Eqolo ncwadi emhlabeni

Incwadi - sokushicilela ehlanganisa amashidi elehlukile, ngezindlela eziningi, kungaba ephrintiwe umbhalo noma umbhalo wesandla, ulwazi oluthile sisetshenziswa.

Incwadi njengento iqoqo

Le ncwadi ibizwa ngokuthi imikhiqizo ukushicilela, ehlanganisa amakhasi angaphezu kuka-48 futhi ngokuvamile has a ikhava kanzima.

Kuleli zwe lanamuhla yencwadi zingabi kukubuka okuvamile, ikakhulukazi ngoba obhekwe e-izincwadi, inganekwane, ngefomu angajwayelekile (isibonelo, amakhadi noma nezimo besiyoba sikhulu).

Manje ukuthenga incwadi ethile akunzima. Imikhiqizo eminingi, itholakala kuwo wonke umuntu. Nokho, kukhona ezinye izincwadi ukuze uthole ukuthi kuyinselele kakhulu.

Kukhona ezingavamile kakhulu (mhlawumbe ikhophi eyodwa) amabhuku eyaqala emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngaphambili. Lokho ukuthi izincwadi ezifana nalezi kusezingeni ayesifuna ngabomvu zobuciko emhlabeni wonke. Abanaso onga imali futhi bazimisele ukukhokhela izigidi ukwelekelela iqoqo zabo kuqabukela.

collectible ezingavamile

Yiziphi incwadi ezibizayo kakhulu emhlabeni? Ngezansi kweshumi ezinjalo.

1. "Incwadi yokuqala Urizena" Uilyam Bleyk. Kushicilelwe ku-1794, kuba enye yezincwadi emikhulu ayisiprofetho umlobi. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, lo mkhiqizo wadayiswa New York endalini ukuze umuntu owayeqoqa 2 kanye zamadola sesigidi.
2. "Tales Beedle le Bard," uJohane. K. Rowling. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba nombhali '' Harry Potter '' kwaduma emhlabeni wonke, futhi izincwadi zalo waqala ukuthengisa kahle izigidi, ke ebulawa amakhophi eziyisikhombisa izindaba zalotshwa. Eziyisithupha kuzo zaziyiziwula izipho abangane, kanye lwesikhombisa endalini ngo-2007. Kulinganiselwa million 3.98 dollar.
3. "Geography", Klavdiy Ptolemey. Lona Atlas lokuqala olunyathelisiwe, eyabhalwa ngonyaka 1477, phakathi lonke izwe elalaziwa. Nokho, kubuye kube umsebenzi wokuqala anemidwebo. Atlas wadayiswa endalini eLondon ku- $ 4 million.
4. "Treatise on izihlahla zezithelo," Anri De Monceau, Pierre Poato Pierre Tervin. Ikhophi ye-edition-ivolumu ezinhlanu ladayiselwa 2006 I-4 kanye zamadola sesigidi.
5. "Gutenberg iBhayibheli ''. Ngokusho idatha, emhlabeni kukhona 48 amakhophi umsebenzi. Omunye wabo wayebizwa edayiswa 1987 ngenxa cishe $ 5 million.
6. "KaShakespeare Okokuqala Folio." Okwamanje, le edition ingenye yezincwadi ezibalulekile kakhulu futhi likufuna nganoma yisiphi umthandi endulo. Ngo-2001, umsunguli we-"Microsoft" UPawulu Allen wathenga incwadi $ 6.1 million.
7. "Izindaba Canterbury", Dzheffri Choser. Uhlelo lokuqala le umsebenzi kuhlehlela emuva ekhulwini xv futhi lathengiswa $ 7.5 million endalini.
8. "Izinyoni Melika", James Oddubon. Uhlelo lokuqala libhekwa njengoba "incwadi eqolo" ngesizathu esithile. Ngo 2010 yayibizwa ithengiswe, futhi ngenxa yalokho, nothengwe ngo-11 kanye zamadola sesigidi.
9. "IVangeli Genriha Lva", Order of St Benedict. Iyingqayizivele phakathi kwale mibhalo yesandla, zangekhulu le-12. Incwadi sidalwe oda we Saxon isikhulu - Genriha Lva, ke yakhiwa Amakhasi 266 futhi iqukethe imifanekiso 50. Ngo-1983, uhulumeni German walithenga endalini ngezigidi zamaRandi ezingu-11.7 zamaRandi.
10. Futhi-ke sifika umbuzo onengqondo yini incwadi ezibizayo kakhulu emhlabeni. Futhi lokhu "Ikhodi Leicester" kaLeonardo da Vinci. Ngo-1994, i- "Ikhodi" yathengwa ngu-Bill Gates for fabulous kwezigidi ezingu 30,7. Okulingana yesimanje imayelana million 49.

Kodwa uma ucabanga ukuthi izincwadi angaphandle kuphela balinganiselwa ku izigidi zamadola, wena azilungile. Nalu uhlu equkethe eqolo zabasebenzi yasekhaya.

Izincwadi eziningi zasekhaya ezingavamile

Ngakho phezulu 5 "Iningi Izincwadi Expensive Russia".

