Haydegger Martin: A Biography, ifilosofi

Haydegger Martin (iminyaka yokuphila - 1889-1976) ingenye amaphayona amafilosofi ezifana existentialism German. Wazalwa ngo-1889, ngo-September 26, ngesikhathi messkirch. Uyise, uFriedrich Heidegger, kwaba ingcweti esihle.

Heidegger uya waba umpristi

Kusukela ngo-1903 kuya ku-1906 Haydegger Martin iyaya esikoleni e Constanta. Uhlala "iNdlu Conrad" (esikoleni samaKatolika) futhi ulungela waba umpristi. Ngo ngiqhubeka nezifundo zakhe, Martin Heidegger eminyakeni emithathu ezayo. Umlando wakhe ngalesi sikhathi kuphawulwa yokuthi uba khona esikoleni esiphakeme futhi esikoleni sokufundela ubufundisi archiepiscopal e Breisgau (Freiburg). September 30, 1909 isazi sefilosofi esizayo waba imfundamakhwela ku ngaphansi Feldkirch Tizis ongumJesuit sezindela. Nokho, ngo-October 13 Mina baye baphoqeleka ukuba bashiya amakhaya ngenxa yokuziphatha ekuqaleni ubuhlungu enhliziyweni Martin Heidegger.

Umlando Omfushane Ngokuqhubeka kwakhe ukuthi esikhathini kusukela ngo-1909 kuya ku-1911, ukutadisha at the University of Freiburg, e khono zenkolo. Yena uyabandakanyeka nefilosofi yabo. Isihloko sakhe sokuqala eshicilelwe ngesikhathi, Martin Heidegger (esithombeni sakhe kuboniswa ngezansi).

esibucayi ngokomoya, ensimini entsha yocwaningo, mqondo

Kusukela 1911 kuya 1913 wayezomvusa ngokusebenzisa esibucayi ngokomoya futhi ikhetha ukushiya khono zenkolo, waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe e-University of Freiburg. Lapha Martin Heidegger wafunda ukuhlakanipha kwenkohliso eyize natural sciences kanye humanities. Yena shtudiruet umsebenzi "Uphenyo enengqondo" Husserl sika. Ngo-1913, Haydegger Martin bavikela mqondo akhe futhi waba womfundisi e-University of Freiburg kwenye engu-2.

umshado

Ngo-1917, isazi sefilosofi ukushada. Umcabangi ashade izifundo e Freiburg umnotho Elfriede Petri. unkosikazi Heidegger sika indodakazi esiphakeme Prussian. Khulekela wakhe - Evangelical Lutheran. Ngokushesha lona wesifazane babekholelwa isigcino okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi wayeyisazi umyeni wakhe. Yena kuba ukwesekwa lakhe, kusho uNobhala, umngane. Ngaphansi kwethonya unkosikazi ekugcineni ezikhulayo kuhlukaniswa yakhe esuka ebuKatolikeni Heidegger sika. Ngo-1919, umndeni wazalelwa indodana yokuqala, George, futhi ngemva konyaka - Herman.

umsizi Uprofesa Umsebenzi, izinkulumo ontology

Kusukela ngo-1918 kuya ku-1923, nguye sefilosofi Husserl sika umsizi futhi umsizi uprofesa wase-University of Freiburg. Ngo-1919 yasihlephula nge uhlelo yamaKatolika, futhi kamuva ngonyaka uqale ubungane sefilosofi uKarl Jaspers. Kusukela ngo-1923 kuya ku-1928, Heidegger kunesithembiso Izinkulumo ontology. Ontology Martina Haydeggera kunomthelela kwayo. Wamenywa ukuba lo profesa okungavamile University of iMarburg.

