I-Cloning: ngokucophelela ngobuhle nangobubi bawo. Uwukuthi zonke izizathu eziphikisa cloning womuntu

I-Cloning ingenye nezindaba impikiswano kunawo imithi iminyaka eminingi: eyayithandwa elithola eziningi nezingozi nale nqubo. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala lo ukufaniswa ezangesikhathi ngonyaka 1963. Kulapho elithi baqala ukusebenzisa isazi sezakhi zofuzo kusukela UK.

amagama adingekayo

Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zisebenzisa izincazelo eziningana ngegama elithi "Clone". Ngokuvamile, leli gama lisikisela umzimba ezithile, eyabonakala ngokusebenzisa vnepolovoe ukukhiqizwa kabusha futhi walondoloza ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo kumzali yayo. kwezakhi zofuzo ivezwa inqubo cloning. Lokhu akusho ukuthi ikhophi ngokuphelele. Genotype they are kasibili ezifanayo. Kodwa ngemva izakhiwo zabo nadgeneticheskim ukufaniswa zingahluka. Bangase babe ehlukile usayizi, umbala, ezifweni isifo.

Ngokwesibonelo, izimvu abadumile Dolly kwakungelona ngokugcwele ikhophi phenotypic wezimvu lamaseli zazisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa yayo. Njalo lo wayelodadewabo mass pathologies, ngenxa okuyinto eshona zisencane. Futhi kuye ngokuthi izimvu-izifo wayengekho. Emva kokuzalwa Dolly, abaningi baqala ukukhuluma yokuzalana kwabantu amathuba vnepolovoe. Bayingcosana abasekeli lokhu legatsha biology ayeke yokuthi 85% yokuzama ukwenza ukufaniswa iphele ukwehluleka. Kodwa lokhu ezindaweni nhlobo - akuzona agumenti kuphela ngokumelene cloning.

potentiality

Njengamanje, kusemasisha kakhulu ukukhuluma ngalolu kabusha amakhophi ngqo zabantu. Kodwa hhayi kuphela ukwenza lokhu cloning: ngokucophelela ngobuhle nangobubi bawo yokuqhubeka ucwaningo kule ndawo singathola eziningi agumenti. Kodwa ungakhohlwa ukuthi lokhu umkhakha inikeza amathuba amaningi.

Ngakho, enye yezindawo ethembisayo iyona ukufakelwa. Ukuze i ukufakelwa isitho akufanele ufune donor, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana, ukuhlinzwa ukulinda, nikhuleke ukuba uqale inqubo ukungamukeleki. I-Cloning owawuyovela umzimba ngokuphelele ezifanayo futhi kabusha.

Futhi, abaningi bathi leli yithuba imikhaya engenabantwana abangafuni ukuthatha ingane ekungeyona eyakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cloning uyogwema inombolo izifo sitholwa njengefa. Abantu abaningi bafuna ukusebenzisa lezizigameko ubuchwepheshe ukuze ugweme yokuguga nokufa yemvelo.

Kunzima ukusho ukuthi ikusasa liphetheni cloning. Izinzuzo nezingozi nebubi-agumenti ninamandla nhlangothi zombili. Kodwa abasekeli kanye nezitha indoda idlala inkulumo mayelana izinhlangothi ezahlukene uhlamvu lwemali.

Kukholakala ukuthi uma ososayensi bazokwazi ukwenza amangqamuzana ezinzwa ukuthi Ungashintshanisa amaseli ezinzwa asebuchosheni, befa ngenxa phambili isifo i-Parkinson. Futhi kule izinhlelo ukudala amaseli pancreatic ukuthi ungaveza insulini zemvelo emzimbeni labantu abaphethwe isifo sikashukela.

Ukuvinjelwa ucwaningo

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ososayensi zisekhona kude ukukwazi ukudala ikhophi egcwele nempilo yabantu, ezingeni zomthetho isivele akuvumelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-UN isimemezelo esikhethekile, othi mayelana inadmissibility yokufeza ucwaningo ezifana ku yokuzalana kwabantu, cloning lakhiwe. Against (ukubunjwa izishayamthetho Ngenhlanhla abacwaningi, kuyinto nje izincomo) ukuthuthukiswa kwalamatheknoloji isinyathelo amalungu 84 kuphela. Kodwa isimemezelo kakhulu asekelwe e-United States, e-East e emazweni Arab, eLatin America nase-Afrika.

