Frederic Joliot-Curie: biography kanye nempumelelo

UFrederic Joliot-Curie ungumuntu owaziwayo owaziwayo kanye nesazi sesayensi yeFrance. Wayengomunye wabaholi nabasunguli be-Pugwash movement of ososayensi, kanye noMsekeli Wokuthula Abasekeli. Kanye nomkakhe u-Irene bathola i- Nobel Prize eKhemistry. Lesi sihloko sizoveza imininingwane yakhe emfushane.

Ubuntwana nokufunda

UJean Frederic Joliot wazalelwa eParis ngo-1900. Indodana kababa ka-Henry yayiphumelele kakhulu kwezohwebo, futhi umama ka-Emilia wayevela emndenini wamaProthestani. UFrederic wayengomncinyane emndenini kaJoliot, enabantwana abayisithupha.

Ngo-1910, lo mfana wathunyelwa ukuyofunda esikoleni samabanga aphansi eLakanal. Ngemva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa, uJean wabuyela eParis futhi wanquma ukunikela impilo yakhe kwisayensi. Ngo-1920, le nsizwa yafika esikoleni esiphakeme se-Applied Chemistry ne-Physics. Ngo-1923, uJoolot waphothula ngesiphumo esihle kakhulu eqenjini.

Isevisi futhi usebenze

UFrederic wathola idiploma yakhe njengenjiniyela. Phakathi nezifundo zakhe wathola amakhono amahle ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo kwe-physics kanye namakhemistri. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, uJean wayenesithakazelo ocwaningweni oluyisisekelo lwesayensi. Iphutha laliyithonya likaPaul Langevin (isiFulentshi). UFrederic wayekhuluma naye ngezinhlelo zakhe ngekusasa lapho ebuyela ekhaya ngemuva kwezempi. UPawulu weluleka uJoliot ukuba athole umsizi eRadium Institute kuMaria Curie. Ngo-1925, uFrederic waqala ukusebenza njengomlungiseleli kule sikhungo. Ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula, le nsizwa yaqhubeka ifunda i-physics kanye ne-chemistry.

Ukuphila komuntu siqu

Esikoleni, uJootot wahlangana nendodakazi kaMaria u-Irene. Ngemva konyaka abantu abasha bashada. Ngemva kwalokhu, uFrederic wathatha isibongo esiphindwe kabili - uJoolot-Curie. Umkakhe walandela isibonelo sakhe. Ngokushesha lo mbhangqwana wawunezingane ezimbili - indodakazi nendodana (esikhathini esizayo bobabili baba ososayensi).

Ucwaningo

Ngemuva komshado, i-hero yalesi sihloko yaqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe eRadium Institute. Ngo-1930, wathola udokotela wakhe ukuze ahlole ucwaningo lwe-polonium. Kodwa, naphezu kwalesi sifo, cishe akekho muntu emphakathini wesayensi owayazi ukuthi igama likaJoliot-Curie laliyiliphi. Okungukuthi, wayengaziwa kancane.

UFrederic uzama ukuthola isikhundla sezemfundo, kodwa imizamo yakhe ayiphumelelanga. Usosayensi wayevele ecabanga ngokuthola ikhemistri ewusizo ekukhiqizeni izimboni. UJootot Curie wasiza uJean Perrin. Ngomuntu osebenza naye, uFrederic wanqoba ukufundiswa kukahulumeni futhi wakwazi ukuhlala esikhungweni. Ngo-1930, isazi sezinkanyezi saseJalimane uWalter Bothe sathola ukuthi lapho kuqhutshwa i-nuclei ye-helium (eyakhiwe ngesikhathi sokubola kwe-polonium) i-boron ne-beryllium, lokhu kuphuma emisebeni ephakeme kakhulu.

Ukuba khona kwemfundo yezobunjiniyela kwavumela uJoliot-Curie ukuba enze umtshina ozwelayo ngekamelo lokunciphisa elihlanganisiwe. Le divayisi irekhodiwe imisebe. I-Polonium ithathwe njengesampula sokuqala. Ngo-1931, uFrederic nomkakhe baqala ukucwaninga. Esikhathini sokuhlolwa, bathola ukuthi uma i-plate encane ye-substance equkethe i-hydrogen ifakwa phakathi kwe-irradiated boron (noma i-beryllium) nomtshina, izinga lokuqala lokushisa imisebe liphindwe kabili.

Ukuvula izinto ezintsha

Ukuhlolwa okungeziwe kwachaza uhlobo lwemisebe eyengeziwe. Kwakukhona ukuthi iqukethe ama-athomu e-hydrogen, okuthi, lapho uhamba ngezimoto, uthole isivinini esisheshayo, nakuba uFrederick no-Irene bangaqondi ngokugcwele ukuthi lolu hlelo luyini. Nokho, ngenxa yemiphumela yocwaningo lwabo, uJames Chadwick ngo-1932 wathola i-neutron yezinhlayiya, okuyingxenye ye-nucleus ye-athomu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-American physicist uCarl D. Anderson wabhala mayelana nama-postitron ayenziwe ngezakhi lapho ehlaselwa ngama-alfumini noma i-boron.

U-Irene noFrederick bathatha ucwaningo lwabo futhi bahlela ukuhlolwa okusha. Ekamelweni lokunciphisa, bafaka amasampula aluminium kanye ne-boron, futhi ukuvulwa kwalo kwakubhalwe ngepilisi elincane elincane le-aluminium. Khona-ke abashade baqala irradiation nge-ray radiation. Ama-positrons aqala ukubonakala, kodwa ngemva kokuqedwa komthombo we-polonium, ukuphuma kwawo kwaphela imizuzu embalwa kuphela.