Imisebenzi e-Marburg

Income Heidegger ngcono. Nokho, idolobha ngokwalo, umtapo emancane, emoyeni wasekhaya - konke lokhu annoys Martin, abangathanda ngokuzithandela ixazululwe e Heidelberg. Kulapha edonsela naye manje, futhi ubungane bakhe Karlom Yaspersom. Yonga Heidegger ngomoya yokusesha zefilosofi, kanye gumbi e Todtnauberg (ngezansi), ngaphakathi ukuhamba ibanga kusuka emakhaya abo - umsebenzi ukhuni, wasentabeni, futhi okubaluleke - ukudalwa incwadi ethi "uMuntu nesikhathi", okuyinto eyaba zakudala of leminyaka lama-20 . Ethandwa kakhulu phakathi abafundi ezinkulumo Heidegger sika. Nokho, ukuqonda nozakwethu khona ngaphandle R. Bultmann, isazi semfundiso yenkolo abadumile amaProthestani.

Heidegger - ngundlalifa Husserl at Freiburg University

Incwadi "Ukuba nesikhathi" uyaphuma ngo-1927, kwathi ngakusasa umlobi wayo uyaphumelela Husserl eMnyangweni nefilosofi e-University of Freiburg bomdabu. Ngo 1929-30. akufundayo imibiko eminingana ebalulekile. Ngo-1931 Heidegger avele uyamzwela ukunyakaza National Socialist. Umphathi we-University of Freiburg (ngezansi), uba ngo-1933. Ngalesi sikhathi zihlanganisa inhlangano "ekamu isayensi", kanye ukuvela zephromoshini Tubingen, Heidelberg and Leipzig.

Heidegger kuvela ngo-1933 phakathi ubuntu abambalwa owaziwa ababambisana amaNazi. Phakathi nemigomo yakhe ngemibono esibona okuthile ungwaqa nge mindsets yabo. Heidegger, egxilile izifundo zakhe nemicabango, akudingeki isikhathi isifiso ekhethekile ukuze baqonde okushiwo yemisebenzi "theorists" undlovukayiphikiswa futhi "Mein Kampf" uHitler. Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela entsha uthembisa ubukhulu kanye nokuvuselela eJalimane. Student Izinyunyana kunengxenye kulokhu. Heidegger, abafundi baso nginithandile njalo, uyazi futhi uyakucabangela isimo sabo. Igagasi izithombe kazwelonke bese udvweba ke. Heidegger kancane kancane ezibhajwe enethini izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene lobuNazi, okuyizinto University of Freiburg.

Ngo-April 1934, isazi sefilosofi kokushiya ngokuzithandela okuthunyelwe ka li. Ubizwa neqhinga lokubhekelela ukuthi ukudalwa Academy osolwazi Berlin. Martin enquma ukuya izithunzi, ngoba ukwencika inqubomgomo National Socialist kwakuyinqubo okwase kuyiminyaka umbuso umthwalo. Lokhu kusindisa sefilosofi.

iminyaka neMpi futhi ngemva kwempi

Eminyakeni eyalandela, wenza imibiko eminingana ebalulekile. Ngo-1944 Heidegger akhuthaza umbe imisele e nezidlamlilo. Ngo-1945 waya Meskirh ukufihla futhi bakha wesandla sakho bese ibika kuya ke Commission bahlanza. Heidegger futhi uhambelana Sartre, kuyinto abangane nge Jean Jean Beaufret. Kusukela ngo-1946 kuya 1949 uyaqhubeka ukuvinjelwa nokufundisa. Ngo-1949, wenza club e Bremen 4 walo mbiko, okuyinto yaphindwa ngo-1950 e-Academy of Fine Arts (Bavaria). Heidegger ithatha ingxenye kumihlangano ahlukahlukene, ukuvakasha ngo-1962, Greece. Washona ngo-May 26, 1978.

nezikhathi ezimbili emsebenzini Heidegger

Amabili izinkathi ukukhululwa ngemisebenzi lesi sazi. Esokuqala sasithatha kusukela ngo-1927 kuze kube 1930 maphakathi. Ngaphezu "Ukuba nesikhathi", kulezi minyaka yokusebenza, Martin Heidegger wabhala okulandelayo (ngo-1929): - "Kant futhi inkinga Metaphysics," "Ngo-ngokuyisisekelo base," nesithi "Uyini Metaphysics?". Kusukela ngo-1935, uqala isikhathi yomsebenzi wakhe wesibili. Uthatha kuze kube sekupheleni ukuphila wayecabangisisa. Imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu kulesi sikhathi kuthiwa: abhalwe 1946 umsebenzi "Gelderin futhi ngokuyisisekelo izinkondlo", ngo-1953 - "Introduction to Metaphysics", ngo-1961 - "Nietzsche", ngo-1959 - "Towards ulimi."

