Mark Katon Umdala: ukuphila nomsebenzi. A indatshana kwezolimo

Sezombangazwe nomlobi eCato Omdala (Umdala okuthiwa isizukulwane, akufanele kudidaniswe umzukulu) wazalelwa e-234 BC. e. Wayengumuntu ongowokuzalwa emzini Tusculum, elise nedlanzana amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka eRoma, futhi wayevela emkhayeni plebeian.

Yisosha

Cato bekungeke zibekelwe isikhathi esithile ukuba balime uma belingakaqali e 218 BC. e. Okwesibili ZabaseCarthage neMpi. Nakuba iRoma ancintisane eCarthage, ogama umkhuzi Hannibal ngesikhathi eqhuba umkhankaso kwakwakhiwa yahlasela Italy. Ngenxa yesimo esinzima ibutho republic libizwé ngisho eCato abasha kakhulu uMdala. Ngokushesha waba kokuvamile induna enkulu lempi. Eminyakeni embalwa insizwa wakhonza eSicily. Induna yakhe ngokushesha kwaba jikelele odumile Mark Klavdy Marcellus.

Ngo 209 BC. e. Cato Omdala esima phambi wamasosha Quintus Fabius Maksimu Kunktatoru. Ngaleso sikhathi wayesesangweni ibutho Gaya Klavdiya uNero zezikhulu zayo wathatha ingxenye empini Metavre e Northern Italy. Kule mpi, futhi amaRoma esiwujuqu wahlasela nomfowethu omncane esikaHannibal Gadrubala. umkhankaso Long ngokumelene iCarthage wavumela abanamakhono Marcus eCato ukufeza ukuqashelwa naphezu imvelaphi yakhe ozelwe ongaphakeme. "Abantu okusha" ERoma lasendulo, okuyigugu ezinjalo ngokuthi.

Phakathi Okwesibili ZabaseCarthage neMpi, eCato zaba ziningi wusizo ukuphola umsebenzi esikhathini esizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, wenza nabangani nge Lucius Valeriem Flakkom, kamuva owaba Praetor weRiphabhulikhi. Esinye isici ukwanda UMarku wayengeyena kokufa inqwaba aristocrats Roman phakathi nempi. izimpilo eziningi Ikakhulukazi abamele yezikhulu wathatha impi ye Cannae, lapho eCato ukuthatha ingxenye ku enjabulweni yabo, hhayi ngesikhathi.

204 BC. e. Mark baba khona ukuphendukela. Ngo oneminyaka engu-30 yayo weminyaka, wamiswa induna quaestor Publius Scipio, othathe phezu inhlangano ayehlasela Roman yeNyakatho Afrika, okuyinto inhliziyo namandla waseCarthage, futhi wethiwa Afrika. Ibutho kwakudingeka bawele iMedithera kusukela Sicily. Lapho kulungiselelwa operation eziyinkimbinkimbi Scipio baphikisana umsizi wakhe. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo ye-mlando zasendulo, eCato uMdala osolwa umbusi maqondana engenangqondo ukuze inhlangano ye kokwehla. Umholi Kusolwa izandla ukuchitha isikhathi sakhe yeshashalazi asakaze yengcebo imali ozinikele. Ngo enye inguqulo izimbangela izingxabano babe ezijulile futhi ukungqubuzana Scipio nase-Cato Flaccus abashisekeli. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa lonke ekupheleni quaestor Okwesibili ZabaseCarthage neMpi owawuse-Sardinia. Ukunemba akwaziwa bona uJesu sele namanje e-Afrika futhi ukuthi ukwamukela iqhaza impi ewumnqamula-juqu ye uZama. Imibono ka abalobi basendulo ngale ndaba washintsha.

