Geiger counter noma ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo sokulinganisa ngokuvamile izinga lemisebe ye

Izigubhu, ogama msebenzi ukukala ezingeni emisebeni esikhathini sethu akunakubangelwa cishe ukuze isigaba lomthengi electronics. Indlela le nqubo iyasebenza nokuthi kungani eye uthandwa kangaka?

Isebenza kanjani?

Idivayisi kunazo owaziwa futhi ethandwa sokulinganisa radioactivity - Geiger counter. Igama lakhe futhi ukuzalwa ukweleta physics German Hans Geiger, owaklama kule divayisi ngo-1908 kanye nezinye ososayensi abaziwayo - U-Ernest 'uRutherford. iminyaka engu-20 kamuva, Geiger wabuyela wakhe wokusungula futhi elicwengisiswe ke kanye physics W. Muller. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kule divayisi ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kweyikhulu, iye yasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ezinsukwini zethu. Iningi dosimeters yasendlini zifana ekuqhutshweni isimiso kuye.

Kanjani esiphikisayo Geiger? elementi Its main - esivaliwe ingilazi noma insimbi isilinda egcwele nenye amagesi inert - neon futhi argon. Lapha, isilinda, electrode amabili abekwa. Njengoba yaziwa, igagasi emisebeni Ukhuthaza ngesimo izinhlayiya. Lapho okungenani eyodwa izinhlayiya enjalo engena ngaphansi imitha, ingxube gas is ionized: ama-athomu igesi babe akukhuthalele, lapho bakwazi ukukhanyisa. Le nqubo futhi counter isilungisiwe. Ukuze ubhalise inani eliqondile izinhlayiya enemisebe, inqubo ionization is iqeda eyayenziwe. Lokhu kwenzeka phakathi kukhishwa nezingxenyana ezithile ngomzuzwana. Phezu ukuthola izinhlayiya enemisebe esiphikisayo Geiger ukhiqiza isici Snapping umsindo.

amazinga Kushisa bhé kule ndawo kulinganiswa ngezinye izindlela. Kanye zokubala Geiger eminingi evame ukusetshenziswa scintillator zinhlayiya. Isenzo alamathuluzi kusekelwe yokuthi ezinye izinto (isib sodium iodide noma ukhethe sulphide) esikhanyayo at ukuthola yokukhishwa kwemisebe. Inombolo mikhanyo kuye ubukhulu umthamo ngemisebe omiswe uphiko oluyisipesheli - a photomultiplier.

Enye - indlela chemical ngoba ukuthola radioactivity. Isebenzisa zamakhemikhali ezenzeka ezintweni ezithile ngaphansi kwethonya ngemisebe. Ngokwesibonelo, kuleli cala, i-chloroform ubola futhi yakha HCl, okungena yokusabela umbala ne udayi ukungezwa chloroform.

Lapho emisebeni kukalwa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke?

Ukuze okudingayo kule imishini ukuze abantu Awunawo maqondana athomu elinokuthula? Ngokuvamile, i-radioactivity dosimeter yasetshenziselwa ukukala amazinga emisebeni e ukudla noma izinto zokwakha. Futhi uhlole radioactivity kungaba umhlaba elakhiwa noma kuhlelwe ukuba umakhele indlu. Kwenzeka isimanga ngoba isikhathi eside, nesintu kwenyanya emisebeni, ukuhlela zenuzi zokungcwaba ezindaweni ezingalindelekile - ogwini noma kwezinye , emayini engasasebenzi. EChernobyl inhlekelele kuye kwaholela abaningi ukuba babheke emisebeni ngamehlo ezahlukene. Futhi le ngozi muva nje eneminyaka "Fukushima" wenza esiphikisayo Geiger nezinye dosimeters ethandwa.

Ngokuvamile, Abaqaphi emisebeni ukusetshenziswa ekhaya ezincane. Bakuhlonyiselwe anezibonisi, lapho ungabona ukuthi ngokuvamile izinga lemisebe. Dosimeters kungaba imibundu doorsteps. uhlobo lokuqala kudivayisi kwabangela lapho kokweqa ezingeni avumelekile ngemisebe, okuyinto preset ngumkhiqizi. Uma ngokuzwakalayo. Lezi dosimeters ishibhile futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa. Amadivayisi yohlobo yesibili ukhombise ezingeni elithile lemisebe ezingeni embundwini lingasethwa kubo ngesandla. idivayisi okunjalo isimo sikuvumela ochwepheshe lapho umuntu uyazi kahle ukuthi ngokuvamile izinga lemisebe ye kulokhu kuyingozi.

Njengoba ubona, ukuzwa amaza ezimweni zokuphila kungenzeka. Kodwa ukuba khona dosimeter ekhaya akukwenzi ube uchwepheshe. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukuthola izinto onegciwane noma izindawo ukuze asizwe ngochwepheshe kusadingeka.