Phosphorus kanye compounds yayo. ukusetshenziswa esiwusizo phosphorus compounds

Phakathi umsoco ezidingekayo ukwaba indawo elikhetheke kanjani phosphorus. Ngoba ngeke kube khona kungekho compounds ebaluleke kangaka, ezifana ATP noma phospholipids kanye nezinye eziningi izinto eziphilayo. Lapho wezinto ezingaphili futhi lesi sici unothile kakhulu zishintshe ezahlukene. Phosphorus kanye compounds zalo kabanzi embonini, kukhona abathintekayo ebalulekile izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo, asetshenziselwa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene umsebenzi womuntu. Ngakho-ke, sicabanga ukuthi ziyini element, yini yayo imfuyo elula kanye compounds ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Phosphorus: incazelo jikelele element

Isikhundla ohlelweni gqwa lingachazwa e izigaba ezimbalwa.

1. Iqembu yesihlanu, iqembu eliyinhloko.
2. Ingxenye yesithathu isikhathi esincane.
3. Inombolo ye-serial - 15.
4. mass Atomic - 30,974.
5. E ukucushwa 1s athomu ² 2s ² 2P ⁶ bo-3 3p ^{2 3.}
6. isimo Okungenzeka namachibi ka -3 kuya +5.
7. Uphawu chemical - P e amafomula pronunciation "pe". Igama element - phosphorus. I-Latin igama phosphorus.

History of the ukutholakala kuyi-athomu ye elisuka ezikude ngekhulu XII. Ngisho ku amarekhodi alchemy wahlangana ulwazi, ukhuluma ngani ithola akwaziwa "elikhanyayo" ndaba. Nokho, usuku olusemthethweni ukutholakala kanye zamagama phosphorus kwaqala ngo 1669. Yimali yezitolo Brand yomthengisi beyofuna itshe sefilosofi sika nemiyalezo kwemiqondo ketshezi, okuyinto engase ikhiphe ukukhazimula egqamile futhi ashise aphuphuthekise ilangabi. Wakwenza lokhu okuphindaphindiwe calcination umchamo womuntu.

Ngemva ke ngokuzimela ngezindlela ezifanayo nezinye isici asebenzayo sitholwa:

• J. Kunkel;
• R. Boyle;
• A. Marggraf;
• K. Scheele;
• Lavoisier.

Namuhla, eyodwa yezindlela ethandwa kakhulu zamagama we ketshezi - ukubuyiselwa okuhambisanayo namaminerali phosphorus-equkethe ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu ngaphansi kwethonya carbon dioxide futhi Silica. Inqubo wenziwa Ohhavini ekhethekile. Phosphorus kanye compounds kwakhona izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu nezidalwa kanye ezihlukahlukene syntheses embonini chemical ophilayo. Ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuba bacabange ngalokho iyona element asebenzayo uyinto elula lapho ngokwemvelo equkethwe.

Simple izidakamizwa phosphorus

Kunzima guqula uxhumano ethile, esimweni phosphorus. Lokhu kungenxa inombolo enkulu zokuguqulwa allotropic ukuthi babe lesi sici. Kunezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zokuqonda le izinto ezilula phosphorus.