Ukuqala umsebenzi wakhe zezombusazwe

Ngo 202 BC. e. ekupheleni Okwesibili ZabaseCarthage neMpi. Eminyakeni eminingi ingxabano , Republic Roman namanje wahlulwa kweCarthage baba hegemonic esisentshonalanga oLwandle iMedithera. imbangi Afrika ikwazile ukugcina ukuzimela, kodwa kakhulu buthaka. Lapho kuqala Umhlaba Mark Katon uMdala iyiswe dolobha. Ngokushesha waqala i-career zezombusazwe yomphakathi. Ngo 199 BC. e. livela uhlobo aedile plebeian waqokwa, futhi ngemva konyaka - ePitoli.

New bona isimo eCato Omdala kuhanjiswe ku-Sardinia, lapho ombusi ayesemthatha kuze kudivayisi hulumeni omusha. Praetor esiqhingini idume kokuba usule ke zababolekisa ngemali. Isiphathiswa wamangala izakhamuzi ezivamile, engafuni ukukholwa retinue yakhe nezinqola. ngesenzo sakhe esingavamile ukuba iphothule esikoleni, wabonisa frugality sakhe siqu ngokungcweliswa kokuchitha imali yomphakathi (lo mkhuba eCato igcinwe kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe).

isikhundla

Ngenxa yesiteleka indlela ayebukeka ngayo emphakathini nemisebenzi kunqubomgomo Sardinia isibe value ezinkulu enhloko-dolobha. Ngo-195 BC. e. Cato Omdala wakhethwa inxusa. ERepublic, kulesi sikhundla kubhekwa aphakeme lonke esitebhisini bureaucratic. Ngu isiko, lo abameleli ababili bathweswe ukhethelwa isikhathi sonyaka owodwa. Umlingane Osebenzelana Naye eCato kwaba abavikela zakhe esezinesikhathi eside zimkhonza Lucius Valeriy Flakk.

Ukuba inxusa, Mark ke waya eSpain, lapho ukuvukela kwakuqale Kwagqashuka Iberians ezazithe ayenganelisekile nangemaKhristu aseRoma. Umkhandlu Wezigele lidlule Cato ibutho 15000th neviyo lemikhumbi encane. Ngalezi amabutho inxusa yahlasela yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia. Inkulumo lezi zihlubuki kungakabiphi wayeseqhuba ukuyiveza. Nokho izenzo eCato sokucasuka yokusabela okuxubile eRoma. Enhloko-dolobha bezwa amahlebezi mayelana unya lwakhe olungenamingcele, okwabangela kuba nokungqubuzana Iberians kwabhebhethekiswa nakakhulu. Cato kwaba nomcwaningi eyinhloko Scipio uAfricanus, ayivusa owake wakhonza njengomdala quaestor. Ngo 194 BC. e. Lokhu wohlanga olukhulu wakhethwa njengosuku inxusa esilandelayo. Wafuna ukuthi iSigele ubuyekeze eCato eSpain, kodwa senators yokwenqaba ukuyeka umkhankaso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baye bavumela wamasosha eyabuyela ukuchitha inhlokodolobha bendabuko udwendwe lokunqoba, elifanekisela umnikelo wakhe siqu enkulu esimweni.

Ekulweni yozalo lukaSeleucus

A inselele entsha ngoba eCato Omdala kwaba empini waseSiriya (192-188 GG. BC. E.). Ngokuphambene negama layo, kwaba eGreece nase-Asia Minor, lapho kwakukhona impi yama yahlasela isimo yozalo lukaSeleucus owenziwa abazolandela Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Ubani wahlulwa manje iCarthage Roman Republic bebuka Mediterranean empumalanga futhi ngeke uvumele nasekuqiniseni esincintisana yayo eqondile.

Mark Katon Umdala waya empini njengoba induna enkulu wezempi ngaphansi kokuqondisa Mania Glabrio, le ke inxusa. Simelele kumqashi wakhe, wahambela amadolobha amaningana ngesiGreki. Ngo 191 BC. e. Cato waba nengxenye Battle of Thermopylae, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho matasa eziphakeme amasu kuka benza umnikelo esiwujuqu kokunqotshwa amaSeleucid kanye nabangani babo le Aetolians. Mark uqobo baya eRoma ukuze wazise iSigele ngokuphumelela osekukade ibutho.