Izici kwesikhathi sokuqala nesesibili,

Isazi sefilosofi esikhathini sokuqala uzama ukudala uhlelo, okuyinto imfundiso yokuziphendukela nenhlalakahle, kubhekwa njengento ngesisekelo nokuphila kwabantu. Esikhathini Heidegger yesibili uhumusha ezihlukahlukene ngemibono yefilosofi. Ubiza emibhalweni abalobi basendulo ezifana Anaximander, uPlato, u-Aristotle, futhi imisebenzi abameleli yesimanje kanye owayephila, ezifana R. M. Rilke, uFriedrich Nietzsche, F. Hölderlin. Inkinga ulimi kule nkathi kuba isihloko lezo zizathu zakhe ngoba lesi sazi.

Inkinga ukuthi silindelwe a HEIDEGGER

Martin Heidegger, ifilosofi okuyinto sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo, wabona umsebenzi wakhe njengoba sazi sithethelele imfundiso entsha mayelana nencazelo futhi ngokuyisisekelo ekubeni. Wafuna ukuze kufinyelelwe lo mgomo, thola izindlela ukuthuthukisa Ukwanela kwezinto edlulisela imiqondo ngokusebenzisa ulimi. Kwenziwa nemizamo igxile sefilosofi wukudlulisa shades ezicashile inshokutsi, abasebenzisa esiphezulu imigomo zefilosofi.

ulimi olukhohlisayo kakhulu eyabhalwa umsebenzi oyinhloko Heidegger, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1927 ( "Ukuba nesikhathi"). Ngokwesibonelo, Berdyaev kubhekwe "okungabekezeleleki" ulimi umsebenzi, futhi eziningi izwi-kumiswa (igama elithi "mozhestvovanie" nezinye) - okungenanzuzo noma, okungenani, kulusizi kakhulu. , Ulimi Heidegger Kodwa njengoba Hegel sika, elinesimo inkulumo ethile. Akungabazeki ukuthi laba abalobi babe siqu nesitayela sabo etemibhalo.

Kwangqingetshe lapho Europe ithole

Martin Heidegger asifunayo imisebenzi yakubonisa ukufakwa abantu bacabangani e-Europe, okungase ngokuthi ayisisekelo, okuyinto ezikhiqizwa isimo samanje esidabukisayo engathandeki impucuko European. Ngokusho sefilosofi, abaluleke kakhulu kuwo eyasinika ukugxila sokunqoba isiko yokucabanga ngilulekela emuva kweminyaka lengu-300. IYurophu wangena ekupheleni efile kwaba yena. Lokhu kwangqingetshe Kufanele kufunwe futhi walalela swebeza wokuphila, njengoba Martin Heidegger. ifilosofi yakhe kule ndaba ayiyona neze into ngokuyinhloko entsha. Ongqondongqondo Abaningi European ayinandaba imibuzo mayelana nendlela esintwini ihamba futhi kungaba indlela yabo endaweni efanele. Nokho, ukucabanga ngakho, Heidegger asigcini lapha. Yena hypothesizes sibe "sekwephuzile" okufezwayo mlando, efanelekayo iyophela, lapho bonke kuzophothulwa "inqubo eyisicefe ngokuba iyunifomu." Ngo ifilosofi yakhe le sazi engamenzi phambili umsebenzi wokusindisa izwe. Injongo nesizotha sakhe. Kuyinto ukuqonda umhlaba esiphila kuwo.