Abaningi bakhuluma esivuna Ngokuqhubeka ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe, ukuhlola indlela cloning. Kodwa ngaleso sikhathi kuze efanayo abantu uhlala evumelekile. ubuchwepheshe ezalayo ngu Cloning uvinjelwa ngo-emazweni angaphezu kwangu-30. Phakathi kwabo kukhona Russia, emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, Japan, China, Israyeli.

Nokho, ososayensi beqhubeka clone imibungu. Kukholakala ukuthi le ndawo kumele kube revolution imithi. Ngokombono wabo, odokotela usebenzisa lezi ubuchwepheshe zanamuhla aye ithuba lokuwina eziningi izifo ezifana Alzheimer, Parkinson noma isifo sikashukela. Izazi zezakhi zofuzo ukuthi kukhona okuthile enqabelo ingase futhi ukuvikela zokuziphatha, ukuziphatha okuhle, kodwa sibheke ekubhujisweni zabantu abaphila. Ukuze uqonde isimo sakhe sengqondo ukuze le nkinga, kubalulekile ukwazi konke ukuphikisana emakamu ezempi. Khona-ke wonke umuntu uyokwazi ukwenza ukukhetha bona futhi baqonde nendlela okusebenza ngayo ubuchwepheshe besimanje. Abaningi usafunda ukuhlwaya zonke umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama kanye nokuchaza zombili izinhlangothi uhlamvu lwemali ebizwa ngokuthi "cloning:. Ngokucophelela ngobuhle nangobubi bawo ' Indatshana kuya kulesitfupha ngesihloko kusiza okuningi okuhle ngesimo sabo sengqondo ukuze le nkinga.

ingozi

Ekhuluma isidingo sokuvala yonke ubuchwepheshe zokuzala yokufakelwa, abantu besaba ukuthi odokotela abakwazi kahle ukubhekana nanoma ibuphi zatholakala ngokwesayensi. Ngisho ukuthuthukiswa imfihlo kakhulu baye makwaziwe yibo indathane abantu. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, kwenzeka ngezikhali zenuzi. Ngakho-ke, ukulawula kolwazi lwesayensi nokuhlonyiswa ukusabalalisa yayo akunakwenzeka.

Naphezu kwazo zonke amathuba ahlinzekwa yi-cloning babantu, "ngoba" futhi "ngokumelene" kubalulekile ukuhlola kahle. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwalamatheknoloji lingaqaqa ezandleni uthi nolaka, namaqembu amaphekula kuphela. Bazokwazi ukudala ibutho eziqinile ngokwenyama zabantu, hhayi abadliwa biko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizokwazi ukwakha ukufaniswa ababusi bezwe futhi aphazamise ukuthembeka kwabo, ukwenza nezinxushunxushu ezisemhlabeni ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe.

Kodwa uma ukhuluma nayo ngokuzibulala, abantu abaningi ukhohlwe ukuthi ukuze uthole Clone abantu enkathini iminyaka ezifana 40, kubalulekile ukweqa le minyaka engu-40. Phela, zikhula ngendlela efanayo njengoba abantu abavamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi udinga ukuthola abazali abavumelana ukuba babelethe futhi ukukhulisa ingane bakha. Ngakho, ukuze uthole ibutho ukufaniswa, kubalulekile ukuba Sekudlule iminyaka okungenani 20-25.

Enye ingozi isondela wukuthi abantu bazokwazi ehlelweni wobulili oyifunayo ingane. Ngokwesibonelo, e-China noma emhlabeni Muslim, lapho ukuzalwa umfana luncanyelwa, kungase ukungalingani omkhulu.

