I element isakhi isakhiwo - lena ... Izakhi eziyinhloko isakhi izakhiwo (izisekelo, izindonga, iphansi, izindonga, ophahleni, izitebhisi, emafasiteleni, eminyango)

I element isakhi isakhiwo - kuyinto ingxenye yayo izingxenye esetshenziswa abaklami abaklami, abakhi ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezidingekayo.

Ukwakhiwa izakhiwo kuhilela inhlangano izakhi ezithinta umsebenzi futhi ekunqumeni oyiyo. Njalo isici ezakhayo isakhiwo - ke izingxenye zalo aboveground futhi ngaphansi komhlaba.

Banezinhliziyo ukusetshenziswa zokuhlala, umphakathi kanye yezimboni futhi kungaba esizokwakhiwa kusuka itshe yemvelo noma bokuzenzela noma ukhuni. bangaba storey eyodwa noma multi-storey isakhiwo kuhleliswa.

isakhiwo ngasinye sisonke kanye nezakhi zalo kumelwe abe namandla high, ukuzinza, ukuqina, umlilo ukumelana.

Izingxenye eziyisisekelo izakhiwo

izakhiwo zokuhlala amele inhlangano enza inombolo ethile imisebenzi, induduzo umuntu kuwo. Izakhi eziyinhloko ukuthi akha isakhiwo:

• Foundation.
• Cellar.
• Cap.
• endaweni Blind.
• Izindonga (ngaphakathi nangaphandle).
• Ngodonga.
• Izitebhisi.
• Ukweqa.
• Ophahleni.

Komhlaba ingxenye isakhiwo

Ukuze isakhiwo ngasinye, ngokuyinhloko esakhiwe element main isakhi isakhiwo - isisekelo, okuyinto sekuyahlwa ku indawo emhlabathini, futhi isishiya ke. It ihambisa umthwalo yomzimba. Ngamandla alo incike rigidity, ukuzinza ukuqina isakhiwo.

isakhiwo Akekho yini esakhiwe ngqo emhlabathini. Isibalo lezisekelo, ezahlukene ngezindlela zazo, izakhiwo, ukusetshenziswa endaweni enkulu ngokwanele.

kungenzeka kwakhiwa Lo msuka ekwakha iribhoni, setshe noma samuntu columnar, base zokugcina ukwesekwa ehlukile.

Pit leli lungiselelo lokukhulekela isisekelo strip senziwa izindonga ezithile slant. I angle ukuthambekela ibalwa ngamunye esimweni ngasinye.

Basement ngaphansi sokulungisa endlini, esikhaleni kuchazwe isisekelo.

Cap isinqamu limelela isisekelo engaphezulu eliphansi. Le ngxenye isakhiwo isakhiwo uku izimo ezinodlame ezingaphezu kuka izakhi zalo mpo - izindonga. Lo msuka usebenza isisindo ngaphezu kwakho konke etholakala superstructures emhlabeni ingcindezi ngezikhathi ukuqanda incibilikiswa imijikelezo.

izingxenye Ngenhla-umhlabathi we isakhiwo

Zonke izici ze-isakhiwo, ngokufanele ngenhla indiza ye endaweni abayizimpumputhe, ehlanganisa othwala ihaqe izingxenye esakhiwe umzimba overground ebalulekile.

Otmostka ichaza umngcele phakathi ukwakhiwa engenhla futhi izakhiwo ngomshoshaphansi. Lokhu enamathela ekhethekile azungezwe isakhiwo. isitayela Its eyenziwa i ummango kude odongeni umthwalo esindayo.

Idivayisi nokuqashwa izakhiwo angomakhelwane, ngaphezu kwakho konke, i-ungangenisi amanzi, okungukuthi lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela isakhiwo ngokumelene imvula bangaphandle komhlaba amanzi. uhlelo Warm endaweni izimpumputhe bazocula omunye umsebenzi - ukwahlukanisa, ekuvimbeleni umhlabathi frost ugonyuluka.

Ukusebenzisa ilungiselelo endaweni izimpumputhe izinto zokuhlobisa futhi iqine kwenza kube nokwenzeka hhayi kuphela ukuhlobisa futhi awuqede Ingaphandle lesi sakhiwo. endaweni Blind ukhonza njengelungu yokuhamba abezinyawo, esinikela yokusondela isakhiwo.

Izindonga zangaphandle kwangaphakathi yenethiwekhi izakhi

izindonga yangaphandle ziyingxenye mpo ebiyelwe isakhiwo. Bona ukuthi siyayizwa imvelo yangaphandle. Elungiselelweni lesi sakhiwo zinikelwe isikhundla nzima kakhulu. Izindonga uhlangabezana umthwalo isisindo ayo, iphansi, uphahla izakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emisebeni yelanga, lokushisa umehluko ngaphakathi nangaphandle isakhiwo, izimo zezulu.