Zomsoli imikhuba emibi nomphakathi

Phinda azinze enhlokodolobha, eCato Omdala waba yisikhulumi njalo esithangamini, izinkantolo kanye iSigele. Imbangela esiyinhloko izinkulumo zakhe ezikhonza umphakathi khona critique enethonya elikhulu ebukhosini wamaRoma. Ngokuvamile, "abantu abasha", owokuqala emndenini wakhe avuke esikhundleni abalulekile, wazama uhlangane ne abameleli yezikhulu. Cato baziphathe kahle okuphambene. Wayevame engena ezingqubuzana ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela. Njengoba izisulu izinqubomgomo endaweni ekhethiwe izitha lokuqala abangane babo Flaccus. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wamelana ebukhosini ngokuvamile, ngoba, ngokombono wakhe, lusobishini okunethezeka ngokweqile.

Ngaphansi kwethonya le mpendulo, kancani kancani kwaba imfundiso kaZiqu-Cato uMdala kamuva sobala emakhasini emibhalweni yakhe. Uthando yokuhaha ecabange emisha nabanengekayo wahlupheka amasiko Ayephila ukuphila okuphansi amadlozi. Waxwayisa abantu besikhathi sakhe ukuthi uthando umcebo izolandela IMisa ukungabi namahloni, okuyize, nokuzidla, ukuba luhlaza nonya oyinhlekelele lonke zomphakathi wamaRoma. Cato ngokuthi aristocrats zobugovu, ukuvikela kuphela izinzuzo zalo siqu, ngenkathi okhokho esidlule esikhazimulayo wasebenza ngokuyinhloko ukuze kuzuze umphakathi.

Esinye sezizathu nokusakazeka wemikhuba ngokuthi sezombusazwe nethonya labantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Cato kwaba antiellinistom kuyavumelana. Wabalahla zonke ngesiGreki, futhi ngenxa yalokho, Ingabe Abalweli Bokholo balolusiko usabalale eRoma (phakathi okwakukhona elifanayo Scipio Afrika). ngokushesha imibono okulondoloza eCato ithole igama sesimilo kwamazinyo theory. Asinakusho ukuthi lokhu sezombusazwe owasungula, kodwa nguye ithuthukiswe le imfundiso futhi kwenza kwaba ngokugcwele ligcwaliswe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Mark ellinofilov abasolwa, beniyingxenye kobuholi ezempi yezwe, e kabi igunya nokuntula usizo ukuze wokuqeqeshelwa impi.

okhulumela olandelanayo

Ngenxa fighter owaziwa ngokuba ubumsulwa sesimilo eCato waya izikhathi eziningana ukuba Greece, lapho walwa namahlelo zezihlubuki wendawo. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke umphakathi abanjalo babehamba abalandeli Bacchus, okuyinto bakhuthazwa i orgy, ukuzitika ngamanyala nokudakwa. Cato laqonda wajaha kule mikhuba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho eGreece, akazange abakhohlwe nge-career yakhe yezombusazwe. Kusukela wamabutho wathatha ingxenye nezingxoxo zokubonisana Aetolians ayekethise.

Nokho imibono ezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki eCato Omdala ngokuya ashwabene ngaphambi kuqala ekuhlanganiseni kwakhe olandelanayo ngemibono. Indlela elula kunazo ukuthonya umphakathi ngale ndlela kungaba isimo ngomshini kumhloli wezincwadi. Cato alinga abaqokelwe esiphakeme 189 BC. e., kodwa imizamo Owokuqala waphuma lumpy. Ngokungafani nezinye izimantshi censors washintsha ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ngonyaka, futhi njalo ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu. Ngakho-ke, umgomo ithuba elilandelayo kwaba kuphela 184 BC. e. Sekuyisikhathi eside i-Cato Omdala umise ngokwaso njengoba olandelanayo olukhulu. Okunye contender isikhundla zazihlukile mpendulo ethambile. Kodwa eCato waphikelela: wagomela ngokuthi zomphakathi wamaRoma ngiswele enkulu Shake-up wezangaphakathi.