1. White. Le ngxube R ₄ ontando _ifomula. Kuyinto ezimhlophe, into oluyingozi kokuba iphunga ezingemnandi garlic abukhali. It wokhela angesabi emoyeni at okushisa okuvamile. Burns elikhanyayo oluhlaza okhanyayo. enobuthi kakhulu futhi iyingozi empilweni. reactivity kakhulu okusezingeni eliphezulu, ngakho-ke yalungiswa futhi agcinwe ngaphansi ungqimba manzi ahlanzekile. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa solubility abampofu e kumakhemikhali awuketshezi polar. Kungcono kakhulu uma le disulfide efanelekayo phosphorus elimhlophe kanye udaba eziphilayo. Lapho ukufuthelana, ke angadluliselwa amafomu alandelayo allotropic - abomvu phosphorus. Lapho lwaluyophola futhi ushintsha uba yileli ngentukuthelo uyakwazi ukwakha izingqimba. Ngesikhathi touch of okunamafutha, elithambile, lula ahlabayo ummese, omhlophe (kancane yellow). Iphuzu ukuncibilika 44 ⁰ C. Ngenxa reactivity isetshenziswa zamagama. Kodwa ngenxa ubuthi has isicelo zezimboni ububanzi.
2. Yellow. Lena ifomu embi ukuhlanzwa phosphorus emhlophe. Kuyinto ezinesihlungu nakakhulu, njengoba iphunga elibi garlic. Wokhela betshisa nge ilangabi elikhanyayo elikhazimulayo eliluhlaza. Lezi zinhlayiyana ophuzi noma brown musa chaza emanzini ngokuphelele, ephelele namachibi amakilabhu ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana emhlophe intuthu Ukwakheka P ₄ O _10.
3. phosphorus Olubomvu compounds balo bengabadlali ezivamile futhi kuvame kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe embonini ukulungisa ejenti. Red mass pasty, elisemnyango ingcindezi ephakeme izophela ngesimo violet zinhlayiya ongasebenzi amakhemikhali. Lokhu polymer uyakwazi Ukuqedwa kuphela kwezinye izinsimbi kanye ngaphezu kwanoma yini. At lokushisa 250 ⁰ C sublimated ngu ngidlula ukuguqulwa emhlophe. Non-enobuthi kakhulu ngendlela ifomu odlule. Nokho, nge ephuza yomzimba anobuthi. Isetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa enamathela phezu iimbumbeko ukuthungela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi asikwazi okhela angesabi, kodwa lapho wamcondvosobala ngomshikisho Kuqhuma (ovuthayo).
4. Black. Ngokusho idatha yangaphandle kuyafana Graphite, liphinde touch ngokugqamile. Lokhu Semiconductor kagesi. zinhlayiya Dark, shiny, abakwazi siyochithwa kunoma iyiphi imithi yokususa ingcekeza elenkani nhlobo. Lokho-ke ikhanyisa, udinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu futhi raskalivanie pre.

ngakho futhi akanandaba ifomu eside evulekile phosphorus - kwensimbi. Kuyinto umqhubi futhi cubic crystal ngehele.

chemical izakhiwo

izakhiwo Chemical phosphorus incike kundlela odinga ngayo lelo itholakala. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ukuguqulwa ezimatasa ophuzi nomhlophe. Ngokuvamile, i-phosphorus uyakwazi ukusabela nge:

• izinsimbi ukwakha phosphides futhi besebenza njengendikimba oxidant;
• non-izinsimbi, esebenza njenge-ejenti ekunciphiseni futhi yakha compounds yohlobo ezahlukene oluyingozi futhi okungezona oluyingozi;
• oxidants eqinile odlula ku wali band acid ;
• nge kanzulu alikhali caustic ngu disproportionation uhlobo;
• ngamanzi ashisa kakhulu kakhulu;
• ne-oxygen ukuze kwakheke oxides ahlukahlukene.

izakhiwo Chemical phosphorus ezifana nalezo nitrogen. ngoba iyingxenye pniktogenov iqembu. Nokho, umsebenzi oda eziningana ezihlanganisa ephakeme, sibonga ezihlukahlukene zokuguqulwa allotropic.

Ukuba nemvelo

Njengoba izakhi, phosphorus ovamile kakhulu. iphesenti salo 0,09% e koqweqwe. Lena sibalo kahle esikhulu. Lapho wathola lokhu athomu emvelweni? Kukhona izindawo eziningana eziyinhloko:

• kwezinto ezinombala oluhlaza izitshalo, imbewu yabo futhi izithelo;
• isilwane kwezicubu (imisipha, amathambo, izinyo koqweqwe lwawo, compounds eziningi ezibalulekile organic);
• Ungqimba olungaphandle lomhlaba;
• emhlabathini;
• amatshe kanye namaminerali;
• amanzi olwandle.

Kulokhu, singakhuluma kuphela mayelana amafomu ahlobene, kodwa akulona udaba elula. Phela, wayehawukela iyasebenza kakhulu, futhi akavumeli ukuba kube mahhala. Phakathi amaminerali abacebe phosphorus yilezi:

• Inglish;
• ftorapaptit;
• svanbergite;
• phosphorus kanye nezinye.

Ukubaluleka walesi ntwana ayikwazi babenesibindi esikhulu. Phela, wayehawukela siyingxenye ye yingxube njenge:

• amaprotheni;
• phospholipids;
• DNA;
• RNA;
• fosfoproteidy;
• enzyme.

Okungukuthi, bonke labo kubalulekile nokuthi Yakha kokuphelele wonke umzimba. kuyinsakavukela Daily for omdala womuntu ejwayelekile mayelana 2 amagremu.

Phosphorus kanye compounds yayo

Ngenxa okumatasa, isici asebenzayo yakha sebuningini izinto ezahlukene. Ngemva zonke izinhlobo futhi phosphide, futhi ngokwalo uba ejenti ukunciphisa. Ngenxa yalokhu kungaba uyibize ngokuthi isici kungaba inert ekusabeleni kuso. Futhi-ke zezakhi ifomula phosphorus ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Omunye kungaba zilandise eziningi amakilasi izidakamizwa kwetinhlavu elithize abengumsunguli ngokuzimisela.

