I-python - iyini? Ulimi lokuhlela uhlelo oluphezulu

Python kuyinto ephezulu ezingeni ngolimi jikelele, okungase enwetshiwe futhi esishunyekwe. Yena, isibonelo, iqoqo izicelo njengoba ithuluzi lokubhala amamakhro. Python kwenza kube ukukhetha enengqondo imisebenzi izinhlelo eziningi, ezinkulu kanye nezincane, hhayi ngakho kuhle inombolo encane Computing imisebenzi.

Lapho okufanele ngiyisebenzise?

Python ilungele amaphrojekthi ezidinga ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha. Isekela izinhlelo paradigms amaningi, okuhle izinhlelo adinga ukwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo. Futhi khona sebuningini amaphakheji kanye amamojuli inikeza Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi konga isikhathi.

Guido van Rossum - umdali Python, umphakathi umklomelo ngomusa isihloko "umbusi onomusa ukuphila." Ngo-1980, Guido bathandile izici kwezinye izilimi izinhlelo, kodwa akekho kubo kwadingeka zonke izici angathanda ukuba. Ikakhulukazi, ulimi kwadingeka ukuba abe nezici ezilandelayo.

amaskriphthi ulimi

Iskripthi uhlelo eyehlayo nezinye izinhlelo. izilimi zokubhala Site ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha futhi prototyping, ngoba ukubhekana kahle nokudluliswa kwemininingwane komunye ingxenye kwenye futhi unciphise uhlelo kulezi zinto enzima efana inkumbulo ukuphathwa.

umphakathi umsebenzisi uthanda ukubiza Python ashukumisayo ulimi lokwakha izinhlelo.

I-indentation ukwenzela ukubuthelela opharetha

Python ichaza izinkulumo bohlanga efanayo ngosizo ukupheda. iqembu okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi i-block ikhodi. Kweziningi ezinye izilimi, lisebenzisa i-syntax ezahlukene noma izimpawu zokuloba. Ngokwesibonelo, uphawu C lisho uphawu isiqalo {} - ekupheleni imiyalelo ukulandelana. Ukuba khona indentation kubhekwa umkhuba omuhle ngezinye izilimi, kodwa ngomunye wabokuqala lapho ukugujwa kokuthwasa amandla indentation inikezwa, kwaba Python. Yini eyenza? Indenta kwenza ikhodi yakho kulula ukufunda futhi adinga ngaphansi ikhodi amabhlogo abizwa ekuqaleni yabo futhi ekupheleni, futhi izimpawu zokubhala, okungase engaqondile ivinjelwe. Konke lokhu kuholela amaphutha ambalwa.

Imihlobo ephezulu ezingeni idatha

Ezamakhompiyutha ukugcina idatha amayunithi futhi amaqanda, kodwa abantu badinga ukuba yinkimbinkimbi, ezifana umbhalo. Mayelana ulimi esekela idatha eziyinkimbinkimbi, ethi isekela izinhlobo zedatha ephezulu ezingeni. Lezi zinhlobo idatha lula ukusebenza. Ngokwesibonelo, e-line Python kungenziwa kuhlukana, hlanganisa, ukuhumusha uma ephezulu noma ephansi, bakwazi ukucinga kanye t. D. ephezulu ezingeni izinhlobo idatha efana uhlu izichazamazwi, okuyinto zingagcinwa nenye idatha nomsebenzi okuningi, kuka nezinye izilimi.

extensibility

ulimi lokwakha izinhlelo Olwandisekayo kungenziwa wanezela. Lezi zilimi zinamandla kakhulu, ngoba anezele ngibenze efanelekayo ezihlukahlukene izicelo kanye namasistimu asebenzayo. Izandiso ungakwazi ukwengeza izinhlobo idatha noma imiqondo, amamojuli plugin. Ulimi Python unwetshiwe ngezindlela eziningana. Iqembu eyinhloko program abasebenza iguquka nokuthuthukiswa, kanye nenqwaba yezinye amamojuli ebhaliwe ngenhloso letsite.