Esincintisana eyinhloko inxusa wangaphambili kwaba umfowabo Lucius Scipio uAfricanus. Mark zanquma ukuhlasela abaphikisi, ehlasela isihlobo abadumile xaxa. On the olwandulela ukhetho, athonya Quintus Neviya, wakhonza njengephayona enduneni Scipio osolwa ngokuba imbuka. Ingqikithi yalo ayekusho kwakungamanga umlawuli kusolakala ngenxa ukufunjathiswa ivumile ukuba asayine isivumelwano sokuthula Antiochus ezithambile wakwa-Aram, elimaza izithakazelo beRiphabliki namanye amazwe.

Tsenzorstvo

iqhinga Public eCato Omdala waba yimpumelelo. umzalwane Scipio wahlulwa. Ngomshini kumhloli wezincwadi kusukela plebeians waqala Cato, futhi umngane wakhe Lucius Flaccus wathatha abasesimeni esifanayo kwi patricians. Lesi sikhundla wanika amandla eziningana eliyingqayizivele. Censors balandela imikhuba sizithibe ngesilinganiso zezimali phezu izimali zomphakathi kulandela kokuthola izintela kanye nemisebenzi, ukuqondisa ukugcinwa kanye ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezinkulu imigwaqo.

Cato uMdala kabani neminyaka yokuphila (234-149 GG. BC. E.) Fell phezu ezibaluleke sokuthuthukisa umthetho zangenkathi yamaGreki namaRoma, ophumelele okhethweni, ukuba ngemuva uhlelo ukuthuthukisa iziphathimandla zezempilo kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezimbi. Ngomshini kumhloli wezincwadi waqala nekuwusebentisa, okumenza angabi naso nesikhathi ukuthatha ehhovisi. "Lokubuyisela" ngokuyinhloko sehliselwe ukuxoshwa kusukela iSigele ezingqubuzana eCato nabezombusazwe. Marku wenza esinye Flaccus (Valeria) princeps. Wabe wachitha ngqo wokubuyekeza efanayo phakathi kwababusi nabagibeli. ababeshisekela Abaningi ngomshini kumhloli wezincwadi ayibalangwa isigaba nelungelo ukulingana, kuhlanganisa nomfowabo Lucius Scipio uAfricanus. Cato yena bangqubuzana nge mabutho kusukela esikhathini umkhankaso wakhe iSpanishi, lapho kwaba amahhashi ibutho isixhumanisi ababuthakathaka.

Okuhlukile amalungu ukuhlonipheka imikhaya ahlukile lasendulo waqala umphakathi okusezingeni eliphezulu umcimbi okwakusobala. Cato uMdala kabani biography yisibonelo "umuntu omusha", ngomzamo ku amalungelo amaRoma amaningi, lokho kwadala inzondo yabo undisguised. Njengoba umhloli, wayephatha kwabantu futhi ayikwazanga sicindezeleke takhamiti ekilasini impahla. Inani elikhulu labantu ababehlala ocebile umbuso elahlekelwa isikhundla sakhe emphakathini. Unqwabelanise phezu kwabo nezinqumo zabo, eCato wabheka ukuziphatha Roman uma umnotho walo ngendlela efanele.