1. "Russian Folk Isithombe", Dmitry Rovinskiy. -Edishini yanyatheliswa ngo-1881. Futhi ngo-2013, kube wadayiswa endalini ngoba ruble ayizigidi ezingu-11. Sekukonke, kwakunama-kulinganiselwa ukuthi 250 amakhophi. Inombolo amavolumu - amayunithi 11.
2. "Eugene Onegin," A. S. Pushkin, edition ngonyaka 1829-1832. Le noveli yodumo adalwe umlobi iminyaka eyisikhombisa. isahluko ngasinye ezinyatheliswayo ebhaliwe. I convolutes eqoqwe zonke izahluko umsebenzi. Inani ncwadi ruble ayizigidi ezingu 8.6 ngamunye.
3. "Antiquities yasesifundeni sase-Russian, esikhishwe oda yasebukhosini," Fyodor Solntsev. Umbhali - yingcweni ubuciko nemivubukulo, emsebenzini wakhe yesayensi echazwe ngokunembe ezikhumbuzo zomlando eMbusweni Russian. Kushicilelwe ku 1849, intengo ngo-2013-ke lathengiswa owawunga- ruble ayizigidi ezingu-7.
4. "Yena baphikisana uMbuso Russian." Uhlu izindlu yizicukuthwane Russian agcwaliswa iminyaka engu-37, kusukela 1803 kuya ku-1840. Imiqulu 10 zihlanganisa 1262 isibonakaliso. Incwadi a edition ezingavamile futhi balinganiselwa ku-6 million.
5. Mikhail Chulkov, "Incazelo zomlando kwezentengiselwano Russian at zonke izimbobo kanye nemingcele ...". Incazelo ungeze iphepha amaningi aqukethe ukwaziswa on ukuthuthukisa ukuhweba, umkhakha kanye ezokuthutha waseRussia izixhumanisi kusukela Peter I. Unyaka: 1781-1788. Intengo yomkhiqizo ruble abayizigidi ezingu-5,9.

Lawa kwakungamadodana amabhuku ezingavamile kakhulu futhi kuyabiza. Kodwa lokhu akulona uhlu oluphelele izincwadi ezingavamile. Mhlawumbe ambalwa abantu bazi, kodwa ngisho izincwadi eqolo Antique kungaba Inani ayizinkulungwane eziningana noma ngisho ezigidi amakhophi, yebo, kulokhu yinzuzo kuthiwa uhlelo lokuqala, intengo ongafinyelela eziningana million.

The main nenqubo ekuhloleni eqoqweni lezincwadi

Lezi zincwadi ezingavamile kakhulu futhi kuyabiza akhethiwe ku nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo.

1. Izincwadi ku-internet Ivana Fedorova nabafundi bakhe. Publications iphayona emhlabeni ababaningi, kodwa ngenxa isimo sabo esidabukisayo intengo eminye imisebenzi aliphumi ngenhla ruble ayizigidi 300.
2. Izincwadi, kwakudala, eyanyatheliswa ngo-namakhulu eminyaka th 18-19, imifanekiso okuyiwona yena wabhala abaculi abadumile.
3. Hhayi kuze kube sekupheleni incwadi ubhujiswe. Abalobi - abantu yokudala, futhi ngakho mncane elinsundu. Ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise Izibuyekezo engemihle baxgeki, bathenga bacishe bayifunda yonke edition futhi wabhubhisa emisebenzini yakhe siqu. "Abasinda" bese izincwadi ubuhlanya kukhona edition eyigugu ngalendoda sika.
4. Lezi zincwadi lokuqala kanti izinkanyiso etemibhalo esizayo. Inani Special kukhona okusalungiswa abalobi. Yiqiniso, lapho wesandla liyadingeka ubuchwepheshe anjalo.
5. Esaphila izinhlelo abalobi enkulu, ikakhulukazi nge Autographs yabo.

Incwadi eqolo, njengoba umthetho, kukhona futhi ezingavamile kakhulu.

Eqolo incwadi

Njalo muntu ofundile wezwa uLeonardo da Vinci, futhi kancane kancane, kodwa ujwayelene nomsebenzi wakhe futhi ezisunguliwe. Cishe yonke into ayenzayo baqala ubuhlakani, yazikhulisa, futhi abanye azenza nemibono ngaphambi kwesikhathi babo.

"Leicester Ikhodi" noma nje "Treatise phezu kwamanzi, nomhlaba nezindikimba zasezulwini", ingenye imisebenzi ebaluleke kunayo wayeyisazi-Italian. Indatshana libukeka notebook ngamanothi mayelana nezwe ukuthi usosayensi wabhala, ngokuba e Milan nge 1506 by 1510

Amarekhodi aqukethe imifanekiso ngumlobi. Lapha, umsunguli wabelane okutholakele imibono yakhe futhi ucwaningo, okuyinto ayihlala elingapheli nalapho sezikhulile.

Ngo 1717 indatshana itholwe yi endlini abadumile isiNgisi, ngemva okwathiwa okuthiwa.

Isiphetho incwadi manje

Incwadi u aluthola ngesikhathi endalini lowo muntu kunabo bonke ngaleso sikhathi izwe - UBill Gates - emuva ngo-1994 i-cishe $ kwezigidi ezingu-31.

Okwamanje, incwadi ezibizayo kakhulu emhlabeni. Photo kwalo kaningi kuhlobisa izincwajana ngobukhulu neminyuziyamu edumile kakhulu emhlabeni, lapho umnikazi we-indatshana ukunika lo mbukiso unyaka ngamunye.

Izincwadi zase-USSR

Esikhathini ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union, izincwadi ezingavamile nazo ngikwazisa kakhulu. Lezi zindlela esiyinhloko Ukukhetha yabo kwakungama-ratio inani lamakhophi nokufuna emakethe, ngibopha Yiqiniso, ukuphepha.

I phezulu kakhulu izincwadi zombuso waseSoviet Union

Ngakho, ngaphambi ukubhuka eqolo-USSR.

Esaphila izincwadi Trotsky, Zinoviev, Bukharin, kanye amabhuku efanekiselwa inkathi 1920-50-yalolucwaningo. Lezi zihlanganisa uhlelo lokuqala Soviet yesayensi, izincwadi mayelana nempi.

Izincwadi eshicilelwe kuze 1990 ne Autographs abalobi balo nokusakazwa encane.