Ngakho, uFrederick no-Irene bathola ukuthi amanye amasampuli e-ironated ne-aluminium ashintshwe abe yizici ezintsha zamakhemikhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baba radioactive. I-Boron yaguqulwa yaba i-isotope ye-nitrogen, ne-aluminium-ibe yi-phosphorus.

Umklomelo weNobel

Ngo-1935, u-Irene noFrederic banikezwa umklomelo weNobel ngokuhlanganiswa kwezici ezintsha zomsakazo. Ngakho, igama likaJoliot-Curie lahlala libhalwa emlandweni wekhemistri. Enkulumweni yakhe kaNobel, usosayensi wathi izakhi zokusakaza imishini kufanele zisetshenziswe njengama atomu omakiwe. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu inkinga yokuthola nokuqeda izingxenye ezihlukahlukene ezisemzimbeni ophilayo.

Umsebenzi oqhubekayo

Ngo-1937 isazi sezinkanyezi uJoliot-Curie saqhubeka ukusebenza eRadium Institute. Wathola isikhundla sikaprofesa eParis College de France. Lapha, usosayensi wavula isikhungo sokucwaninga ekhemikhali yenyukliya kanye ne-physics. Futhi uFrederic wenza i-laboratory lapho izazi ezivela kumaphrofayli ahlukahlukene zingasebenza ngokubambisana ukuze zithole umphumela omuhle kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-physicist yayilawula ukwakhiwa kweyokuqala eFrance cyclotron, lapho kwakuhlelwe khona izinhlayiya ze-alpha zokwenza izakhi zomsakazo.

Impi

Ngo-1939, isazi samakhemikhali waseJalimane u-Otto Gan sathola ukutholakala. Watshela umphakathi wesayense ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa i-athomu ye-uranium. Ngemva kwalokhu, uJoolot-Curie wabonisa ukuthi kuqhuma ngokwemvelo. I-physicist yaqonda ukuthi yikuphi amandla amaningi akhishwa ngesikhathi se-fission ye-athomu. Ukuze ayisebenzise, uFrederic wathenga eNorway cishe yonke isisetshenziswa samanzi asindayo. Kodwa ucwaningo lwesosayensi lwaphazanyiswa yimpi yezwe eyaphula ngaleso sikhathi. I-France yayihlala ibutho laseJalimane. Eyingozi kakhulu, uJoolot-Curie wathumela wonke amanzi anzima eNgilandi, lapho ososayensi basebenzisa khona lapho kuthuthukiswa izikhali zenuzi.

Ezombusazwe

Phakathi nomsebenzi, uFrederic wahlala eParis. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isosayensi wayeseFrance Socialist Party futhi wayenombono wokuphikisa ama-fascist, waqhubeka nokuthunyelwe kwakhe e-College de France naseRadium Institute. U-Joliot-Curie wayeyingxenye ye-Resistance Movement futhi wayephethe "i-National Front" (inhlangano engaphansi komhlaba). Futhi uFrederic wasebenzisa i-laboratory yakhe ukuze akhiqize imishini yomsakazo neziqhumane, ezanikezwa kuma-Resistance fighters. Lapho impi iphakama, usosayensi walandela isibonelo somfundisi wakhe uLangevin futhi wajoyina iqembu lamaKhomanisi.

Ngemuva kokukhululwa kwenhloko-dolobha yaseFrance, i-hero yalesi sihloko yamiswa njengomqondisi we-National Research Center. UFrederic bekufanele avuselele amandla okusebenza kwezesayensi. Ekupheleni kuka-1945, usosayensi wabuza uMongameli uCharles de Gaulle. U-Joliot-Curie wayefuna ukwakha eFrance, i-Commissariat ye-Atomic Energy. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, i-physicist yaqala ukuqaliswa kwe-reactor yezwe yokuqala. Lokhu kwandisa igunya lakhe njengososayensi nomqondisi. Noma kunjalo, ubulungu bukaFrederick eQembu LamaKhomanisi lwavusa ukunganeliseki phakathi kwabaningi. Ngo-1950, wakhululwa esikhundleni somqondisi weKhomishini.

Ukufa

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, uFrederic Joliot-Curie, owaziwa ngaye ngenhla, wazinikela ekufundiseni nasekucwaningeni umsebenzi. Wabe esehola uMkhandlu Wezokuthula futhi wenza umsebenzi wezombangazwe osebenzayo. Ngo-1956 u-Irene wafa. Ukushona komkakhe kwakunzima kakhulu kuFrederic. Kodwa kwakudingeka azidonsa ndawonye futhi ahole iRadium Institute. U-Joliot-Curie wayephethe ukwakhiwa kweyunivesithi entsha e-Orsay futhi wafundiswa eS Sorbonne. Nokho, ngokushesha umzimba wakhe, obuthakathaka yi-hepatitis nokucindezeleka kwangaphambilini, kwehlulekile. Ngo-August 1958, usosayensi washona eParis.

Ukuzilibazisa nokuvuza

Osebenza nabo bachaza uFrederic njengomuntu ogulayo, onomusa futhi ozwelayo. Wayethanda ukufunda, udwebe imifino futhi adlale piyano. Ngo-1940, uF. F. Joliot-Curie wathola indondo yegolide yaseBarnard evela eMgungundlovu yaseColumbia Institute ngokufaneleka kwezesayensi. Futhi e-USSR uFrederic wanikezwa iStalin Prize, eyanikezwa "Ukuqinisa Ukuthula Phakathi Kwezizwe".