Ukuhlaziya kokuba isigaba

Ifilosofi, igxila ukuhlaziywa izigaba wokuba. Lesi sigaba ugcwalisa uhlobo lokuqukethwe. Martin Heidegger, ogama biography seyenziwe ngenhla, ukholelwa ukuthi isidalwa limelela kusukela ekuqaleni yokucabanga Western nefilosofi Usenguyena, nokuthi khona ezwakala manje. Ngokwe-umbono owamukelwa, manje it yakha isikhathi impendulo ukuphikiswa nokucatshangwa umlando wayo wokuqhuma nezesikhathi esizayo. Isikhathi sizimisele njengoba khona. Ngo uMuntu Heidegger sika - ngesikhathi ukuba khona kwezinto ezahlukene, noma ekuphileni.

khona komuntu

Ngokusho lokhu sefilosofi, ukuba khona komuntu - evelele ukuqonda izinto. Ntu lisho ethile elithi "dasien", kanjalo ewubalekela esandulele isiko nefilosofi, owawuthi leli gama libhekisela "khona", "yisidalwa determinate". Ngokusho kwezazi ka Heidegger, "dasien" yakhe Kunalokho kusho ukuba khona unembeza. indoda kuphela owazi ukuthi uyafa, kuphela wayelazi temporality ukhona siqu. Uyakwazi, sibonga ke, esazi ukuthi zikhona.

Ukuthola ezweni nokuba kuwo, umuntu ehlelwa isimo ukukhathazeka. Lokhu ukukhathazeka selivela ubunye 3 amaphuzu, "egijima phambili", "ngokuba emhlabeni" "nokuba ngaphansi vnutrimirovom okukhona." Heidegger bekholelwa uMuntu ekuphileni kuyinto wokuqala nomkhulu kunabo bonke ingavuleki ulwazi zonke izinto.

Isazi sefilosofi, ucabangela ngokuthi "egijima phambili", "ukunakekelwa", ufuna ukuqokomisa umehluko phakathi ntu lonke khona yangempela emhlabeni. Ukuba abantu njengoba njalo "ubaleka phambili." Ihlanganisa amathuba amasha ukuze benzelwe njengendlela "project". Okungukuthi, ukuphila komuntu uqagula uqobo. Ukuqaphela ukunyakaza isikhathi sakhe yaqaphela ukuphila phrojekthi. Ngakho-ke, singacabangela isidalwa ezifana ekhona emlandweni.

Enye ukuchazwa kwemfundiso "ukunakekelwa" ( "nokuba vnutrimirovom okukhona") kuyindlela olukhethekile eziphathelene izinto. Umuntu nje ubona kubo abangane bakhe. isakhiwo ukunakekelwa esihlanganisa sanje kanye nesikhathi esizako kanye esidlule. izenzo Odlule ngesikhathi Heidegger njengoba Ukuyekwa kwezindlela esizayo - njengoba "iphrojekthi," abasebenza nathi, futhi manje - awusona kokuba ugqilazwa izinto. UMuntu ungakwazi, kuncike igunya yesici esithile iyiqiniso noma inauthentic.

khona inauthentic

Simelene isidalwa non-lwangempela futhi khona, elihambisana ke, uma izinto inzuzo ekubeni ingxenye yalesi kufihla nemilenze yakhe kumuntu, okungukuthi, lapho kokuba ngokuphelele amuncwa nethonya lomphakathi futhi umgomo. Ngokusho Heidegger, khona inauthentic kungenakususwa ukuguqulwa kwemvelo. It izimo umuntu uku "isimo 'idla yodwa." Heidegger ubiza imodi inauthentic khona, libhekene yokuthi umuntu ngokugcwele bacwiliswa sezwe sezinto, sisho ukuziphatha kwakhe, ukuba khona kule Lutho angenazo izici zobuntu. Ithola khona komuntu kwansuku zonke. Ebekwa phambili lutho, sibonga nokuvuleka wale mithandazo exhunywe khona iyadlula. Ngamanye amazwi, kungaba ukuqonda ukuba khona. Njengoba isimo ukuthi kungenzeka nokwanda kwalo, thina Lutho libhekisela nezidalwa. ilukuluku lethu kuphakamisa ke Metaphysics. Inikeza indlela yokuphuma ngale khona isihloko engazi.

