Herbert Spencer: Biography nemibono eziyisisekelo. Isazi sefilosofi esiyiNgisi futhi isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka,

Herbert Spencer (iminyaka yokuphila - 1820-1903) - sefilosofi yeNgilandi, ummeleli oyinhloko uzobe esakazwa engxenyeni wesi-2 19 evolutionism leminyaka. Wayesho ngefilosofi lephelele, ulwazi iyunifomu esekelwe wesayensi ethize futhi ifinyelele ekuthuthukisweni yayo umphakathi jikelele. Okungukuthi, ngokombono wakhe, izinga eliphezulu lolwazi, esehlanganise umhlaba wonke umthetho. Ngokusho Spencer, nguye evolutionism, okungukuthi ukuthuthukiswa. imisebenzi Major yilo umbhali: "Psychology" (1855), "System of Philosophy Zokwenziwa" (1862-1896), "Izibalo Social" (1848).

ukuphila Early Spencer

Herbert Spencer wazalwa ngo 1820, April 27, ngesikhathi Derby. Malume, uyise noyisemkhulu bangabafundisi. Ngakho impilo ebuthaka kwadingeka Herbert ukuthi abazali bakhe bebengazi elahlekile ngisho izikhathi ezimbalwa enethemba lokuthi umfana bayosinda. Nokho, Ngiseyingane, akazange ngibonise noma yikuphi ukulangazelela amakhono kuyamangalisa, ngafunda ukufunda eminyakeni 8 kuphela, incwadi akanandaba kakhulu kuwo. Herbert Spencer esikoleni yakhombisa ubuvila wahlakaza ukuze abanenkani efanayo futhi bengalaleli. akhuliswa ngayo eyingoduso e uyise indlu, ubani wayefuna indodana yakhe yazuza ukucabanga okungavamile nezizimele. Herbert ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi ukuze bathuthukise impilo yabo.

Ezemfundo Herbert Spencer

Wathunywa iminyaka engu-13, ngokwesiko isiNgisi, kuyisekazi lapho ikhuliswa. Thomas, umalume Spencer sika, engumpristi e Bath. Kwakungenxa 'indoda yaseyunivesithi. " Herbert ngesikhathi ekufuna, baqhubeka imfundo eCambridge University. Nokho, ngemva izifundo zeminyaka emithathu wokulungiselela ngaya ekhaya. Wanquma ukuqhubeka nemfundo yabo bebodwa.

Ngizisole Herbert Spencer ukuthi imfundo zezemfundo ingemukelwa. Yena wayengumbulali esikoleni ezinhle ekuphileni, okuyinto kamuva kwaqeda eziningi kobunzima ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezihlukahlukene.

Spencer - unjiniyela

uyise Spencer sika wayefuna indodana yakhe ukuba abe umfundisi, kufanele ukulandela ezinyathelweni zakhe. Ukuthola imfundo yesibili, it sangisiza izinyanga ezimbalwa esikoleni, lapho afundela khona yena kanye, omunye uthisha. Ngezinye Spencer yabonisa ithalente lakho njengomfundisi. Kodwa yayinesithakazelo ngaphezulu isayensi ne kuka kolimi kanye nomlando. Ngakho lapho ekwakhiweni ujantshi usule unjiniyela, wasamukela ngayo ukunikezwa ngaphandle kokungabaza, Herbert Spencer. Umlando wakhe ngalesi sikhathi kuphawulwa yokuthi wenza umsebenzi, waba sketched izinhlelo, wahosha amabalazwe. Sinesithakazelo wayecabangisisa ngisho yasungulwa ithuluzi ekhethekile ( "velocimeter"), eklanyelwe ukukala ijubane izitimela.

Izici Spencer njengoba isazi sefilosofi

Iningi sikakhokho sefilosofi Herbert Spencer, ogama biography kuchazwa kulesi sihloko, ezahlukene esisebenzayo ithuba kwengqondo. Lokhu kuletha kuye kuze Comté, umsunguli we ezinhle, futhi Renouvier, Neo-ukuthi, futhi, akazange izifundo we humanities eyunivesithi. Lesi sici liye lasiza ukwakheka yasekuqaleni ukuba nombono ongafani ngeke zefilosofi Spencer. Kodwa kwakukhona kuwo futhi nezihibe. Ngokwesibonelo, yena, njengabo Comté, angazanga umkhiqizo we ulimi isiJalimane, ngakho imisebenzi nezefilosofi eziye ebhalwe, asikwazanga ukufunda yokuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-19 eNgilandi wahlala ongqondongqondo engaziwa German (Schelling, Fichte, Kant, kanye nabanye.). kusukela 1820s ngasekupheleni kuphela, i-British sebeqala bajwayelane abalobi evela eJalimane. Okuhunyushiwe lokuqala ngesikhathi esifanayo babe eliphansi kakhulu.

