Okokuqala State Duma of the Empire, Russian

Russia njengoba izwe nge umphakathi wendabuko wezinzalamizi isikhathi eside benza ngaphandle zakonosoveschatelnogo umzimba - ePhalamende. Okokuqala State Duma ukuthi ibizwe kuphela ngo-1906, ngaphansi esinqumweni uNicholas II. Lesi sinqumo kwakudingekile kodwa kunalokho sekwephuzile, ikakhulukazi uma acabangele iminyaka ukubukeka kumakhophi alo kwamanye amazwe. ENgilandi, isibonelo, iPalamende wabuya e ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi eFrance - ngesikhathi esifanayo. I-United States, lapho kwakhiwa 1776, wadala igunya elifanayo cishe ngokushesha.

Futhi kuthiwani Russia? Ezweni lethu siye aphethwe njalo isikhundla amandla eqinile emaphakathi yenkosi-nobaba, abaqala yena wayenokuqonda iwukucabanga zonke izikhonzi ezihlongozwayo imithetho. Ngenxa Okokuqala State Duma akabonakalanga emva Nezinkinga, ngaphansi uPetru mina, noma ngisho ngaphansi uCatherine II, owenzela umzimba ukubiza, ezifanayo umsebenzi ePhalamende elisebenzisekayo. kuphela Collegium ezakhiwa.

Kulo lonke ikhulu XIX, abasekeli of amakhosi ohlanga yomthethosisekelo (njengoba eRussia kwakukhona lutho nedlanzana) babe esivuna uhlelo wephalamende. Ngokusho kwakhe, lo mbusi kanye Nongqongqoshe kwakufanele ukuthuthukisa izikweletu, le Duma kwakuxoxwa kubo, wenze izinguquko, futhi ithumela imibhalo wathola ukuthi ungene enkosini.

Nokho, ngenxa yenqubomgomo ababusi abathile, ikakhulukazi Nicholas mina, 1, uMbuso Duma kusukela XIX leminyaka eRussia futhi akabonakalanga. Ngokombono iqembu elibusayo ukuthi kwaba uphawu oluhle, ngoba kungenzeka ngokuphelele asikho isidingo sokuthi bakhathazeke mayelana nokuzilimaza intando ekwenzeni imithetho - zonke izindikimba agcinwe kule esandleni senkosi.

Kuphela ukukhula bekhalaza uhlale emphakathini ophoqelelwe Tsar uNicholas II usayine Manifesto ku ukusungulwa the Duma.

Okokuqala State Duma wavula ngo-Ephreli 1906 futhi waba portrait kakhulu isimo sezombangazwe e-Russia ngaleso sikhathi umlando. Njengoba-ke, babephakathi kwamalungu abalimi umhlaba kubanikazi, abathengisi, abasebenzi. Ukwakheka kazwelonke we Duma wayebuye heterogeneous. Ababekuwo, Ukraine, Belarusians, isiRashiya, Georgians, nabasePoland, amaJuda kanye nabamele nezinye izizwe. Ngokuvamile, kwaba uMbuso Duma lokuqala ngo-1906 egcwele indinganiso wangempela ngokuqondile ezombusazwe, obekungadala umona ngisho namuhla e-United States.

Nokho, Sad, iqiniso lokuthi Duma Okokuqala kwaba ezingasebenzi ngokuphelele silo zezombusazwe. Izizathu zalokhu ezimbili. Eyokuqala ukuthi uMbuso Duma we nomhlangano wokuqala wayengekho emzimbeni zakonosoveschatelnogo, kodwa uhlobo yisisulu zezombusazwe kwenkathi. Eyesibili isizathu - ku bazoyiduba Duma ngamabutho kwesokunxele-wing.

Ngenxa yalezi zici ezimbili, kuqala State Duma ngoJulayi ngawo lowo nyaka "kufikile" ngaphambi disbanding. Bengathokozile ukuthi kwakukhona amahemuhemu abaningi emphakathini yesayensi mayelana ukuqedwa yokugcina Duma, ngenhlanhla, awazange baqinisekisa. Eyesibili Duma ukuthi ibizwe ngokushesha, okuyinto kwaba kancane ngaphezulu elikhiqizayo lokuqala, kodwa okwengeziwe ukuthi isihloko ezahlukene.

Duma we nomhlangano wokuqala kwaba zomlando isiRashiya, uhlobo iphoyinti yokushintsha yeningi. Nanyana lokhu begade kuyinto ihlelwe kamuva, indima yakhe ekuthuthukiseni parliamentarism lokuqala Duma wadlala.