Metaphysics e nokuchazwa Heidegger

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Heidegger, ecabanga Metaphysics ka yalo ngakho. Uhluke kakhulu kwabanye ukuqonda yendabuko we incazelo ehlongozwayo ngu Martin Heidegger. Kuyini Metaphysics ngokwemfundiso yesiko? It besilokhu kubhekwe lapho bekhuluma ifilosofi lonke noma ingxenye yalo, ukukuziba lokho dialectic. nefilosofi okusha isikhathi, ngokuvumelana sazi zisithakazelise, iyona Metaphysics ka luhlangotsi. Lokhu Metaphysics, ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto nihilism ephelele. Kuyini isiphelo sayo? Heidegger wayekholelwa ukuthi Metaphysics ubudala, okuyinto usuphenduke into efanayo nihilism ezikhathini zethu uqeda indaba yakhe. Ngokubona kwakhe, lokhu kubonisa ushintsho ku -anthropology of zefilosofi ulwazi. Ukuba-anthropology, ifilosofi uyafa ukuziqhelelanisa Metaphysics. Heidegger babekholelwa ukuthi ubufakazi salokhu isimemezelo odumile isiqubulo Nietzsche sika "uNkulunkulu ufile." Isiqubulo lokhu izindlela, eqinisweni, Ukuyekwa kwezindlela inkolo, okuyinto ubufakazi ukubhujiswa izisekelo lapho waphumula ngaphambi kwezifiso ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi esekelwe emibonweni abantu oda empilweni.

nihilism yesimanjemanje

Haydegger Martin uphawula ukuthi ukunyamalala igunya lesonto noNkulunkulu kusho ukuthi indawo ye yokugcina uthatha igunya kanembeza isizathu. intuthuko zomlando esikhundleni indiza embusweni umqondo waleli zwe. Umgomo enenjabulo engapheli, okuyinto otherworldly, siguqulelwa yenjabulo emhlabeni kubantu abaningi. Ukusabalala impucuko, isiko kanye nobuciko esikhundleni ukunakekelwa lenkolo, njengoba Martin Heidegger wathi. Imishini nengqondo ziqokonyiswe. Yayiyini sici lokuqala uNkulunkulu waseBhayibhelini - lokusungula - manje ephawula umsebenzi womuntu. lokusungula Yabantu ingena gesheft futhi ibhizinisi. Ngemva kwalokho kufika kwamasiko ukwehla esiteji sokwanda yayo. Nihilism kuwuphawu ezikhathini zanamuhla. Nihilism, ngokuvumelana Heidegger, - iqiniso ukuthi umgomo obumbile konke zazamazama. Lokhu iqiniso uyeza zidonse isikhathi eside. Nokho, ne ekushintsheni isimo sengqondo maqondana amagugu eziyisisekelo nihilism kuyacaca nokukhulula umsebenzi wokusungula amasha. Isimo sengqondo nihilistic maqondana amagugu kanye neziphathimandla abanandaba Nokho, ephumula ukuthuthukiswa isiko nangesu lomuntu.

Ingabe ukulandelana lezinkathi okungahleliwe?

Khumbula, ebhekisela ifilosofi umlando Martina Haydeggera, ukuthi ngokombono wakhe, akukhona ukulandelana okungahleliwe yisidalwa yokuhlala ubudala. It is ngenakugwemeka. Umcabangi babekholelwa ukuthi ukufika kubantu esikhathini esizayo ngeke ukusheshisa. Nokho, bakwazi ukubona, mane kudingeka sifunde ukulalela khona futhi ukubuza imibuzo. Bese buthule eza ezweni elisha. Kuyoba, ngokuvumelana Heidegger, ukuqondiswa "isazela", okungukuthi, kucabangela umsebenzi uhlela zonke izifiso kungenzeka. Ngakho nedochelovechestvo abe superman.