Futhi ungakhohlwa ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe zokuzala akakabi ephelele. Izazi zesayensi ziye zafunda ukuthi ukuthatha futhi ayiveze nesidoda okunikelwe, kodwa ukudala aphume ke ikhophi iphila kakhulu kulukhuni ukukhuluma ngazo. Ukuze izazi zezakhi zofuzo - akusona isizathu ukuyeka. Ngaphandle ucwaningo olwengeziwe akunakwenzeka ukuthuthukisa kule mboni.

nezinye ukuphikisa

Abantu abaningi kuyaphikisana ubuchwepheshe zokuzala nje ngoba abaqondi, kungani udinga cloning womuntu. Izinzuzo nezingozi nebubi-agumenti ngabo ibingakaziwa. Abaphikisi bathi umuntu - indalo eliyingqayizivele futhi akwamukeleki ukwenza ikhophi yalo. Ngokusho kwabo, kuba isithunzi abantu. Kodwa ungakhohlwa ukuthi amakhodi efanayo amawele afana ncamashí. iplanethi yabo mayelana 150 Mill.

Abaningi ezinyanyekayo umbono ka cloning. Kodwa lokhu akulona isizathu sokwenqabela ucwaningo ukuziphatha kulo mkhakha. Isinqumo ukudlala uhlobo abo okufanele zithathwe kuphela ngabantu ngokwabo. Kungenjalo, isintu ophucwa ilungelo inkululeko yokuzikhethela khulumela. Abasekeli uzibuze ngobuqotho kungani cloning kuyisinengiso ezingaphezu kuka Ngokwesibonelo, ushintsho ocansini.

Kodwa kunezinye izizathu eziphikisa cloning womuntu. Ngakho, ukopisha ikhodi ngabe ukwehlisa ukwehluka zofuzo zabantu emhlabeni. inzalo bakha kuyoba buthaka, bathambekele kakhudlwana kunabanye izifo ezihlukahlukene. Futhi lokhu kuzoba umfutho sokuthuthukiswa nalolubhubhane. Kodwa lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze uzenze ngokoqobo lalibekwe kuchungechunge ezimbonini. Eplanethini zabantu 6 billion. Ngisho noma kuzoba esigidini ukufaniswa ke leli nani azinakwa wokuthinta ukwehluka hhayi genotypic. Kodwa ngisho noma ikhophi umuntu ngamunye, uthola 6 amakhophi angaba yizigidi ezingu ezahlukene.

Ukuze uzwisise ukuthi yini cloning is, wena noma siphikisana nakho lokhu mkhuba, kumelwe futhi sikhumbule ukuthi le nqubo ngeke kuqhathaniswe ne-genetic engineering. Nakuba kungenzeka izakhi zofuzo ngeke lushintshwe nganoma iyiphi indlela futhi akukashintshi, kodwa umane siwulingise. Lokhu kuholela yokuthi kukhona umfuziselo of indoda ngaphandle izinguquko. Akakwazi abe monster noma isilo. Le miphumela kungaholela ukusetshenziswa kwamasu nezindlela-genetic engineering, lapho-DNA ukushintshwa.

izici eziphathelene nezimiso zokuziphatha

Abaphikisi umbono ka cloning womuntu bagxile yokuthi kabusha amakhophi abantu akuhambisani nezimiso zokuhle. Futhi ngokumelene ukuthi ngenkuthalo isekela ibandla. Kodwa abantu benkolo iningi abaphikiswa bonke ubuchwepheshe zokuzala, kuhlanganise IVF. Bathi ukudalwa komuntu, imfihlakalo ukubukeka lokuzalwa kwakhe kumele babhekane kuphela kuNkulunkulu. Indoda akufanele ukugxambukela ezindabeni ezinjalo.

Kodwa abameleli Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia bathi izitho ngabanye, izicubu, izilwane Ungadlala. Kodwa nabo baphikisane kabusha ophelele. Nokho, abazi cabanga ngalo mbuzo, ososayensi awalinganiswa cloning ngokwesayensi. "Pros" futhi "nebubi" banayo bebodwa. Orthodox ekushoyo ohlangothini lokumukelekako daba. Okokuqala, bebuza ukuthi abantu babeyoba nomuzwa wokuthi lapho ethola ukuthi nguye ngokuphelele ikhophi kothile. Kubalulekile futhi, futhi iqukethe izici ezingokomthetho. Would Clone of indlalifa umuntu ukunikela? Kungakhathaliseki uyoqhubeka nohambo lwakhe?