Ngomshini kumhloli wezincwadi ikhuphuke kakhulu intela ku okunethezeka nezigqila yasekhaya. Wazama ukukhulisa izimali zikahulumeni futhi kunciphise izindleko zokuphatha aristocrats. Shintsha inkontileka esiphethwe abalimi kwezintela, eCato bophulwe isamba esikhulu semali. Lezi zimali esetshenziswa kulungiswe kuze kulahlelwe ngaphandle komuzi, ebhekene emithonjeni itshe nokwakhiwa kwaleli sonto elisha esithangamini. Futhi, umlisa owayebheka izincwadi wayengomunye initiators yomthetho entsha ukhetho. Ngokwenkolelo Roman, abazobhapathizwa bavuma ngokuwina ephezulu okuthunyelwe iziqu gala imidlalo nokusatshalaliswa izipho. Manje, la ama-handouts ukuba abavoti ukuba bangene ngaphansi imithetho emisha eqinile. Cato ayelenzile izitha eziningi waze izikhathi 44 uboshwe, isenzakalo esisodwa, akazange alahlekelwe.

nokuguga

Ngemva kokuphela ukucwaninga yayo eCato wahlanganyela zikhipha yayo emafeni amakhulu nemisebenzi yobuciko. Isithakazelo empilweni yomphakathi, nokho, yena akalilahlile. Abanye ukuvela kwakhe obala futhi inkampani ngezikhathi wakhumbuza abantu ababephila ngesikhathi censors esidlule.

Ngo 171 BC. e. Cato yaba ilungu umsebenzi uphenyo ukuhlukunyezwa amasekela ezifundazweni Spanish. Waqhubeka sokulahla ayeke imikhuba emibi nokuphila ukuwohloka kwesimilo. Nokho, abaningi kwemithetho yayo ukucwaninga, abangu kukhanselwe ngesikhathi ukuphila kwakhe lapho sebethathe umhlalaphansi. Cato waqhubeka antiellinistom wagan 'unwabu. Yena wakhuthaza ukumisa oxhumana nabo amaGreki, wabakhuthaza ukuba ningawamukeli kuthumela.

Ngo-152 BC. e. Cato waya iCarthage. I-embasi, lapho wayeyilungu, kufanele kubhekwe Kwaqubuka impikiswano yemingcele nge Numidia. Njengoba sengineminyaka Afrika, owayeyisikhulu ngomshini kumhloli wezincwadi eqiniseka ukuthi iCarthage waqala ukuphishekela Inqubomgomo ezimele yangaphandle waseRoma. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi sika-Second ZabaseCarthage neMpi, kube-Adalberto isikhathi eside futhi isitha wesikhathi eside, naphezu eyingqopha yayo ukunqotshwa baphakamisa ikhanda layo futhi.

Emuva esasisenhloko-dolobha, i-Cato waqala ukubiza Bakwethu Afrika ukubhubhisa amandla kuze kube yilapho walulama ngemva crisis eside. ibinzana yakhe "iCarthage kumelwe kubhujiswe" uye savela ibe isisho ngamazwe, okuyinto esetshenziswa inkulumo namuhla. Kwezempi yokwamukela izivakashi Roman wenze siqu sakhe. Okwesithathu ZabaseCarthage neMpi waqala ngo-149 BC. e., ngawo lowo nyaka, ushone eneminyaka engu-Cato oneminyaka engu-85 ubudala, ongazange ngalubona ukunqotshwa osekukade iCarthage.

"Ngoba indodana UMarku"

Lapho esemusha eCato ababephila ngesikhathi ukukhunjulwa njengombulali umholi brilliant lempi. Lapho isikhulile wangena kwezombusazwe. Ekugcineni, eduze ukuguga, waqala ukubhala incwadi. Babhekisa imibono Pedagogical of eCato Omdala, ezazifuna ukuba ukuchaza ababephila isidingo ekunqandeni ukwehla sesimilo, hhayi kuphela ngokusebenzisa izinkulumo zeningi, kodwa futhi esebenzisa izincwadi.

