Eyokuqala mass ikhompyutha siqu. Umlando ye-computer siqu

Ikhompyutha buye baba ingxenye ebalulekile ekuphileni kwabantu abaningi. Kodwa uma PC kwaba exotic noma idivayisi, ke ayitholakali ngenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu izindleko kanye nobumfihlo ubuchwepheshe. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, sathola initiators yezinguquko ikhompyutha siqu kudivayisi okukhulu. Siyabonga ubani PC isibe kufinyeleleke anhlobonhlobo abalandeli ezobuchwepheshe, kanye izakhamuzi ezivamile, labo ezibonakala Yayibizwa nje ngaphandle kwayo? Yikuphi amakhompyutha ubhekwa ngowokuqala kunombolo izinqumo ezinjalo?

Indlela kwasekuqaleni

izingxoxo Active ngokuthi ubani owayemkhulu kuqala mass-kukhiqizwa ikhompyutha siqu, bengayeki kuze kube yilolu suku. Izimpikiswano esivuna brand ukuthi wenze umkhiqizo, egcwele PC ziphindaphindwe kabanzi zihluke kakhulu.

Ochwepheshe bakholelwa umbandela ukhiye, elikwaziyo ukucacisa daba, amaqiniso omlando abonisa ethize isikhathi ngokubonisa a umkhiqizo emakethe mass. Lokho, ikhompyutha isibe esetshenziswa kuya ithengiswe nezinye (ekugcineni zaba mass) - futhi kufanele, ngokusho le indlela, owokuqala kubhekwe. Ngakho-ke, umgomo wethu oyinhloko - ukuhlola olufanele idatha zomlando.

I-PC yokuqala

Lapho kwakukhona, eqinisweni, PC yokuqala - ngabe mass noma umuntu? Ngokuphathelene nale nkinga izingxoxo cishe anonya kunakulabanye nge kwencazelo labo amakhompyutha ngiye ngazuza isimo olungenamkhawulo ziphindaphindwe kabanzi. izinguqulo ezihlukene, futhi ibonisa ezinye ngubani wadedelwa PC yokuqala, ngisho ngaleso sikhathi, uye wabonakala kulokho isimo. Ngakho, kunobufakazi bokuthi ngo-1968, unjiniyela kusukela Omsk, Arseniy Anatolevich Gorohov, enelungelo lobunikazi bawo kudivayisi Computing, isakhiwo kakhulu efana PC yesimanje. It samanje qapha uhlelo iyunithi nge yenethiwekhi, kanye nezinto zikagesi ngoba elihambisana imisebenzi umbadlana futhi RAM isiqophi ikhadi. Nokho, lo mshini akuhambile ekukhiqizweni.

I-PC okokuqala kusukela Apple

buka ayeba, lapho PC yokuqala egcwele olusebenza yasungulwa okwamanje e-United States - okungukuthi, ngemizamo uSteve Imisebenzi kanye Steve Wozniak, ababenikele emhlabeni i-PC Umqondo ezintsha ngaphansi Apple brand 1976.

Amakhompyutha lokuqala Apple zidinga abalulekile hardware anezele - ezezindlu, qapha, ikhibhodi. Kodwa eqinisweni imishini babekwazi usebenze kahle. Nokho, ngo-1977 emakethe wethulwa Apple II computer, it is yafakwa. Lezi amadivayisi, njengoba abaningi IT-ongoti kanye abathanda yomlando ikhompyutha, kuyinto ehluke uhambisane nesimo mass. Kusho ukuthini? Iqiniso lokuthi Apple PC isampula 1976 - okungukuthi, mhlawumbe, iyona mass computer yokuqala siqu. Kulandelwe nje isimo atholakale anhlobonhlobo abasebenzisi wathenga Apple II ikhompyutha.

I-PC okokuqala kusukela IBM

Kodwa maqondana umbono yemiphumela yomsebenzi ezihlukahlukene okuphikisa. Phakathi kwazo yilezo ahloselwe inselele Apple isimo ubuqhawe ku isici okukhipha emakethe njengoba PC enjalo, zinabantu ngokugcwele. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngo-1975 - ngaphambi kwakukhona amadivayisi kusukela Apple, IBM uye wakwazi ukukhiqiza imodeli computer 5100. Kwathiwa libhekene khona qapha ehlukile, isithwali idatha, kanye ikhibhodi, ngakho ngempela kuyavumelana, kukholakala abathanda yomlando ikhompyutha, isimo siqu. Nokho, intengo - engaphezu kuka-20 dollar ayinkulungwane yileyo naleyo ingamashekeli -. A nedlanzana ezimbalwa inkokhelo American kungenzeka akanikelanga yokuthi kwaba nenqwaba computer yokuqala siqu.