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusobala ukuthi cloning kubantu elula cishe ayeke. Bafuna sihlanganise ngayo izakhi zofuzo. Lokho, uma lokhu umkhakha ezothuthukiswa, abaningi bayofuna ukwenza amalungelo ikhophi eziphambili. Ngokwesibonelo, uzofuna ukwandisa ukukhuthazela ngokomzimba, ngcono engqondweni, ukuze sikhuthaze izitho ngabanye, kuthinte ukubukeka.

kwezinkambiso emhlabeni neyaziwayo zokuziphatha

Ekhuluma, bambalwa abantu abacabanga ngezinzuzo cloning futhi ingozi okuseduze ngqo ukuthi le nqubo kwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, imizimba elikhulayo-embryonic stem cells asebenza kangcono. Ngemva cishe ezinsukwini ezingu-14 zazo ziqala ukwakheka kwezitho nezinye izimiso zomzimba. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi amaseli 3-4 ngosuku mahle cloning ubuchwepheshe.

Ukuze cloning we ezifanele kakhulu stem cells pluripotent. Phakathi kwabo akhiwa zonke kwezitho nezicubu zomzimba, kodwa awukwazi kabusha ephilayo olulodwa. Kuyinto kulesigaba, izazi zezakhi zofuzo babe ukumelana enkulu. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, kukhona ingxoxo asebenzayo, ucubungula ukuthi isikhalo sokuziphatha clone imibungu "ngoba" futhi "ngokumelene" ekamu ngalinye akukuhle neze. Ngakho, nezitha musa usukhathele ukukhumbula ukuthi lezi amaseli asetshenziswa imibungu zikhipha isisu.

Emizimbeni waphatha lona cloning okufana. Umbungu esekhule engu-izinyanga ezintathu. Ngemva kwalokho bahoxe kwesibeletho yokufakelwa futhi ibekwe endaweni oyinyumba, okuzokwenza ukusekela inqubo zokuphila kwakhe. Ngokwe-labo abanamathela kuyinkolelo-mbono eye likhule ngale ndlela umzimba futhi indoda noma Clone egcwele. Le ndlela bayibiza ngokuthi kubo iqoqo lezitho uxhumana, ngoba lokhu lapho into ephilayo saphela umsebenzi ngesikhathi isisu. Nge leliqhinga ukuthuthukiswa nemithi yenzalo abavumelani nakancane nalokhu cloning nabaphikisi.

umbono zofuzo

Ongoti ohilelekile ubuchwepheshe ukutshalwa ngamangqamuzana aphilayo ngemishini, baphikisa ngokuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba uthole ikhophi ezifanayo omuntu. Ngemva kwakhiwa, zofuzo nje kuphela kodwa futhi izimo lapho ekhula it is. Futhi akunakwenzeka kabusha. Abantu bacabanga ukudlala ngabantu abadumile, nabagijimi abavelele izithixo, geniuses, kodwa ukhohlwe ukuthi jikelele ngeke kuphela zifana. Ifomu ikhophi olufanayo nolimi lokuqala, akunakwenzeka.

Futhi ukhulume amathuba ezinjengalesi lapho zisencane kakhulu. Ngakho, nakuba kungangabazeki engenamsebenzi uxabana mayelana nendlela yokuziphatha kanye nokuziphatha yokuxoxa ngesihloko "Cloning:. Ngokucophelela ngobuhle nangobubi bawo ' Manje abacwaningi kungathatha donor izicubu, usifake iqanda elingenalo impahla yayo zofuzo, ukuba kumile ke blastotsilu. Kodwa ngemva kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuba batshale kwesibeletho. Lapho ekhula Dolly izimvu sidalwe 277 ukufaniswa kwabo wazinza esibelethweni 29 kuphela Kuleli nani, wathola imvu iphila eyodwa kuphela.

