Hagia Sophia - uphawu eRussia lasendulo. ONgcwele UZandile Cathedral

Hagia Sophia ekhatsi Kiev - ikhadi lebhizinisi hhayi kuphela enhlokodolobha Ukraine, kodwa futhi isimo sisonke. Kungakanani kungenxa lokhu omangalisayo lesikhumbuzo yezakhiwo. Okokuqala, Kiev St Sophia - uphawu Russian ubudala, kanti okwesibili - ke ubufakazi emlandweni zasendulo nezanamuhla. Esinye nesinye isakhamuzi mandla esingenakuqhathaniswa umane ophoqelelwe okungenani kanye empilweni yabo ukuvakashela indawo enkulu kangako. I zezivakashi e-Ukraine kuye kwaba khona kuvela emakhoneni akude kakhulu Zomhlaba kwasekuqaleni, futhi zifuna ukuqiniseka ukuthi wobuciko, lathumela nalapho zemihla zomlando Umlando.

Ukuphi

Hagia Sophia - uphawu ERussia yasendulo futhi hhayi kuphela. Nakuba leli thempeli kanye Museum ine isimo somlando, isikhathi eside waba ubufakazi kubo inkathi ngayinye ethize kanye owayephila ngesikhathi zonke izizukulwane. Buka yethempeli ukujabulisa sengqondo waqinisekisa wonke amaqiniso mayelana nesimo kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi.

Impande kusuka Kiev noma izivakashi zakwamanye amazwe, ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ethempelini imfihlo, baphoqwa ukuba zidlule endaweni enkulu, okuyinto uzungezwe ukuthuthukiswa mod, kudlule lesikhumbuzo kuya omkhulu Hetman Bogdanu Hmelnitskomu, elisungulwe yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Khona-ke, ukuze ekugcineni ubone wobuciko, lathumela kudingeka kudlule ngaphansi arched isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi ngasezindongeni okusezingeni eliphezulu, yangekhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII. Futhi ngisho nanazo zonke ukuthi Saint UZandile Cathedral itholakala cishe maphakathi edolobheni - kusenzima endaweni ethule futhi ethokomele. Kodwa kunzima kakhulu ukukholelwa ukuthi lapha kwaba njalo ngakho.

Uma sesonto okokuqala abantu baqale ukubheka bamangale bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene, ngoba emfushane, ububanzi futhi ngaphandle isakhiwo ngokuzumayo liphuma esabekayo phezulu, endaweni kuba emikhulu, kodwa ngqo asibonisa ubukeka Orans - Virgin e ukukhazimula segolide. Man azizwa izidalwa noma ekhethekile noma esilula ongumninimandla. Kodwa manje-ke kuyoba lula kakhulu ukuba zibone ngeso lengqondo umkhandlu eneziyaluyalu, okwakubekelwa eqoqwe ngaphansi izindonga isakhiwo, ukuze wenze isinqumo esibaluleke kunazo zonke kuleli lizwe.

Conjectures futhi amaqiniso

Hagia Sophia (uphawu Rus lasendulo ') yayakhiwe ngayingcwelisa ekhulwini XI, futhi ngokunembile, engxenyeni yokuqala. Ngisho nanamuhla, izazi-mlando, ososayensi ukubeka phambili izinsuku eziningana indalo yayo. Ngakho, kucatshangwa ukuthi ukukhangana lakhiwa ngesikhathi esisodwa salezi iminyaka: 1011 th, 1017 th futhi 1037 th.

I last izinsuku ezimbili zisekelwe amarekhodi zemihla ahlukahlukene - Novgorod kanye "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka", ngokulandelana. Ukuqinisekiswa kwemiphumela yokuqala yaleyo isifundo abhekwa emamaki ezindongeni zethempeli, kanye kubukezwe abanye amaqiniso imibhalo yasendulo eyabhalwa.

Futhi akunakuphikwa Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umlando imibono kanye Ekuphakanyisweni yebandla maqondana indissoluble ukuba ubuKristu eRussia. Okufanele ukwenze nalo namandla ezintathu odumile we nkosi - Princess Olga, Prince uVladimir futhi Yaroslav the Hlakaniphile.

