I-Colombia umfula obaluleke kakhulu. Uphi i-Columbia (umfula)? Izici zokugeleza kwamanzi

I-Colombia umfula oseNyakatho Melika, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe. Ubude bayo cishe ngamakhilomitha angu-2 000. Igeleza ngeWashington, Oregon naseBritain Columbia. Ukudla ikakhulukazi i-glacial; Ubunjani bokugeleza bufushane. Ukungafani kwamanzi okugeleza kwamanzi nokuphakama kwanikeza izimo ezinhle zamanzi kagesi. Kulezi zindawo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ukukhiqiza ugesi.

Ama-tributaries

I-Colombia imilambo emibala emihlanu, enezinhlamvu ezingaphezu kwama-50.

• Inkulu kunazo zonke yiNyoka . Yakha amadamu amaningi. Okokuqala kwakunguGrand Cooley, i-Rock Island. Iqiniso elithakazelisayo yilokho okwenzeka lapho imifula ihamba khona isikhathi eside, yilokho okuvumela imboni yezinhlanzi ukuba ithuthuke kabanzi kuyo. Indawo yesitsha salo kule ndawo inkulu kunekhulu lobukhulu be-Columbia River.
• I-Willacment. Elinye lama-tributary amakhulu kakhulu. Umfula omkhulu eU.SA: uhlala ku-301 km. Igeleza, ihlanganisa indawo yonke ye-Oregon, izintaba ze-Cascade, i-Coast Ridge. E-confluence yaseColumbia kwakhiwa iPorland - idolobha elikhulu.

• I-Kooteney. Igeleza eBritish Columbia, e-Idaho naseMontana. Kubalulekile njengenhlangano yokudla komfula. Ubude bayo bungaphezu kuka-700 km. Umthombo utholakala ku-Beaverfoot (i-ridge), bese amanzi enza umjikelezo, ugeleza empumalanga yeColombia, i-US ithi, futhi ubuyela eCanada. Ukudla kunikezwa ama-glaciers.

• Pand-Orei. I- tributary yesithathu enkulu kakhulu emfuleni. Igeleza enyakatho ye-Idaho, enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Washington naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeBrithani Columbia. Ubude be-Pand-Orei buyi-209 km kuphela. Ivela e-Montana. Indawo ephelele yomfula uhamba ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-66 (nazo zonke izindawo ezingasenhla).

Izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi

Ngokusho kokugeleza kwamanzi, iColombia ngumfula wesine ngobukhulu e-United States. Uma sicabangela ukugijima, ngumholi ophelele phakathi kwemifudlana yamanzi eNyakatho Melika egijima e- Pacific Ocean. Ngesikhathi iMelika neCanada bengomakhelwane, ukugeleza kwamanzi kufinyelela ku-2,700 m / s. Ngonyaka ngaphambi kokugcina (1894), lesi sibalo endaweni yedolobha laseTe-Dalsa sanda izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane eziningana-kufika ku-35,000 m / s. Kakade ekhulwini lama-XX (1968), ukugeleza kwamanzi kwakunciphise kakhulu - 340 m / s.

Ukufuduka kwezinhlanzi

Njengoba kunikezwe indawo yaseColombia, umfula ugcwele inhlanzi ephuma olwandle. Abamele abaningi ezinhlobonhlobo zasolwandle, isibonelo salmonids (mikizha, chinook, coho). Izivakashi ezivame ukuhamba nazo ziyi-sturgeon, ezihamba emanzini izikhathi eziningana empilweni yazo. Ngemva kokwakhiwa kwezitshalo kwaqala ngo-1867, inani labantu be-salmon lancipha kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, umthetho wadluliselwa ekuvinjeni ukudoba nge-seine.

Ngokuyinhloko, ukufuduka kwezinhlanzi kuthonywa amadamu namadamu, okufanelekile ukuphawula, bacebile kakhulu eColombia. Umfula ngenxa yabo unamanje obuthakathaka kwezinye izindawo. Lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa inani lokudoba emsakazweni wamanzi. Ngaphambili, uhambo lwawo olwandle olwandle lwaba ngaphezu kwamasonto amathathu, manje lokhu kubalwa okungenani kabili. Izinguquko ezinjalo zesikhashana zandisa kakhulu ingozi yokufa, okuholela ekubhujisweni ngokuphelele. Ezindaweni ezingenhla zomfula, izinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanzi zihlala, ezingalokothi zihlele olwandle futhi azikwazi ukungena kwenye ingxenye yamanzi ngemuva kwamadamu. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu inani labantu.

Kukhona uhlobo oluthile lwezinhlanzi, abameleli balo abangaphila ezimweni zokushisa okuqhubekayo nokugeleza okuncane. Ngokuyinhloko badla i-salmon. Yilokhu okwenze ukuba iziphathimandla zendawo zidlulisele umthetho ukukhuthaza ukubanjwa kwalezi zilwane.

Ecology

I-Colombia ngumfula ongcolile kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwemfucuza yenukliya, ezinye izinto eziyingozi nama-compounds, ikakhulukazi i-arsenic, ama-pesticides, ama-biphenyls, nama-bacteria angena kuwo. Ngenxa yezinto eziphilayo ezimbi emgodini nasemanzini ngokwawo kukhona izinhlanzi ezinomuthi omkhulu wezinyosi. Lokhu akuthinti nje kuphela inani lezilwane zasemanzini futhi kukhuthaza ukuphela kwezinhlobo zezilwane, kodwa futhi kulimaza impilo yomuntu osebenzisayo. Manje umsebenzi uqhubeka njalo ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yamanzi futhi ubuyisele ibhalansi yemvelo.

Amandla kagesi e-Columbia River (okuvezwe kulesi sihloko) aqala kuqala e-US naseCanada. Yakha iziteshi zamandla kagesi angu-14. Sekuyisikhathi eside saziwa ngokukhukhula yonke insimu ezungezile phakathi nesikhukhula, isakazeka ngaphezu kwebanga elide.

Izinguquko eziphawulekayo zenziwa nguRoosevelt, umongameli wezwe. Washintsha umlomo, waqala ukwakhiwa kwedamu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XX. Ngemuva kokumiswa kwayo, izinga lamanzi laphakama ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-100. Lokhu kwenza ukuba kube khona umthombo.