izindawo zihlukaniswe osekukade kwamasiko futhi ngcono. Njengoba utshani obomisiwe, amadlelo kungenziwa ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka izinga. Kulesi sici, ukuhlukanisa ahlanzekile, zakochkarennye nezindawo ezinamahlathi. Hhayi kakhulu eliphezulu ezweni leli qembu ezweni lethu, ngeshwa, impela eningi. Nokho, uma ngezinye izimali wezolimo namaphrojekthi kwezomnotho evuthiwe isimo kungenziwa ngcono.

Ikhodi Izwe Russian Federation № 78 F3

Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wezolimo kulawulwa isimo. Lapho efeza izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomsebenzi ezindaweni ezifana ziqondiswa ngokuyinhloko zoMthetho Federal № 78 F3 "Ngo nokuphathwa kokusetshenziswa komhlaba", esenziwa ngo-2001. Ingabe izindawo kuleli qembu kuze kube isigaba komhlaba ngezinhloso zezolimo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa:

  • umhlaba elalihlala naphakathi-nezokuxhumana kanye imigwaqo;
  • ezimba ihlathi amabhande;
  • umhlaba ngemizimba avaliwe amanzi;
  • umhlaba elalihlala zonke izinhlobo izindawo izinqubo zokulondoloza eyinhloko imikhiqizo yezolimo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamazwe wezolimo kulawulwa Ikhodi Izwe Russian Federation. Lo mthetho ichaza izifundo kwamalungelo ezindaweni umbuso kwezomthetho yepulazi futhi amalungelo ezakhamizi wahlanganyela ingadi, ukulima kanye nezinkomo yokuzalanisa ku farmsteads yangasese.

Dlulisela kwabanye imikhakha

umhlaba wokulima ngokomthetho angaphansi ukuvikelwa ngokukhethekile. emazweni anjalo zidluliselwa kwezinye isigaba kuphela ezimweni ezingavamile. Ukudlulisa kungaba kwenziwe kuphela uma kunesidingo:

  • ukugcwaliseka kwesibopho samazwe omhlaba;
  • ukuthuthukiswa imali okumbiwa phansi;
  • ukuphepha kwe-isimo;
  • okuqukethwe izinjongo nakumasiko.

umhlaba eyigugu Ikakhulukazi

On izinga umhlaba wokulima khona eRussia kungenziwa oluthathwa zibe:

  • Lots yokusungula izilinganiso ngenhla wesifunda ezingeni isilinganiso.
  • ezibalulekile esifundeni Ikakhulukazi.
  • umhlaba siyabhubha.

umhlaba wokulima awusizo kakhulu, lapho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, singasho sithi iziza yokulinga izinhlangano zezesayensi futhi ezemfundo, ngokuvamile kufakwe ohlwini inarha ukusetshenziswa nezinye izinjongo, kodwa empeleni ipulazi akuvunyelwe.

kahle Economic yokusetshenziswa

Quality umhlaba wokulima, ngaleyo ndlela kungase kudingeke ezahlukene. Qhathanisa ukubaluleka amasayithi athile isihlobo komunye nomunye ivumela kokuhlaziywa kwezomnotho. Kungase kube into evamile ekhiqizwa esekelwe ukuqhathanisa izindleko kanye nemiphumela lonke iqoqo izilimo, noma kwangasese. Kulo mBhalo ke kunqunywa degree of nekusebenta ukutshalwa izinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo wezolimo. Kwenziwe lokhu kuhlola kungenzeka ekuhleleni kanye nokwabiwa ukukhiqizwa noma ukuveza ukusebenza okuthize Kohlelo ibhizinisi.

Kanjani ngempumelelo amasimu esetshenziswa endabeni ethile kunqunywa uhlelo lenani kanye nezinkomba ngokomzimba. Uthishanhloko kulesi simo yilezi:

  • ukubaluleka kwezintathu zomkhiqizo okwedlulele futhi umholo ophelele;
  • ukuthela t / ha;
  • payback etshaliwe ezweni;
  • inzuzo amabhizinisi ezolimo.

Ngezinye izikhathi njengoba lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi izinkomba ezengeziwe uqhathanisa nesibalo izitshalo ezivamile wezolimo, futhi olimekayo.

Ngokuvamile, nekusebenta ukusetshenziswa komhlaba kufakazelwa asihlole. It ibalwa iqoqo izinkomba umkhiqizo zokugcina 3-5 iminyaka. Futhi kubhekelwe:

  • inani engenayo umahluko;
  • izindleko;
  • okukhipha okwedlulele;
  • ngezizathu izinga, nokunye. d.

ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo

Injongo komhlaba asetshenziswa kwezolimo, izinto zingase zishintshe. Kodwa noma kunjalo, inkomba eyinhloko izinga yabo okuzala. ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo umhlaba ubizwa ngokuthi, lapho kungenzeka ukuthola ezithela esiphezulu ngaphandle ukunciphisa lesi sibalo. namuhla ekhona emthethweni Russian inikeza kokuvusayo kwezomnotho kubasebenzisi umhlaba, nabanikazi-mhlaba nabaqashi ukusebenzisa lezi izindlela zokulima lapho ukuvundisa umhlaba akuwona kuphela hhayi ziyancipha, kodwa yanyuka ngazo zonke izindlela.

Ngaphezu eziya ziba zimbi ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo umhlaba, ukusetshenziswa okungafanele kungaholela ungcolisa nezikhukhula. Ukuze ugweme ukuphelelwa amandla kwenhlabathi, ngokuyinhloko kwezitshalo kufanele libukwe, ngokuhlakanipha wasebenzisa ogandaganda (ukugwema compaction zomhlaba), isicelo Umanyolo kuphela izinto eziningi sokunene isikhathi, ukukhiqiza lime, njll, uma kudingekile. D.

Geography of yokulima eRussia

Slash-and-ushise indawo ukuze kulinywe ezonini kwamahlathi okuxubile ezweni lethu siye kufika ekuqaleni ekhulwini lesi-6. Emakhulwini eminyaka th 14-15 kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo umusi. Ngekhulu le-18. isigaba ethuthukiswayo okuqhubekayo waqala eRussia emaphakathi. Ngandlela-thile kamuva yokulima endaweni kwasakazekela kubantu ehlathini phakathi nasenyakatho. Ngu ukuthuthukiswa 20 ikhuluminyaka izwe okungenani igcwaliswe. Umi leminyaka elidlule umhlaba geography iphethini wahlala cishe ingashintshiwe kuze kube namuhla. Okuwukuphela ukuthuthukiswa kwamazwe intombi. Kuze kube manje, cishe ngo-50% womhlaba akhawunti olimekayo ingxenye European yeRussia, 30% - ku Yuzhnyy Ural futhi 20% - eningizimu eSiberia.

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