Ukuhlolwa ku amagundane Ubonise ukuthi ukuthola inzalo Ngakho kungenzeka. Kodwa abanye isici ezifihliwe efanayo nalo liyavela kulo isilwane. Ngaphandle, zingabantu ngokuphelele enempilo. Kodwa esizukulwaneni ngasinye basuke sibi anqotshwa cloning.

Ngisho nochwepheshe asikhuthazi ukusho ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe ziphephile. Abakwazi ukusho ukuthi bayazi ngezinzuzo nezingozi ebuzwe cloning ( "" noma "ngokumelene"). Indatshana ngendaba ngamunye wabo uzokwazi ukukhombisa ukuthi zingozi ezengeziwe Sihlala experimenters.

Nebubi iso Ochwepheshe

Ufuzo banelekisiwe lokho asetshenziselwa imibungu ucwaningo, awayona exinwe ohlangothini benkolo umbuzo, noma izici kuyisiphazamiso esimisweni sokuhle nokubi. Abakwazi ukucabanga nezinye izizathu eziphikisa cloning. Kodwa Ngokombono wabo, iphathelene kuphela yokuthi lo umkhakha kudinga ukucwaninga okwengeziwe.

Ngakho, nakuba izazi kuyacaca ukuthi cloning akukwazi esikhundleni wenzalo yemvelo. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ngamunye isizukulwane ukufaniswa nqubo nzima ukwazi ukuthi uzodlala akunakwenzeka okwamanje. Kukhona izinguqulo ezimbili eziyinhloko. On omunye wabo, ne cloning "slizivyvaetsya" ekupheleni-chromosomes ngokuthi "telomere" ngamunye. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuqhubeka ukukopisha. Kodwa lokhu nokucabanga ukuthi iyakuphikisa ngokusebenzisa ukulinga amagundane. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, kungenxa yokuthi ukufaniswa impilo is eziwohlokayo nesizukulwane ngamunye odlulayo. Kodwa-ke futhi ayikwazanga ukuqinisekiswa.

isinqumo esifanele

Khuluma ukuthi ukudlala umuntu noma nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, kungaba elingapheli. Phela, iyohlale kwamaqembu alwayo ukuthi ungakhuluma ngesihloko esithi "I-Cloning:. Ngokucophelela ngobuhle nangobubi bawo ' Ithebula esizobonakala zonke izinzuzo ezingaba khona nemibi le ndlela akunakwenzeka ukuba ubasize buyisana. Nakuba kuyokunikeza ngamunye umuntu ithuba ukuchaza umbono wabo.

Empirically, kwatholakala ukuthi ngisho ukukopisha DNA akukuniki ithuba uthole nsé isidalwa esiphilayo. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, ikati bakha kwaba lowehlukile ukwedlula umama wakhe - lokuthi we izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo. Abaningi babecabanga ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe kuyoba "sokuvusa" isilwane, ithemba kwakwakhiwa kakhulu ngisho ukudlala abantu esidlule.

Ngakho-ke, cabangela cloning, njengoba igatsha ezalayo Medicine, ngalesi sikhathi, akekho umuntu ongakwenza eyodwa. Kodwa lapha, kutfutfukisa amandla ayo emkhakheni zokwelapha ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma uya kuphela ngale ndlela, inani labamelene is ngqo ziyancipha. Ukuze wenze lokhu, singacabangela ukubona izimpawu ezifihlekile ezithinta inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i cloning. "Ngoba" futhi "ngokumelene" kungenziwa kafushane waveza kanje. Izinzuzo main zihlanganisa amathuba ukwelapha izifo eziningi eziyingozi, isikhumba ukulungisa, ashise izisulu, isitho esikhundleni. Kodwa abaphikisi baqinisekisa bagcizelele ukuthi kubalulekile ukukhumbula mayelana ohlangothini kuyisiphazamiso esimisweni sokuhle nokubi sendaba, waqala yokuthi lobu buchwepheshe zenzelwe ukubulala ukuphila (imibungu kusukela lapho amaseli stem zithathwa).