1. compounds Binary - oxides, phosphides, i-hydrogen kwakwakhe oluyingozi, sulfide, nitride, nabanye. Ngokwesibonelo: P ₂ O _5, PCL _3, P ₂ S _{3,-PH 3,} kanye nabanye.
2. izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi: nosawoti zonke izinhlobo (Ngokwesilinganiso, ene-asidi, eziyisisekelo, kabili, eziyinkimbinkimbi), acid. Isibonelo: H ₃ PO _4, Na ₃ PO _4, H ₄ P ₂ O _6, Ca (H ₂ PO _{4) 2,} (NH _{4) 2} HPO ₄ nabanye.
3. Umoya-equkethe organic compounds: amaprotheni, phospholipids, ATP, DNA, i-RNA, nabanye.

Izinhlobo eziningi izinto lakhonjiwe ukubaluleka ezimbonini kanye yemvelo ezibalulekile. Ukusetshenziswa phosphorus kanye compounds yayo futhi mhlawumbe ngenxa yezizathu zempilo kanye ukwenziwa abavamile kakhulu izinto zasekhaya.

Compounds ezisansimbi

compounds Binary phosphorus ne izinsimbi kanye nonmetals mancane electronegative isihloko phosphides. Lokhu izinto usawoti-ezifana nokuthi yiziphi ifa ukuntengantenga kakhulu lapho libuka ezintweni ezihlukahlukene. noqhekeko Rapid (hydrolysis) imiphumela ngisho amanzi avamile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi isenzo unconcentrated acid kwenzeka njengoba nokwahlukana ejenti ku imikhiqizo elihambisana. Ngokwesibonelo, uma sikhuluma hydrolysis-calcium phosphide, imikhiqizo iyoba hydroxide zensimbi phosphine:

Ca ₃ P ₂ + 6H ₂ O = 3Ca (OH) ₂ + 2PH ₃ ↑

A phosphide eneka degradable ngaphansi isenzo acid yezimbiwa, sithola usawoti elihambisana kanye phosphine:

Ca ₃ P ₂ + 6HCL = 3CaCL ₂ + 2PH ₃ ↑

Ngokuvamile, ukubaluleka zezakhi ezifana nokuthatha isifundo njengamaphuzu isikhathi ukuthi i-hydrogen kwakhiwa ngenxa ekhuthaza phosphorus, ogama izakhiwo zichaziwe ngezansi.

Volatiles phosphorus-based

Kukhona futhi izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

• phosphorus ezimhlophe;
• phosphine.

Enhlabathini sekushiwo ngenhla, kanye nezici idrayivu. Bathi ukuthi intuthu emhlophe obukhulu, ezinobuthi kakhulu, esinuka nokuzihlonipha, ngokuba nezingxabano kwaqala ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile.

Kodwa uyini phosphine? Lona obanzi kunayo futhi aziwayo izidakamizwa oluyingozi, okubandakanya element enixoxa ngalo. Kuyinto kanambambili, futhi ilungu yesibili - hydrogen. Formula hydrogen phosphorus compounds - PH _3, igama phosphine.

I izakhiwo le nto lingachazwa kanje.

1. Flying igesi kungenambala.
2. enobuthi kakhulu.
3. It has iphunga izinhlanzi ebolile.
4. Njengoba amanzi akasabeli kakhulu kabi encibilikayo kuwo. Kuyinto encibilikayo kwamakhemikhali organic.
5. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, amakhemikhali ekhuthele kakhulu.
6. It wokhela angesabi emoyeni.
7. Ezakhiwe yokubola phosphide metal.

Enye igama - PHOSPHAN. Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso umlando endala kakhulu. Lonke iphuzu "imililo ezulazulayo" ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi abantu babone futhi ubone manje amangcwaba, futhi ayinawo amaxhaphozi. izibani eyisiyingi noma svechepodobnye evelayo lapha nalaphaya, ukudala umbono ukunyakaza, kubhekwe ngcolile bika, futhi babesaba kakhulu abantu abakholelwa ezeni. Isizathu salokhu mkhuba, ngokuvumelana ukubukwa samanje abanye ososayensi, angabhekwa self-ukuthungela of phosphine okuyinto ngokwemvelo ezivezwa noqhekeko izinsalela organic, kokubili yezitshalo nezilwane. Le gesi uyaphuma bese mbeni oksijini, ukukhanya. Umbala kanye nosayizi elangabi kungaba nhlobonhlobo. Ngokuvamile, lokhu izibani oluhlaza.

