ImpiloImithi

Igazi amaqembu igazi: imithetho. abanikeli Universal. zamaqembu egazi kwedivayisi Ithebula

Ngo inqubo yokwelapha yesimanje ke Isasetshenziswa inqubo yokumpontshelwa igazi. Igazi amaqembu Igazi - yinqubo nokuqaliswa kwalo esibuya enempilo ukuze isiguli impilo kahle ku (umamukeli). Kudinga ukuqaliswa imithetho ethile, futhi akuyona into ukuxakeka. Ngakho-ke, lo msebenzi wenziwa ngesikhathi emakamu esiphezulu ukunakekela ingxenye nabezokwelapha.

Yini edingekayo ekuqaleni?

Ngaphambi inqubo, udokotela uyosingatha inhlolovo yokumpontshelwa kanye nocwaningo kunesidingo. Anikelelwe noma umamukeli, kumele ube iphasipoti, ngoba ngokucabangela okufanele okuphelele kwayo yonke imininingo. Uma kukhona professional ukunakekelwa kwezempilo zizokwenziwa ukuhlola isiguli noma donor, ulinganisa blood pressure kanye ukuhlonza Izimo kungenzeka.

imithetho ukumpontshelwa

Ukumpontshelwa igazi amaqembu igazi uqhutshwa kuncike izisekelo ezithile. Izimpawu I-zokukhwabanisa edingekayo umthamo elampontshelwa uketshezi esimisiwe ngochwepheshe esekelwe idatha emitholampilo kanye nokuhlaziywa. Imithetho yokumpontshelwa igazi emaqenjini wadala ukulondeka kokubili donor futhi umemukeli. Lo chwepheshe kumele, kungakhathaliseki survey wathola ngaphambilini, uqobo, yenza okulandelayo:

  1. Figure iqembu ABO uhlelo bese uqhathanisa idatha nge ebufakazini obutholakalayo.
  2. Ukuze uthole isici abomvu egazi, kokubili donor futhi umemukeli.
  3. Beka isampula phezu kwedivayisi jikelele.
  4. Ukwenza bioassay.

Inqubo yokunquma zamaqembu egazi

Iphuzu okubalulekile ukunquma ukumpontshelwa begazi uketshezi zimpahla kanye nenkinga khona kuwo izifo. Ngenxa yale njongo, isampula yegazi sithathwa ekuhlaziyweni jikelele, hlukanisa isibalo okuholela zibe izingxenye ezimbili bese ithunyelwa cwaningo. Ngo-laboratory, isheke lokuqala khona ukutheleleka, inani elithwala umoya-mpilo, futhi abanye. Eyesibili isetshenziswa ukunquma lwegazi nomaka RH isici ke.

iqembu igazi

Ukumpontshelwa igazi amaqembu ezidingekayo isiguli emzimbeni igazi livelile erythrocyte agglutination ngenxa ukusabela agglutination ku yokuvuma test isampula. obuntu iqembu igazi emzimbeni ABO uhlelo ngeengaba zihlukaniswe 4 izinhlobo eziyinhloko. Ngu-ABO ngezigaba ngokwahlukana kwenzeka ngenxa yokubakhona antigen athile - A no B. Ngamunye wabo bahlanganiswe agglutinin ethize: A nakanjani α B β ngokulandelana. Kuye Inhlanganisela yalawo izingxenye bakha iqembu igazi zonke ezaziwayo. Inhlanganisela izingxenye ezifanayo akunakwenzeka, ngaphandle kwalokho umzimba uyobe erythrocyte agglutination, futhi nje akakwazi ukuqhubeka esebenzisa khona. Kuleli fomu can inhlanganisela ezine kuphela:

  • Iqembu 1: antigen bengekho, kukhona α agglutinin emibili β.
  • Iqembu 2: antigen A agglutinin futhi β.
  • Iqembu 3: I antigen futhi agglutinin α.
  • Iqembu 4: agglutinins angekho, kukhona antigen A no B.

