I wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto nokushisa yokudlulisa. Izindlela ukudluliswa ukushisa futhi ukubala. ukudluliselwa Heat - kungcono ...

Namuhla sizozama ukuthola impendulo yombuzo othi "Heat - ukuthi ..?". Kulesi sihloko sibheka ukuthi kuyinqubo, okuyinto zinhlobo zayo ezikhona emvelweni, futhi nazi ukuthi liyini ubudlelwano phakathi ukudluliswa ukushisa kanye wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto.

definition

Heat Transfer - inqubo ngokomzimba, ngokuyisisekelo okuyinto ukudlulisa ukushisa amandla. Exchange senzeka phakathi izindikimba ezimbili, noma ohlelweni lwabo. Ngakho imfuneko ukudluliswa ukushisa kuyoba ngumuntu emizimbeni eliwu evuthayo kancane.

inqubo Izici

ukudluliselwa Heat - lena uhlobo lomkhuba wokuthi singenzeka ukuthintana ngqo, futhi khona izindonga sokuhlukanisa. Esimweni sokuqala, zonke zicacile kodwa emzimbeni yesibili kufanele kusetshenziswe njengoncedo izithiyo izinto, imvelo. ukudluliselwa Heat kuzokwenzeka ezimweni lapho uhlelo ehlanganisa izindikimba ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, alikho esimweni yakhoibrium ezishisayo. Okungukuthi, omunye izinto has a lokushisa iphansi noma iphezulu kunamanye. Lapha ke idlulisela amandla ezishisayo. Kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi kuzophothulwa lapho uhlelo kuziwa esimweni yakhoibrium thermodynamic noma ezishisayo. Inqubo kwenzeka angesabi, njengoba singabona ukutshela umthetho wesibili wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka.

izinhlobo

ukudluliselwa Heat - inqubo ukuthi kungenziwa ihlukaniswe izindlela ezintathu. Bayoba imvelo eziyisisekelo, ngoba kuzo kukhona esincane sangempela izici zayo siqu belingana kwemithetho jikelele. Namuhla ihlukaniswe yaba ezintathu izinhlobo ukudluliswa ukushisa. Lokhu conduction, Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows nemisebe eyingozi. Asiqale nge kuqala, mhlawumbe.

Izindlela ukudluliswa ukushisa. conductivity ezishisayo.

Ngakho eka- umzimba impahla ukwenza ukudluliswa amandla. Ngakho-ke idluliswe sivela ezingxenyeni ibavuthela okufanayo okungukuthi ngaphansi kwezingaqhwa. Ngesisekelo lesi simo sibangelwa isimiso motion kunezinxushunxushu zishintshe. Lokhu okuthiwa ukunyakaza Brownian. Kukhula lokushisa komzimba, kulapho ihamba ngo-molecule ye, ngoba amandla enkulu kinetic. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ezishisayo conduction electron, ama-molecule ama-athomu. It wenziwa izidumbu, izingxenye ezihlukene ezithinta lokushisa ukungalingani.

Uma ketshezi kuyinto akwazi ukuqhuba ukushisa, singakhuluma isici ambalwa. Kulokhu, idlala indima le conductivity ezishisayo. Lesi sici kubonisa kanjani ukushisa kakhulu sidlula nemingcele ngazinye ubude endaweni per unit isikhathi. Kulokhu, izinga lokushisa emzimbeni zizoshintsha by ncamashi 1 K.

Ngaphambili kukholakala ukuthi exchange of ukushisa emizimbeni ezahlukene (kuhlanganise ukushisa ukudluliswa Uhlaka izakhiwo) ngenxa yokuthi komunye umzimba okuyingxenye kwenye okuthiwa notshwala caloric. Nokho, izimpawu ukhona uqobo, akekho ithole, futhi lapho le nkolelo-mbono yamangqamuzana-kinetic isungule ezingeni elithile, zonke mayelana caloric bakhohlwa ukucabanga, ngoba umbono kwaba untenable.

Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows. Amanzi ukudluliswa ukushisa

Ngu ngale ndlela exchange ukushisa amandla waqonda ukudlulisela izindikimba yangaphakathi. Ake sithi ngeketela yamanzi. Njengoba yaziwa, air evuthayo ageleza Umqansa phezulu. A abandayo, ngoyisiwula kusinda iwe phansi. Pho la manzi kumele kube ngenye indlela? Ungishiya nse. Futhi ngokuhamba kulo mjikelezo, zonke zamatshe amanzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziningi kangakanani bangasoleki, ngeke ashisise ngaphambi isimo yakhoibrium ezishisayo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, Yebo.

ngemisebe

Le ndlela kuyinto isimiso emisebeni kagesi. Kuyinto ngenxa yamandla yangaphakathi. Kakhulu bangene theory ukushisa emisebeni ye ungaqali, umane uqaphele ukuthi isizathu lapha kudivayisi icala izinhlayiya, ama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane.