Ngokusobala, bonke oluyingozi phosphorus kwakwakhe - ezinobuthi, okuyinto kalula Kutsho oyiphunga ezingemnandi abukhali. Lesi sici kusiza ukuvimbela ubuthi kanye nemiphumela ebuhlungu.

Zezakhi ne-non-izinsimbi

Uma phosphorus liziphatha njenge-ejenti ekunciphiseni, kubalulekile ukuba ukhulume compounds kanambambili nge-non-izinsimbi. Ngokuvamile, zingabantu electronegative ngaphezulu. Ngakho, kukhona izinhlobo eziningana mathiriyeli lo hlobo:

• phosphorus kanye nesibabule kwakwakhe - sulphide phosphorus P ₂ S _3;
• phosphorus chloride III, V;
• oxides futhi anhydride;
• bromide futhi iodide, nabanye.

ukwakheka kwezinto phosphorus kanye compounds yayo nhlobonhlobo, ngakho-ke kunzima ukukhomba leyo ebaluleke kakhulu. Ukukhuluma babukana we izinto akhiwa phosphorus kanye non-izinsimbi, abaluleke kakhulu yiwona oxides futhi chloride ezaqanjwa ahlukahlukene. Zisetshenziswa zamagama chemical njenge-ejenti dehydrating, njengoba yelikhono, kanjalonjalo.

Ngakho, enye enamandla kakhulu izindlela dehumidifying lingaphezulu phosphorus oxide - P ₂ O _5. Yena edonsela kakhulu amanzi ukuze lapho ukuxhumana ngqo ke kukhona ukuphendula elinobudlova eqinile umsindo ihambisana. Ngokwaso ayinto kuyinto iqhwa-like mass ezimhlophe, esimweni aggregate eduze amorphous.

Ngaphansi anomoya-mpilo organic compounds nge phosphorus

Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-chemistry organic ngenani compounds uphakeme ngaphezu wezinto ezingaphili. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa alichaza ikhono isomerism, ne-carbon-athomu omoya-ukwakha ahlukahlukene kuma-atom izakhiwo uchungechunge bugcine phakathi komunye nomunye. Ngokwemvelo, kukhona ngendlela ethile, okungukuthi ngezigaba, okuyinto kuncike zonke chemistry organic. Nokho, amakilasi ezahlukene ezibangela, sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo esithile esisodwa, kuhlobane ngokuqondile sakhi mbuzo. Lokhu elingenawo umoya-equkethe compounds ne phosphorus. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• coenzymes - NADP, ATP, FMN, phosphate pyridoxal, nabanye;
• amaprotheni;
• acid nucleic, njengoba of wali band acid ezisalayo liyingxenye nucleotide;
• phospholipids futhi fosfoproteidy;
• enzyme yelikhono.

UDavide Iona, lapho amangqamuzana phosphorus ezihilelekile ekwakhekeni lezi zakhi, okulandelayo - PO ₄ ^3-, okusho kuba okuseleyo asidi wali band acid. Isakhiwo ezinye amaprotheni lingena athomu khulula noma ion elula.

Ngoba impilo evamile ngayinye isici asebenzayo of eziphilayo kanye organic compounds ezakhiwe kubo kubaluleke kakhulu futhi kudingekile. Akunakwenzeka ukwakha yimiphi izingxenye isakhi umzimba ngaphandle amaprotheni molecule. A-DNA futhi RNA - abathwali esemqoka kanye zidlulisele ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo. Ngokuvamile, bonke uxhumano kumele kube khona nakanjani.

Ukusetshenziswa phosphorus embonini

Ukusetshenziswa phosphorus kanye compounds yayo embonini kungenziwa ungachazwa amaphuzu amaningana.

1. Asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni yemidlalo, compounds kuqhume, amabhomu incendiary, abanye zokubasa, uthambise.
2. Njengoba kadoti amagesi kanye womshini izibani incandescent.
3. Ukuvikela izinsimbi ngokumelene ukugqwala.
4. Kwezolimo njengoba Umanyolo enhlabathini.
5. Njengoba indlela amanzi ukuthambisa.
6. Ngo syntheses kwamakhemikhali ukukhiqizwa izinto ezihlukahlukene.

Indima eziphilayo kuyehla kube iqhaza kulenqubo ye kumiswa koqweqwe lwawo zamazinyo kwamathambo. Ukuhlanganyela ukusabela fanekiso futhi catabolism, kanye nokugcinwa imvelo sangaphakathi kokubhafa amaseli nasoketshezini begazi. Kuyinto isisekelo sokuthethelelwa zamagama we-DNA, i-RNA, phospholipids.