PC IBM futhi inqubo "mass"

Ngo-1981, IBM umkhankaso uhlasela ethengekayo kuka imodeli 5100, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukusebenza, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuba kudivayisi yokuncintisana ngempela umqondo ukuthi lithole igama PC IBM. Incredible impumelelo devaysa avunyelwe ochwepheshe abaningi futhi abalandeli electronics libhekene isisindo salo njengoba computer yokuqala siqu. Hlobo luni agumenti kuholele abasekela lokho kuhlola?

Okokuqala, bamemeze uhlaziye nenqubo njengoba enjalo "mass". Yiqiniso, idivayisi Apple ngokomlando ngaphambi izixazululo eminingi yokuncintisana ngokuya nomqondo ezingabizi PC emakethe izipesheli. Nokho, i-PC-IBM phathelana ikakhulukazi ngenkuthalo eqonda esebenzisa nokuvuleka: umsebenzisi ukuthenga PC, ungakwazi ukuguqula it in the isici esikhundleni ezihlukahlukene izingxenye - iprosesa, inkumbulo, nama-hard drive. Umthengisi we ngabaqaphi namanye amadivayisi kungaba yisiphi sha. amakhompyutha Apple, esikhundleni salokho, is a platform avaliwe. Ngokufanayo kwakunjalo aspect isofthiwe. Uhlelo ezisebenza ye-computer siqu IBM PC umqondo kungaba iyiphi. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, kudivayisi Apple yafakwa icala jikelele, uhlelo lokusebenza nokuphathelene.

imiqondo emibili

Ngakho, umbandela we "mass" njengoba isetshenziswa imishini computer emakethe lingaqondakala ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ezamakhompiyutha kusukela Apple luhambisane kuye ngenxa yokuthi lapho kukhululwa amadivaysi lokuqala PC brand babé ububanzi ezingabizi ebanzi abasebenzisi. Ekhuluma emakethe US - yisiphi isakhamuzi nge komholo. IBM unikezele US futhi kamuva ezimakethe zomhlaba idivayisi okuyinto, ngaphandle ukuyikhokhela, ungase ilungiswe ngokukhululeka, yakopishwa lapho nje ebamba isisu. isofthiwe ye-PC, angafundwa IBM izakhiwo, kungashiwo futhi adalwe ubani futhi iyakwazi kunendoda.

Nokho, impendulo yombuzo othi eyinhloko isihloko singakwazi ngezindlela ezimbili. Uma sikhuluma nini futhi abasungula le mass computer yokuqala siqu, isimiso nabo, singambiza kahle inkampani Apple futhi idivayisi of the gama elifanayo ngo-1976 waphayona emakethe. Kodwa siyazi ukuthi kukhona nezinye izici uyaca, ezifana nokuvuleka kunoma kunjiniyela izingxenye hardware noma isofthiwe. Nazo ngokufanayo, sifana umkhiqizo wenkampani IBM. Ngakho, umbuzo nini futhi abasungula le mass computer yokuqala siqu, thina ithi - nendima enkulu lapha, IBM futhi yayo IBM PC 1981 umkhiqizo konyaka.

Incazelo yaleli elithi "computer siqu"

Kukhona umehluko incazelo yaleli elithi "computer siqu" kanye ohambisana umehluko izinguqulo, khomba ukuphakama brand ngokuya emakethe PC. Uyini umbono wezazi ngale ndaba?

Ezinye izazi aveze ukuthi kakhulu elithi "ikhompyutha siqu" lase likhona isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba kubuse babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli Isobho kusukela Apple futhi IBM. Ngokwemibiko ethile, saqala esetshenzisiwe kuqhathaniswa idivayisi Programma 101, akhishwe yiNkampani Italian Olivetti - futhi, nempikiswano ezweni azalelwa PC kuqala. Zivela leli qiniso, igunya yanoma yimuphi umkhiqizo American - Apple noma IBM ukunikeza kahle.

Nokho, kukhona mpikiswano mayelana ngezici ezathonya ukusatshalaliswa kwenqwaba yemilayezo igama elithi "i-computer siqu". Lapha izinguqulo washintsha ukusatshalaliswa empeleni zokuvumelanisa imibono mayelana IBM ne-Apple Championship-aspect amadivayisi okukhipha emakethe atholakale anhlobonhlobo abasebenzisi. Qhathanisa kubo semthethweni, cishe ngeke usebenze ngendlela efanele.

Amakhompyutha lokuqala athandwayo kusukela Apple: Ukucaciswa

Kodwa emuva emlandweni PC. Sithole ukuthi omunye nekuhumusha "mass" kwegama elithi wokuqala PC umphakeli angabhekwa Apple. Kuyathakazelisa ukufunda izimfanelo amadivayisi US corporation ukubeka emakethe ngo-1976 futhi ngo-1977. Eyokuqala Apple ikhompyutha kwaba ifakwe i Mos 6502, naye owayesebenza imvamisa 1 MHz. I-PC watholakala 4K RAM, okuyinto ngosizo amabhodi kagesi ezengeziwe zingandiswa 48 KB. Cishe izici ezifanayo abekade Apple II.