Ngokusho lwemilando, original Hagia Sophia - uphawu ERussia yasendulo - futhi umfire ezungeze ithempeli zazakhiwe ekhatsi Kiev, Olga. Mhlawumbe kunjalo, ukuthi kwase kuyisikhathi esithile ngaphambi kokuvakashela iPrincess waseConstantinople. Futhi kungenzeka ukuthi izithombe nethempeli kwakubizwa ethulwa Umbhishobhi omkhulu waseConstantinople. Ibandla elisha lakhiwa izinkuni, ngakho ngo-1017, futhi yini kamuva, lishiswe lapho kuqubuka umlilo Kiev.

Vladimir futhi Yaroslav

Ngokusho nolunye ulwazi kusuka zemihla ngemihla, Cathedral entsha St Sophia ekhatsi Kiev wabeka Svyatoslav Vladimirovich. Kwakuyisikhathi isonto elikhulu ezenziwe ngokhuni. Laliqhele emkhakheni (ngezansi bese dolobha), endaweni lapho isikhulu wahlasela Pechenegs.

prototype Architectural, wezombangazwe nezenkolo esontweni baba lombhishobhi St Sophia eConstantinople. Yena Kugcizelela ne ukubukeka kwayo, futhi cishe, kwaba imemori ongenakulibaleka of Princess Olga. Futhi uma siwavume yokuthi wokubhapathizwa abesifazane, kufanele uqale kusukela lokuthi lokhu kuyenzeka eConstantinople, lebandleni Hagia Sophia. Futhi ebandleni Korsun ka Hagia Sophia wabhapathizwa futhi egcotshwa ngokwayo ePrince uVladimir. Kungenxa yokuthi ukwakhiwa wesonto eRussia lezwakala hhayi engozini.

Ngaphansi Yaroslav ithempeli seliphelile ukufinyelela Selilonke, futhi bagcizelela ukuzimela futhi amandla Kievan Rus.

Ubukhulu lombhishobhi

Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo ne umqhele St Sophia (umlando ekudalweni kuchazwa kulesi sihloko) usezuze futhi uMnyango Metropolitan of Kiev. EGcekeni yokuhlala basemasontweni futhi enezivikelo eziqinile. Kodwa ngisho ngezindinganiso isikhathi nendawo yalo ekuhlaba umxhwele kuphela lingakanani. Ngakho-ke, lapho ezibandakanya ezindabeni zenkolo kanye nesimo, hhayi kuphela uhulumeni futhi abefundisi, kodwa eduze izindonga Unelungelo babuthane bese zezakhamuzi ezijwayelekile Chamber noma ukuze ukugubha emqansweni isikhulu esisha sobukhosi.

Kanjani kubukeka

Noma kunjalo, ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi Hagia Sophia ekhatsi Kiev lakhiwa phakathi nokubusa Yaroslav the Hlakaniphile. Kuze kube namuhla isakhiwo wakwazi ukugcina esiphehla izakhiwo lasendulo nobukhulu bemibuso ebabazekayo of XI leminyaka. Kulesi isonto ezihambisana ngokuvumelana kuhlanganiswe Umfanekiso futhi KaMose. Ingxenye esemqoka wezangaphakathi kuthiwa kwenza usebenzisa KaMose (altare futhi central Dome). Le ndawo ukuphumula u ehlotshiswe nemidwebo. Namuhla ibandla futhi izivakashi ungabona 260 m ² eyiqiniso yamatshe sangomhla XI leminyaka, futhi mayelana 3 sq. M. amamitha angu-eqoshiwe.

UZandile Cathedral abazinikezele ngokuhlakanipha embodying, ngakhoke izakhiwo kanye Umdwebo isonto kwakufanele ukuqinisa lokugcizelela ubuKristu amandla izinduna. Lelo altare Dome lemcoka ubuso ungenisa ngiswa abasemqoka abazizwa neziqephu zokholo lobuKristu. Basuke baqashwa kuwo glazes ku usimende ezimanzi. Ithempeli KaMose siqukethe 177 Kolerova shades.

I medallion Dome emaphakathi ukuboniswa Kristu onke. Futhi emhlabeni zenith kanye matasa ezingelosini ezine eziyinhloko, kodwa isibalo oyedwa vó wamatshana. Amafutha esisele isivele anezelwe.

Museum babe

Maphakathi nawo-1930, iziphathimandla ke-Ukraine ephethwe amaSoviet, kwanqunywa ukuthi Hagia Sophia (uphawu ERussia yasendulo) kufanele ube Museum-reserve. Leli thempeli waqala ukufeza ucwaningo kanye nokubuyiselwa umsebenzi. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, umsebenzi Museum ubelokhu eqashelwa emhlabeni wonke. Namhlanje National Reserve "UZandile Kyïv".