Ukuqeda ukusonteka izindonga zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, ekwakheni ukwakhiwa ukusetshenziswa izinto zabo ukuthi nazo zonke izimo wamandla nokuqina kwayo.

Ngu-elementi yayo ezakhayo isakhiwo indawo "Udonga Inner" - lena phakathi isikhala uhlukanisa isici ukwakhiwa. Le ngxenye alithintwa yinoma yimuphi umthwalo ngaphandle isisindo sazo. Nokho, ngenxa isikhala esikhulu yangaphakathi liyadingeka ukusetshenziswa izindonga zangaphakathi njengemigoqo zenethiwekhi. izindonga ezinjalo zisekelwe isisekelo futhi eyenziwe uhlobo izindonga ngaphandle, usebenzisa izinto ezifanayo noma okuhlobene.

Iphansi Ephakathi zitholakala phakathi elisezansi ngisho nasekamelweni eliphezulu yakhelwe ukuze abantu bahlale kuwo futhi kukhona izakhi eziyinhloko isakhi izakhiwo.

Ngo indiza ye izindonga ngaphandle zakhelwe samaphansi kwadingeka kwizinhlelo zokuxhumana nge imvelo bangaphandle izitebhisi izakhiwo ezifana amafasitela nezicabha bengena.

ngodonga Yangaphakathi kanye izitebhisi

Ngodonga esakhiweni senzelwe ukwehlukana isikhala sangaphakathi ekamelweni elihlukile. Ngosizo lwabo kungenzeka replan efulethini ngumnikazi. Asikho isenzo amandla bona ungazizwa.

Izitebhisi enze umsebenzi wokwazisa phakathi iphansi, ukuvumela zithuthe abantu abalinganiselwa ngokomthetho ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, futhi kukhona izakhi eziyinhloko isakhi izakhiwo.

Izitebhisi main zitholakala ezindaweni enezindonga umthwalo eziveza, okuyinto zitholakala amafasitela, iminyango ezindlini. Zonke izakhiwo ephezulu liphumele anemisila izitebhisi eziphuthumayo zangaphandle ezidingekayo ukuze eziphuthumayo wokutakula namasevisi umlilo.

ezedlulayo

ukugqagqana ovundlile amelela izingxenye zezakhiwo ezisebusweni isakhiwo isakhiwo enze uhlukanisa umsebenzi. Bakha emabhilidini isakhiwo, angaphansi nezidingo esikhethekile amandla, ukuqina, njengoba izibuya Lesisemkhatsini endlini kumelwe ukumelana isisindo ayo isisindo zonke izingxenye zezakhiwo kanye nabantu.

Izingxenye ovundlile kufanele ihlale ukusebenza umsindo futhi zihlale zifudumele kubangelwa kwezinkambiso sanitary.

Uphahla futhi izingxenye zalo

Mauerlat - yokululama usekelo ukufakwa semishayweni, kumila uphahla.

Esinye isici ebalulekile isakhi isakhiwo - ke semishayweni, okumele ukumelana isisindo ayo, indaba ka ophahleni futhi imithwalo kubangelwa izimo zezulu: umoya, iqhwa, imvula, emisebeni yelanga.

uhlelo Yokuxhumana ophahleni yakhelwe ukwenza imisebenzi ethile. Umshayo uhlelo kufanele ifa ngezinga eliphezulu rigidity ukuvimbela iminyakazo kuyingozi ukuthi kungaholela ukubhujiswa ophahleni, zingadilizwa hhayi kuphela kakhulu isakhiwo.

Ifomu evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu esingunxantathu truss ezakhiwe, okuthiwa ipulazi. Kanye imiphetho ophahleni engenhla parallel isakhiwo ukusungula ipulazi, ukuzihlanganisa nabo njengoba umshudo (okuqinile noma isici komugqa ifomu ngehele - ukwesekwa ukuze girders namatshe) namalungu elihlangana ezinjalo, ukusebenzisa (ugongolo elitholakala nendawo kule uphahla liyadingeka ukusekela ophahleni) kanye kokuqina .

Bekhuphula ezingemuva nokwakheka uphahla, elihlanganisa izakhi yezakhiwo kanye isakhi isakhiwo kanye ukuphepha zayo kanye izakhiwo zokuhlobisa.

Uphahla ifakwe isici saziso - waterproof igobolondo ophahleni, okuyinto liphinde livikele isakhiwo ngokumelene umthelela mechanical, has a enokwethenjelwa futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu imisebenzi zokuzivikela, ophahleni ihlobisa isakhiwo, ulunika ubuntu.