Self-imfundo, imibhalo yokuqala zefilosofi

Njengoba izintambo ziyobe ziphethwe Spencer e 1839 iwela "Izimiso Geology" Lyell. Wahlangana kule Ukwakheka nemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yokuphila. manje Spencer namanje amaphrojekthi ubunjiniyela abukhali, kodwa kuyacaca ukuthi lo msebenzi kuyinto isikhundla namandla wezimali akuqinisekisi. Herbert e 1841, ubuyela ekhaya futhi ubelokhu iminyaka emibili umuntu azethembe imfundo. Ufika bajwayelane imisebenzi zabuna wefilosofi eshicilelwe ngesikhathi esifanayo imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala - izihloko ezibhalwe "abangewona conformists", enikelwe izindaba imingcele umsebenzi kahulumeni kweqiniso.

Herbert futhi eminyakeni 1843-1846 ukusebenza wobunjiniyela, okuholela ehhovisi. Unendaba ngezepolitiki ngaphezulu. nethonya elikhulu bafakela kuyo umalume ensimini Thomas, nompristi ngubani banamathela, Ngokungafani namanye amalungu omkhaya Spencer, ukubukwa ngoludala, iqhaza kule nhlangano yelinyenti, Chartists, kanye umkhankaso for the ukuqedwa Imithetho Ummbila.

"Social Izibalo"

Spencer ngo-1846 waba umhleli umsizi "I-The Economist" (masonto onke). Manje ihola imali enhle, nikela umsebenzi nge-spare time sakhe. Herbert ubhala, "izibalo zomphakathi", lapho inqubo yokuvela kokuphila libhekwe njengelingcwele obonisa umqondo kancane kancane saphezulu. kamuva Wathola lo mqondo teologichnym kakhulu. Nokho, lo msebenzi, uSpencer isetshenziswa nokuphila social imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

It yaqashelwa lokhu Ochwepheshe indzaba. Ahlanganiswe uthando Spencer ELLISTE, Lewis, Huxley. Futhi, lo msebenzi amenza abayithandayo nabangane ezifana Hooker, Georg Groth uStuart Mill. Kuphela ubuhlobo Carlyle wayengekho. Spencer kwemicabango cool akakwazanga ukuthatha nenyongo yakhe komuntu ongenathemba.

"Psychology"

Isazi sefilosofi waphefumulela impumelelo yomsebenzi wakhe wokuqala. Yena ishicilela esikhathini kusuka 1848 kuya 1858 eziningi Kwezinye izimo futhi ucubungula uhlelo, ukuqaliswa lapho ungathanda ukuba achithe ukuphila kwakhe konke. Spencer lisebenzisa "Psychology" (iphepha lesibili, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1855) maqondana Psychology umbono odabuka yemvelo zezinto eziphilayo futhi ubonisa ukuthi isipiliyoni ejwayelekile akunakubangelwa muntu ofuna ukuphumela obala. Ngakho-ke, Darwin wayekholelwa ukuthi isazi sefilosofi njengenye ezazingaphambi kwayo.

"Philosophy Zokwenziwa"

Kancane kancane, uSpencer iqala ukuthuthukisa ohlelweni lwaso. It wathonywa empiricism amandulela, ikakhulukazi Mill futhi Hume, ukugxeka Kant sika, refracted ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu Hamilton (omele lesikole okuthiwa "ingqondo"), kanye ezintweni ezinhle ka Comté nefilosofi engokwemvelo Schelling. Nokho, umcondvo lobalulekile kwesimiso sakhe zefilosofi iphuzu yentuthuko.

"Philosophy Zokwenziwa", umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko, uHerbert uye enikelwe iminyaka engu-36 ekuphileni kwakhe. Lo msebenzi iyakhazinyuliswa Spencer, eyakhipha sefilosofi brilliant iningi bephila ngaleso sikhathi.