ukuhumusha

izilimi ngokuhunyushwa kuyenziwa ngokuqondile ikhodi yomthombo Labhalwa ngabantu, futhi izinhlelo ezibhalwe ngezilimi ihlanganiswe efana C ++, kumele zihunyushelwe ikhodi umshini. izilimi ngokuhunyushwa kukhona kancane, njengoba ukuhunyushwa kwenzeka on the fly, kodwa lo mbhalo futhi ilungise inkinga izinhlelo ishesha ngoba asikho isidingo ukulinda kwaqedwa yesakhi. Ziyakwazi kulula qhubeka ukuze ezisekelweni ezahlukene.

Omunye kungaba phikisana ngabe Python ngokuhunyushwa noma ihlanganiswe ulimi. Nakuba ngezindlela eziningi ukuthi usebenza njengomgcini wamabhuku ngokuhunyushwa ngaphambi kokuba akhiphe ikhodi ihlanganiswe (njengaku-Java), futhi bathole ezinye zezici zalo ezisebenzayo ngejubane egcwele umshini, njengoba abhalwe C.

Guido waqala ukubhala Python ngamaholide kaKhisimusi ngo-1989, futhi onyakeni olandelayo, waqeda ukufunda incwadi ethi ulimi kususelwa impendulo ozakwabo. Umphakathi jikelele wabona yalokho, ngo-February 1991, lapho ibekwe kwelinye Amaqembu ezindaba intanethi.

Python For Beginners

Ukuze uqale izinhlelo ngokubhala Python, udinga ukufaka ke. Ngo izinguqulo Python 2.7 Python 3.5, kukhona umehluko omkhulu, ngenxa okuyinto izinhlelo ezibhalwe kuyo, akuhambisani.

Ngo-computer, "uMcIntosh" ulimi olufakwe, futhi kuncike nguqulo ubudala yesistimu yokusebenza. Ngaphansi-Windows kungase kudingeke ufake Python. Amafayela ukufakwa iphakethe kungenziwa ezikhethiwe python.org indawo.

Izindlela ezimbili nokuxhumana

Esinye sezizathu lula, esibonakala izinhlelo in Python, ukuthi iza amathuluzi akusiza ukuthuthukisa, bhala nezinhlelo sokulungisa iphutha.

Kwimodi interactive, imiyalo afakiwe elayinini eyodwa ngesikhathi, cishe iyafana yesistimu yokusebenza (igobolondo) ithola imiyalo kusuka kumugqa womyalo. Ungakha futhi mfushane multi-program noma ukungenisa ikhodi efayeleni yombhalo noma esakhelwe Python amamojuli. Wabasaqalayo, kuyoba usizo ukwazi ukuthi imodi interactive kuhlanganisa usizo simiso esibanzi. Lena yindlela elula ukufunda izici ulimi lokwakha izinhlelo.

Idle ukuthuthukiswa imvelo ihlanganisa mode interactive namathuluzi ukubhala run izinhlelo, kanye amagama yokulandelela. ULwesithathu okulotshwe Python, futhi ubonisa amathuba olubanzi ulimi.

mode interactive

Lapha ungakwazi ingenza noma yini ukuthi kungenziwa kulolu hlelo, ngisho ukubhala ikhodi multiline. Le modi kungaba:

• Sandbox for ucwaningo ephephile;
• imvelo, okuvumela ukuba utadishe izinhlelo in Python;
• ithuluzi yokuthola futhi ukulungisa amaphutha.

Khumbula ukuthi ukuba londoloza afakwe imodi interactive akunakwenzeka. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ukopisha ikhodi nokuqopha imiphumela ifayela.

Imodi Interactive ingasetshenziswa njengendlela wokubala, lokuxhaphaza umbhalo bese babela amanani eziguquguqukayo. Ungase futhi ukungenisa amamojuli, imisebenzi, noma izingxenye izinhlelo ukuhlola kwabo. Kuyasiza uzizamele Python izinto ngaphandle kokubhala izinhlelo eside nezinhlelo kokulungisa amaphutha ngokufaka oxhumana izingxenye eyodwa ngesikhathi.