Imisebenzi elula ku conductivity ezishisayo

Manje ake sixoxe ngendlela, practice libukeka izibalo ukudluliswa ukushisa. Ake ukuxazulula inkinga elula ezihlobene ne nenani ukushisa. Ake ucabange ukuthi sinawo mass yamanzi elilingana isigamu kilogram. Amanzi lokushisa kokuqala - 0 degrees Celsius, kokugcina - 100. Sithola ukushisa ubuningi wachitha contact mass for amalahle ketshezi.

Ukuze wenze lokhu sidinga ifomula Q = cm (t ₂ -t _1), lapho Q - nenani ukushisa, c - ethize ukushisa yamanzi, m - mass impahla, t ₁ - kokuqala, t ₂ - lokushisa sokugcina. ithebula Amanzi ukubaluleka c uhlamvu. Specific ukushisa umthamo ilingana 4200 J / kg * C. Manje we shintsha lezi zimiso ku ifomula. Sithola ukuthi inani ukushisa ilingana 210000 J, noma 210 kJ.

Umthetho wokuqala wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto

I wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto nokudlulisa ukushisa axhunyaniswa yimithetho ethile. Ngo isisekelo yabo - ukwazi ukuthi ushintsho amandla yangaphakathi ohlelweni ingatholakala izindlela ezimbili. Umsuka - amagoli operation lokukhanda. Esesibili - umlayezo ethile ukushisa. Kususelwa kule isimiso, ngasendleleni, umthetho wokuqala wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto. Nansi indlela amagama abekwe ngayo: Uma uhlelo kubikiwe ethile ukushisa, kuyothiwa esichithwa umsebenzi ikhomishana emizimbeni zangaphandle noma ukwandisa amandla layo langaphakathi. Inkulumo zezibalo kuyinto: DQ = du + da.

Plus noma lokususa?

Kasibili zonke amagugu ayingxenye ukuqopha zezibalo yomthetho lokuqala wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto singatlolwa bunjesi ne "plus" futhi uphawu "lokususa". Kukhethwa inqubo uzobe nje isuke ibangelwa izimo. Ake ucabange ukuthi uhlelo ithola ethile ukushisa. Kulokhu, umzimba ukushisa wakhe. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona ukunwetshwa igesi, futhi ngenxa yalokho, umsebenzi wenziwa. Ngenxa yalokho, inani uzokhombisa ukuthi unalo igciwane. Uma inani ukushisa uthathile, igesi is selehlile, umsebenzi wenziwa kuwo. Amanani ngeke ephambene amagugu.

Kuvele ekwakhiweni okunye yomthetho lokuqala wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto

Ake sithi ube injini batch. It uketshezi ukusebenza (noma uhlelo), wenze inqubo eyindilinga. Ibizwa ngokuthi umjikelezo. Ngenxa yalokho, uhlelo bayobuyela esimweni saso sasekuqaleni. Kungaba kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi kuleli cala ushintsho amandla yangaphakathi ilingana no-zero. It kuvela ukuthi inani ukushisa kuyoba ulingana umsebenzi ephelele. La malungiselelo enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba bahlanganise umthetho wokuqala wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto ihlukile kakade.

Kule sizwisise ukuthi ngokwemvelo hhayi kungaba esiphakade ezinyakazayo umshini uhlobo lokuqala. Okungukuthi, umshini wenza umsebenzi imali enkudlwana kuqhathaniswa energy etholakele ngaphandle. Kulokhu, isenzo kufanele kwenziwe njalo.

Umthetho wokuqala wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto ngoba izoprotsessov

Cabanga, ukuqala inqubo isochoric. Ngaphansi kwakhe ivolumu alushintshi. Ngakho, ushintsho umthamo kuyoba zero. Ngenxa yalokho, umsebenzi beyoba zero. Thina ukususa le ngxenye emthethweni lokuqala wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto, bese ukuthola ifomula DQ = du. Ngakho, ukuze inqubo isochoric konke ukushisa ayifake uhlelo, uya ekukhuliseni amandla sangaphakathi igesi, noma Izingxube yalo.

Manje ake sixoxe inqubo isobaric. Izinsalela ingcindezi njalo kuwo. Kulokhu, amandla yangaphakathi zizoshintsha parallel umsebenzi ikhomishana. Nangu ifomula yasekuqaleni: DQ = du + pdV. Thina kalula ukubala ukwenza umsebenzi. Kuzoba ilingane Inkulumo Uri (T ₂ -t _1). By endleleni, lokhu okushiwo ezingokomzimba jikelele igesi njalo. Ngo khona eyodwa imvukuzane igesi kanye umehluko lokushisa, eyodwa ingxenye UKelvin, igesi njalo jikelele uyalingana umsebenzi wenzeke ngesikhathi inqubo isobaric.