Ngo-192 BC. e. indodana Mark wazalwa sezombusazwe. Cato ukuthi ayehileleke zokukhulisa ingane. Lapho ekhula, uyise banquma ukumbhalela "Manuwali" ngaye (owaziwa nangokuthi "Ukuze indodana Mark"), okuyinto ebekwe ukuhlakanipha kwakhe bezwe umlando waseRoma. Kwakuwusuku isipiliyoni kuqala kwezincwadi eCato uMdala. Izazi zanamuhla bakholelwa "Manuwali" encyclopedia bokuqala saseRoma, okwakumnika equkethwe ulwazi mayelana mpendulo, kwezokwelapha nakwezolimo.

"Ngo ezolimo"

Ileja, ngubani washiya eCato Omdala - "On ezolimo" (futhi elihunyushwa ngokuthi "On ezolimo" noma "Ezolimo). Wawuthi mayelana 160 BC. e. Umsebenzi iyiqoqo izincomo 162 nemiyalo ukuphathwa izindlu zasemaphandleni. ERoma bebizelwa latifundia. izigodi Enkulukazi yezikhulu kwakungamadodana izikhungo ukutshalwa amabele, noma iwayini futhi ukukhiqiza amafutha omnqumo. Basuke kabanzi izigqila.

Lokho umsebenzi ababephila ngesikhathi belulekwa eCato Omdala? I indatshana "Ngo ezolimo" kungenziwa ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili kwesakhiwo. Okokuqala ihlanganiswe ngokucophelela, kodwa yesibili lihlukile ngendlela kunezinxushunxushu. It ixubene izincomo izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene imithi yendabuko zokupheka. Ingxenye yokuqala, ngakolunye uhlangothi, icishe ifane ebhukwinitifundvo ihlanganiswe ngendlela ehlelekile.

Njengoba le ncwadi iye elakhelwe yabantu basemakhaya, ayinayo kakhulu izisekelo, futhi efakwe ohlwini iseluleko kunalokho ethize, umlobi okwakunzima eCato uMdala. umcabango Kwezomnotho umsebenzi wakhe wenziwe simo inzuzo izinhlobo ezahlukene amapulazi. Okuzuzisa kakhulu umbhali ibhizinisi kubhekwe izivini, kulandele eniselwayo izivande nokunye. D. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wagcizelela inzuzo eliphansi okusanhlamvu kuyo, kona ngokuningiliziwe emsebenzini wakhe wayeka eCato uMdala. Izilinganiso kulencwadi ke livame ukusetshenziswa ezinye abalobi basendulo emisebenzini ehlukene. Namuhla indatshana kubhekwa isikhumbuzo eliyingqayizivele etemibhalo endala, ngoba ungcono yimuphi omunye umthombo uchaza impilo yasemakhaya zezwe lasendulo ka II ekhulwini BC. e.

"Imisuka"

"Imisuka" - omunye umsebenzi obalulekile, olwasungulwa eCato uMdala. "Ngo ezolimo" is ngokwezinga elikhulu eyaziwa ngenxa yokuthi le ncwadi wasala ifomu ngokugcwele. "Imisuka" kuyinto esekhona kuphela ngesimo imvuthuluka zihlakazeke. Kwakuthinta semitomnik esizinikezele umlando waseRoma kusukela ekusungulweni umuzi BC II leminyaka. e.

Cato Omdala, imfundiso yokuziphendukela inhlangano yencwadi okwakukhona ezintsha, wasungula isitayela abawenze aziwa ezinsukwini zokugcina ucwaningo eyalandela. Waqale anquma ukuba sisuke kuleli amafomu olusankondlo bese uya temibhalo yephrozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandulela wabhala zomlando ngesiGreki, kuyilapho eCato isetshenziswa Latin.

Ibhuku lo mbhali sihluke imisebenzi esidlule ukuthi kwakungakabi ezomile futhi indaba yala maqiniso kanye umzamo ukufunda. Zonke lezi ayisibonelo salezi yesimanje ezincwadini zesayensi kwezinkambiso waqamba kwaba eCato uMdala. Photographically ekuthumbeni umcimbi, wathembisa ababheka ngayo umfundi sithembele bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe Intandokazi kokuwa mores ongumRoma umphakathi.