Sebenza inthanethi

Ngemva Python run ewindini esibulalayo ubonisa ulwazi mayelana nohlelo inguqulo yamanje, usuku release yayo, amacebiso ambalwa esinye isinyathelo futhi athole isimemo esicela >>>.

Ukuze usebenza mode interactive, ufake umyalo noma isisho, bese ucindezela ukhiye.

Python ubachazela input bese usabela uma othayiphiwe odinga impendulo, noma umhumushi akaqondi naye.

Umyalo olandelayo azophrinta emgqeni. Njengoba isikhundla ukuphrinta ayicacisiwe, okukhipha iya esikrinini.

• >>> ukuphrinta "Sawubona mhlaba!"
• Sawubona mhlaba!

Lo mugqa olulodwa wuhlelo lonke! I-Python interactively isingatha zonke ikhodi string langena ngokucindezela ukhiye u-enter, futhi umphumela esivela ngezansi.

Buka ulwazi mayelana into

Kwimodi interactive, kunezindlela ezimbili ukubuka ulwazi mayelana into yilezi:

• ukubeka into (noma igama) bese ucindezela Faka;
• faka umyalo ukuphrinta into (noma igama) bese ucindezela Faka.

Umphumela incike into.

Nge ezinye izinhlobo idatha (inamba nohlu, isibonelo), lezi izindlela ezimbili ukukhiqiza umphumela ofanayo:

• >>> x = [3,2]
• >>> x
• [3, 2]
• >>> ukuphrinta x
• [3, 2]

Ukuze strings, umphumela iqoqo «igama ukuphrinta" umyalo ukuhluka umphumela etholwe igama. Esimweni sokuqala, ukubaluleka ungaphakathi bokhulunyiwe, kanti eyesibili - alikho:

• >>> x = "MyString"
• >>> x
• "MyString"
• >>> ukuphrinta x
• MyString

Lapho igama libhekisela block ikhodi (isibonelo, imisebenzi, amamojuli, noma isigaba Ngokwesibonelo), ngokufaka igama sizonikeza ulwazi mayelana uhlobo idatha, igama nendawo yokugcina.

Isibonelo esilandelayo kudala ekilasini ngokuthi Umlayezo futhi ubonisa ulwazi mayelana

ke:

• >>> Umlayezo ekilasini:
• ... kudlule
• ...
• >>> Umlayezo
• >>> ukuphrinta Umlayezo
• __main __. Umlayezo

imigqa

Imigqa Python kukhona ukulandelana kwezinhlamvu. A string nezwi lisho wadala ngokufaka izinhlamvu kuzicaphuni olulodwa ( '), kabili ( ") noma kathathu (' 'noma'" ") bokhulunyiwe. Esikhathini Ngokwesibonelo, ukubaluleka enikezwa x variable:

• >>> x = "MyString"

Python string inezici eziningana eyakhelwe ngaphakathi. Omunye wabo yikhono ukubuyela ikhophi yakho ngayo yonke izinhlamvu ezincane. Lezi amakhono zaziwa ngokuthi izindlela. Ukushayela indlela entweni, kufanele usebenzise le-syntax ichashaza. Okusho ukuthi, ngemva kokufaka Igama lokuhlukahluka, okuyinto kulokhu kukhulunywa into string, udinga ukubeka opharetha dot, bese igama indlela kulandele ukuvulwa kanye lokuvala kubakaki (.):

• >>> x.lower ()
• "Mystring"

Ungathola ingxenye umugqa usebenzisa kokufakwa ohlwini opharetha ka- [i]. Yenkomba iqala ngo zero, ukuze ka- [0] ibuyisela Uhlamvu lokuqala e-string, s [1] ibuyisela yesibili, nokunye:

• >>> x [0]
• 'M'
• >>> x [1]
• 'Y'

izindlela String ukusebenza imigqa njengoba abavamile, kanye ne "Unicode". Bakha okulandelayo:

• ukubhalisa shintsho (ufeleba, elingenhla, ephansi, swapcase, isihloko);
• ukubala (ukubala);
• ushintshe umbhalo wekhodi (encode, shintsha);
• ukucinga bese ushintsha (thola, esikhundleni, rfind, Inkomba, rindex, ukuhumusha);
• hlola izimo (startswith, endswith, isalnum, isalpha, isdigit, islower, isspace, istitle, isupper);
• kuhlanganiswe futhi ahlukaniswe (ujoyine, ukwahlukanisa, rpartition, ukuhlukana, splitlines);
• ifomethi (isikhungo, ljust, lstrip, rstring, rjust, strip, zfill, expandtabs).

Python: Lists

Uma Python amayunithi wezinhlamvu zimelela elinganiselwe, ubala noma yimiphi imikhawulo kanti akunjalo. Basuke ngaphambilini ukulandelana lezinto ngokungenasizathu, kuhlanganise nezinye izinhlu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuba wengeze, susa futhi esikhundleni izakhi zalo. Inani lezinto, kuhlukaniswe ukhefane ngaphakathi kubakaki, futhi ube uhlu Python. Yini lokhu kumelele, kukhonjisiwe ngezansi - nazi izibonelo kanye nokusebenza ngedatha nabo:

• >>> lezisekelo = [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T']
• >>> lezisekelo
• [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T']
• >>> bases.append ('U ')
• >>> lezisekelo
• [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T', 'U']
• >>> bases.reverse ()
• >>> lezisekelo
• ['U ',' T ',' G ',' C ',' A ']
• >>> lezisekelo [0]
• 'U'
• >>> lezisekelo [1]
• 'T'
• >>> bases.remove ('U ')
• >>> lezisekelo
• [ 'T', 'G', 'C', 'A']
• >>> bases.sort ()
• >>> lezisekelo
• [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T']

Kulesi sibonelo, ukuthi lwenziwe Yihhovisi uhlu izinhlamvu ngazinye. Khona-ke ingezwe kuze kube sekupheleni kwalesi sakhi ebhekene oda izakhi, izakhi ekhishwe ngokuma Inkomba yabo yasuswa isici kokuba value'U 'nokuhlela izinto ezikhiqizwa. Ukususa into kusukela uhlu nje kufanekisela isimo lapho yokususa () indlela ukunikeza ulwazi olwengeziwe, okungukuthi, inani kufanele kususwe.

Ngaphezu izindlela ukususa efanayo (), i-Python has esinye isici efanayo nalena ebizwa ngokuthi umsebenzi. Umehluko kuphela phakathi umsebenzi futhi indlela ukuthi owokuqala ongakaphathelani into ethize.

Python: umsebenzi

Imisebenzi imisebenzi enkundleni eyodwa noma ngaphezulu amagugu, bese ubuyela umphumela. Inani elikhulu kubo akhiwa ngezindlela Python. Izibonelo zomsebenzi esakhelwe:

• Len () - ibuyisela inani izakhi ukulandelana;
• Thumela () - ibuyisa uhlu kochungechunge emelela imfanelo into;
• uhlu () - ibuyisa uhlu olusha ukuqaliswa kusuka kwamanye ukulandelana abanye.
• >>> usizo (round)
• Usizo umsebenzi esakhelwe round:
• round (...)
• round (inombolo [, ndigits]) -> elintantayo inombolo iphuzu

Kungenzeka futhi ukuchaza imisebenzi yakho siqu.

imisebenzi ezichazwe umsebenzisi

Inqubo yokudala ayo Python-umsebenzi onjalo. Umugqa wokuqala iqala nge-def elisemqoka, kulandele igama umsebenzi nokuphikisana (kulindeleke amagugu okokufaka) ebiyelwe abakaki, futhi uphethe ikholoni. imiyalo Okwalandela ezakha imisebenzi umzimba futhi kufanele Kuhlehliswe. Uma amazwana itholakala ekuqaleni umzimba umsebenzi, iba yingxenye nokubhalwa kwawo. Umugqa wokugcina umsebenzi ubuyisela yi:

• >>> def kutsatsela (dna):
• ... "" "Buyela dna string njengoba i-RNA yezinhlamvu." ""
• ... ukubuya dna.replace ( 'T', 'U')
• ...
• >>> sokuloba ( 'CCGGAAGAGCTTACTTAG')
• 'CCGGAAGAGCUUACUUAG'

Lesi sibonelo sidaliwe umsebenzi ngokuthi sokuloba, okuyinto ulindele yezinhlamvu emelela ukulandelana DNA. esikhundleni () indlela ibuyisela ikhophi string yoqobo kuzo zonke izindawo elivela uhlamvu eyodwa kuya kwenye. obuthathu ikhodi avunyelwe kutsatsela DNA ku-RNA. Umsebenzi ephambene simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• >>> def ukuhlanekezela (Aba) lobi:
• ... "" "Buyela string ukulandelana oda reverse." ""
• ... izinhlamvu = uhlu (s)
• ... letters.reverse ()
• ... ukubuya '' .join (izincwadi)
• ...
• >>> ukuhlanekezela ( 'CCGGAAGAGCTTACTTAG')
• 'GATTCATTCGAGAAGGCC'

umsebenzi obuyela emuva uthatha yezinhlamvu, kudala uhlu kwezindlu kusekelwe kuyo, futhi ushintshe i-oda zayo. Manje okudingeka uyenze reverse. Into has a ujoyine () indlela, elihlanganisa uhlu, uhlukanisa elementi ukubaluleka yezinhlamvu ngamunye. Kusukela isihlukanisi ayidingeki, indlela isetshenziswa ku umugqa emelelwa aphostrofi ezimbili ( '' noma '').

izichazamazwi

Isichazamazwi Okuthathe Python - kuyini? It has izinzuzo ezifanayo njengoba esiku iphepha isichazamazwi. It ikuvumela ukuba ngokushesha uthole inani wayefisa (definition) ephathelene ukhiye (izwi). Izichazamazwi kuthiwa ebiyelwe besokunxele futhi kuhlukaniswe ukhefane aqukethe ukulandelana ukhiye-value ngazimbili. Izichazamazwi kungukuthi ngaphambilini. Kunalokho, amagugu isichazamazwi olutholakala ukhiye zabo, hhayi isikhundla sabo.

• >>> basecomplement = { 'A': 'T', 'C': 'G', 'T': 'A', 'G': 'C'}
• >>> basecomplement.keys ()
• [ 'A', 'C', 'T', 'G']
• >>> basecomplement.values ()
• [ 'T', 'G', 'A', 'C']
• >>> basecomplement [ 'A']
• 'T'

amakilasi

Ukuze udale lezinto zakho, kufanele uthole ukuthi uhlobo iphethini ibizwa ngokuthi ekilasini. Ngo-Python, lena isigaba opharetha, kulandele igama kanye ikholoni. Umzimba yencazelo ekilasini liqukethe izakhiwo kanye netindlela izotholakala zonke izimo lezinto esekelwe lesi sigaba.

izinzuzo

izilimi Iningi izinhlelo anikela ngezici kusebenziseka kalula, kodwa akekho kubo has inhlanganisela enjalo lula kanye izakhiwo olunikezwa Python. Yiziphi lezi zinzuzo? Nazi ezinye zazo:

• Ulimi kungenziwa bafakwe ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza kanye isetshenziselwe ukudala amamakhro. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Paint Thenga Pro 8 noma kamuva, is ulimi scripting.
• Python imahhala ukusetshenziswa nokusatshalaliswa, nsuku kwezohwebo noma cha.
• Ulimi has a enamandla processing amakhono, futhi useshe umbhalo isetshenziswa izicelo ukusebenza okuningi kokwaziswa umbhalo.
• Kungenzeka ukwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinhle ngaphandle kokuba ukuhlola izinhlelo uqalisa.
• Python isekela ukuyohlolwa ukulungisa iphutha le amamojula ngabanye kanye nezinhlelo lonke.