I-computer yokuqala kusukela Apple: kungenzeka

Yini eyayingenziwa ukuze kuphindelwe kwi PC yokuqala kusukela Apple? Kungase kubonakale ukuthi izilimi abafanele ezifana computer abe nesizotha kakhulu sibalo imvamisa.

Nokho, ukusebenza imakwe kwakwanele ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo, kanye imidlalo - eqinisweni, isicelo sokuqala kwezentengiselwano inhlobo efanele zazizinkulu, njengoba kwaphawula u-ezinye izazi-mlando kanye ongoti, ezibhaliwe ngqo Apple II. Imidlalo yama-computer, sibonga PC kusuka Apple, babé atholakalayo, ngakho anhlobonhlobo abasebenzisi.

PC IBM: Izici

Izici IBM PC, eyakhululwa ngo-1981, kanje. PC kwaba ifakwe i Intel 8088 processor ukugijima ngesikhathi imvamisa 4,77 MHz. Kukhompyutha lingasethwa 640 KB RAM. PC IBM BASIC ephethwe noma uhlelo lokusebenza PC-DOS.

Kungaphawulwa ukuthi njengoba umthombo ukugcina idatha ku-PC-IBM yayisetshenziswa kakhulu kule iflophidiski nge ububanzi 5.25 amayintshi. Kamuva waqhubeka ukudayiswa PC nge amakhasethi. Nokho, i-PC-IBM ngokushesha ukuxazulula inkinga ngokuxhumeka kudiski sekhompyutha kanzima ngokukhipha module ezihlukene ngoba, lapho kungenzeka ukuba nikeza kwamandla. Ngakho abasebenzisi ungakwazi manje ukuxhuma PC yakho akwazi ukugcina sinekhono 10 MB.

IBM imodeli PC uye Yathandwa kakhulu kangangokuba umqondo ezihlongozwayo yinkampani US ubelokhu ukopishwe - kokubili ibhizinisi amateur enkulu. izinqumo ezifanele babizwa ngokuthi "PC IBM Ihambisana", ukuthi iyahambisana yesikhulumi sokuqala. Leli gama abantu bahlale bemazi kuze kube yilolu suku.

Kususelwa nomqondo IBM babe amakilasi ahlukene kakhulu-computer abo siqu - "amadeskithophu", candy nemishayo, laptops. Ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izakhiwo futhi kumadivayisi eselula, ngokuvamile, kulingana platform, njengoba equkethe CPU, inkumbulo, video processing units kanye USB.

Yiqiniso, bobabili brand - Apple futhi IBM, baye benza iminikelo ebalulekile ekukhuleni kwemboni ikhompyutha. Okungenani, iyiphi imiqondo ukuncintisana ngokwabo baye ayiboniswa kakhulu PC ezimakethe zomhlaba. Imvelo eyisisekelo kokubili ezisekelweni predetermined ithonya labo ukuthi usukela kuze kube manje - cishe yonke izingxenye ezinkulu imishini computer kanye namadivayisi digital.

imiqondo embili

Bobabili imiqondo - ovulekile futhi avaliwe, ehlongozwayo ngu-IBM futhi Apple, abantu bahlale bemazi ngakho namanje. Kulokhu, mass okusezingeni eliphezulu, ngokusho kongoti, libhekene kuyingxenyekazi elifanayo IBM - esenziwa nokuvuleka eshiwo ngenhla.

kukhona elithi "IBM computer PC-ahambisanayo" emakethe yesimanje ikhompyutha. Lokhu akusho ukuthi ngempela ezikhishwe IBM. Nokho, kuyinto uhambisane umqondo ukuthi wanikela ngo-1981. Yiqiniso, bavele emakethe ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo computer, kodwa ngokuya okuqondene isiteji bangakwazi ngandlela-thile labizwa ngokuthi imiqondo olufanele kusuka PC IBM.

platform Apple azigcina isimo avaliwe. Ngokufanayo, isimo nezinye izingxenye emakethe, lapho sha likhona - ikakhulukazi emkhakheni yezinto zobuchwepheshe mobile. Smartphones kanye amaphilisi kusukela Apple - iPhone, iPad elinesimo platform avaliwe.

Kungaphawulwa ukuthi esincintisana zabo eziyinhloko ubhekwa umqondo ovulekile esekelwe ukusetshenziswa uhlelo lokusebenza Android kusuka ku-Google. Ngakho, le ngxabano phakathi ezisekelweni ovulekile futhi avaliwe empeleni idluliselwe emakethe PC futhi ingxenye electronics mobile.