Herbert Spencer e 1858, banquma ukumemezela ukushicilelwa imisebenzi ukuthenga. Inkinga yokuqala wanyathelisa e 1860. Esikhathini kusuka 1860 kuya 1863 kwafika "Izimiso eziyisisekelo". Nokho, ngenxa yobunzima zezimali edition neze wathuthuka.

izinkinga zezimali

Spencer wahlupheka nzaka ukulahlekelwa, kuyinto onqenqemeni ubumpofu. Kufanele ungeze kule umsebenzi okuyinto kuvinjelwe yokukhathala kwemizwa. Ngo-1865, isazi sefilosofi uthi kamunyu abafundi ukuthi uphoqelekile ukuba sokumisa okukhipha yochungechunge. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngemva kokuba uyise Herbert wafa, wayethole eyifa, okuyinto kancane ngcono isimo sayo sezimali.

Ujwayele Youmans, eyanyatheliswa ngo-US

Herbert Spencer ngesikhathi wahlangana Youmans, i-American, eyakhipha imisebenzi yakhe e-United States. Kuleli zwe, uHerbert ethandwa kakhulu iba ngaphambili kuka eNgilandi. kuzo ukusekelwa ngezinto ezibonakalayo kuye babe Youmans nabalandeli American, evumela sefilosofi ukuze uqhube ukushicilelwa izincwadi zakhe. kweminyaka engu-27 ubungani uyaqhubeka Youmans futhi Spencer, kuya ekufeni ngowokuqala. Igama Herbert kancane kancane kwaziwe. Isidingo izincwadi zakhe. Ihlanganisa ngo-1875, ukulahlekelwa kwezimali, inzuzo.

Spencer kwenza eminyakeni 2 uhambo oluya eningizimu yeYurophu futhi eMelika, abahlala ikakhulu e-London. Ngo-1886, isazi sefilosofi ngenxa yempilo engeyinhle waphoqeleka ukuba ziphazamise yakhe iminyaka 4 lomsebenzi. Umqulu wokugcina yanyatheliswa ngo-1896, ekwindla.

Herbert Spencer: Imibono Basic

Umsebenzi omkhulu ( "Philosophy Zokwenziwa") sakhe siqukethe amavolumu 10. Lihlanganisa "Izimiso eziyisisekelo", "Isisekelo kwengqondo", "Izisekelo Biology", "Isisekelo wesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu." Isazi sefilosofi ukholelwa ukuthi isisekelo sokuthuthukisa umhlaba wonke, futhi kubandakanya imiphakathi ehlukahlukene, kuyinto umthetho kwemvelo. Indaba "homogeneity incoherent" ingena "heterogeneity anokuhambisana", ukuthi umahluko. Lo mthetho sikhona yonke indawo, uthi Herbert Spencer. INCAZELO OMFUSHANE ke indiva konke ezicashile, kodwa ukwazana kuqala nge ifilosofi lokhu kwanele. Spencer komkhondo wesenzo kwi impahla ethize emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi umlando umphakathi. Yena enqaba izincazelo zenkolo Herbert Spencer. Sociology ke akububonisi uxhumano yaphezulu. ukuqonda kwakhe ukusebenza nomphakathi eziphilayo izingxenye ezihlobene yelula uhla ukutadisha umlando iphinde iphakamise sefilosofi silitadishe. Ngokusho Herbert Spencer, umthetho yakhoibrium siyisisekelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Imvelo nganoma yikuphi ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano izinhloso ukuba njalo phindela kusimo sangaphambilini. Lona organicism UHerbert Spencer. Njengoba ukubaluleka eziyisisekelo kungokwalabo ekukhuliseni izinhlamvu kwemvelo kuhamba kancane. Maqondana Ngokuzayo akuyona njengoba inethemba lokuhle njengoba Mill futhi Comté uHerbert Spencer. Imibono eyinhloko yakhe Sasizokwenzenjani kuxoxwe ngalo kafushane.

Isazi sefilosofi wafa ngo-1903, ngo-December 8, e Brighton. Waphila, naphezu kwempilo yakhe ebuthaka, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-83.

ithiyori Herbert Spencer sika yaziwa abantu abafundile. Namuhla, thina sebecabanga noma ukhohlwa mayelana nokuthi ubani akweleta ukutholakala kwale noma lowo mbono. Herbert Spencer, yokuhlalisana kwabantu kanye nefilosofi okuyinto nendima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni yokucabanga emhlabeni, ungomunye wongqondongqondo abakhulu emlandweni.