Izinhlobo ezimbili ukucabanga

Kuyadingeka ukuba ahambe ibanga elide amaphutha, imibono eyiphutha nolwazi ukuze lolu shintsho iphutha. Ukuqonda nihilism eye hit the ukwazi European, kungaba neqhaza ekunqobeni wasifunda futhi eside. Kuphela ifilosofi entsha, hhayi ezihlobene 'ifilosofi yesayensi "yesikhathi esidlule, ongaphumelela siphishekele cwaningo zomhlaba ngosizo ukulalela kuso. Heidegger akubonayo ukuthuthukiswa ifilosofi nesayensi uphawu okwethusayo, ethi buphela ukukuqonda ukucabanga kanye ezikhulayo ibalwa. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili ukucabanga ume umsebenzi unelungelo "lamabutho", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1959. ucwaningo lwabo - ngesisekelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela ulwazi imihlola emkhakheni wokuphila emphakathini. Ngokusho Heidegger, kubalwa noma ibalwa ihlola ukucabanga futhi izinhlelo, ke sinquma kungenzeka, kuyilapho nawe ungalushayi ngokuhlaziya nangemiphumela engaba khona kokusebenza kwabo. Le ndlela yokucabanga kuyinto enokwehla. Akayena akwazi ukugxila Arkelawu wonke umqondo. Baqonde ukucabanga ephula off ngokweqile yakhe engokoqobo. Nokho, it is, phambi ukuzilolonga kanye ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile, ungagwema lokhu kakhulu futhi ufinyelele iqiniso lokuba uqobo. Ngokusho Heidegger, lena Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba phenomenology, okuyinto khulumela "ulwazi incazelo" futhi hermeneutics.

Yini engashiwo, ngokuvumelana Heidegger

Amaphuzu amaningi athintiwe egqanyisiwe emsebenzini wakhe, uMartin Heidegger. imibono yakhe ukukudlulisela kothile, okusemqoka kakhulu, indlela ukuze uthole iqiniso okuyilonalona. Lesi sazi, sicabange ngayo, kanye amazizo wokuba emsebenzini esithi "Kuyi-Essence Leqiniso", livela yokuthi ingqondo ovamile usebenza ukucabanga kusho yokulithola. Nokho, lokho kuyiqiniso? Martin Heidegger waphendula kafushane lo mbuzo ngale ndlela: "Kuyiqiniso." I Umcabangi waveza ukuthi sikubiza kweqiniso ukhona nje kuphela, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, izitatimende zethu siqu ngaye. Ngakho kanjani ukugwema zamanga futhi sifinyelele izinhliziyo iqiniso? Ukuze wenze lokhu, ubheke "imithetho yokubopha izimvu". Kokuba, ngokusho lokhu sefilosofi, into angunaphakade ongapheliyo, awusekelwe sembubhiso zabantu futhi transience, iqiniso lutholwa ngumuntu, okungaphansi kwenkululeko ukutholakala kuzo zonke izinto. Kulokhu, lo inkululeko yokucabanga ngu Heidegger ngokuthi "ezizathwini nenhlalakahle akukho." Kuyinto ukufeza isimo ledzingekako iqiniso. Uma kungekho inkululeko, akukho qiniso. Esikhathini ulwazi wenkululeko nenkululeko ukuhamba nokuseshwa. Hamba - umthombo ukudideka, Nokho, ubuntu babantu abunqobe futhi ukudalula okushiwo khona, ngokuvumelana Martin Heidegger. Philosophy (iDemo ekuqukethe) lokhu sazi sabuyekezwa kulesi sihloko.

imibono Heidegger sika ngokuvamile, mzamo izithathe ukuze ixazulule leyo esingokwemvelo elidala, outmoded nefilosofi amaphutha futhi uthole amakhambi ezinkinga ezinkulu ekuphileni komuntu. Lokho umsebenzi ukubeka phambi Martin Heidegger. Imibhalo esuka ku imisebenzi yakhe namanje ukujabulela ithandwa enkulu. Works of lo mbhali ezibhekwa ayisisekelo nefilosofi. Existentialism Martina Haydeggera, ngakho-ke, akalilahlile ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo namuhla.