amaqembu kwedivayisi

amaqembu Igazi Oluvumelana for ukumpontshelwa linendima ebalulekile kulo mkhankaso. Ngo yezokwelapha umkhuba ukumpontshelwa wenziwa ezifanayo kuphela iyahambisana nomunye zilwane. Abantu abaningi bayazibuza ukuthi nhloboni iqembu igazi abanikeli bendawo yonke, kodwa ningaqondi inqubo. Nokho kukhona izingxenye efanelekayo. Hlobo igazi kuyinto jikelele - umbuzo impendulo elula. Abantu neqembu lokuqala igazi ngenxa ukungabi antigen kukhona abanikeli jikelele, nalabo abanomthwalo yesine, ezibhekwa abamukeli jikelele. ithebula Igazi iqembu kwedivayisi ukhonza sokuqonda inqubo igazi.

iqembu igazi

Ubani ongafaka uthele (Umnikeli)

Ubani ongafaka uthele (retsepient)

1 iqembu

1 iqembu

Wonke amaqembu

iqembu 2

1 neqembu 2

2 begodu iinqhema ezi- 4

iqembu 3

1 no-3 amaqembu

3 no-4 amaqembu

iqembu 4

Wonke amaqembu

iqembu 4

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ezweni lanamuhla kunezindlela eziningi ukwelapha izifo ezehlukene, ukugwema inqubo ukumpontshelwa kukhona namanje akunakwenzeka. Uhlu kwedivayisi amaqembu igazi kusiza bezempilo afeze ukuhlinzwa kahle, okubenza babe kulondolozwe ukuphila nempilo isiguli. Inketho ekahle kungaba kokumpontshelwa zihlale ezifanayo futhi leqembu bese RH igazi. Kodwa zikhona izikhathi lapho ukumpontshelwa kubalulekile ukuba afeze esikhathini esifishane ke basisize abanikele jikelele nabamukeli.

RH isici

Lapho ucwaningo lwesayensi ngo-1940 antigen watholakala egazini macaques, kamuva wathola igama RH isici. He is zenani elikhulu eziyifa kanye kuncike uhlanga. Labo abantu ngegazi esinomthwalo antigen kukhona RH-HIV, futhi ukungabi khona RH-HIV.

Ukuhambelana ukumpontshelwa:

  • RH emibi ukumpontshelwa kubantu abane RH omubi;
  • RH igazi omuhle kuyahambisana yisiphi inkawu.

Uma usebenzisa RH igazi omuhle kweziguli isigaba RH-negative ke egazini lakhe ukuthuthukisa agglutinins ethize anti-Rhesus, kuyilapho omunye zokukhwabanisa ngeke ukusondelana amangqamuzana abomvu egazi. Ngakho, ukumpontshelwa asikwazi ukwenziwa.

Noma yimuphi ukumpontshelwa - ukucindezeleka umzimba womuntu. lonke igazi idluliswe kuphela uma ukulahlekelwa uketshezi begazi ifinyelela 25% nangaphezulu. Nge nokulahlekelwa umthamo ezincane wegazi esikhundleni asetshenziswa. Kwezinye izimo, ukumpontshelwa izingxenye ezithile eboniswe, isibonelo, cell kuphela abomvu, kuye ngohlobo lesion.

Izindlela isampula

Ukuze afeze ezikhethiwe crossmatch sera umamukeli exutshwe isampuli kusukela donor kuya ephepheni elimhlophe, tilting ke bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Ngemva kwemizuzu engu-Five, uqhathanise imiphumela, uma adhesion amangqamuzana abomvu egazi eyenzekile, lokuthi nomamukeli ahambelanayo.

Khona-ke hlola ukuhambisana isampuli igazi ngoba RH kwelinye ngezindlela ezimbili.

  1. Ngo ngamapayipi ehlanzekile wabekwa icala nahlanza usebenzisa nosawoti erythrocyte donor isisindo buhlanjululwe gelatin isixazululo efudumele futhi ezimbili amathonsi umamukeli serum. Beka ingxube on a okugeza amanzi angu-10. Emva kwalesi sikhathi yayibizwa buhlanjululwe saline e inani 7 ml bese uhlanganise kahle. Uma adhesion amangqamuzana abomvu egazi ongabhalisiwe, lokuthi nomamukeli ahambelanayo.
  2. I tube Centrifuge uyekiswe 2 amathonsi umamukeli serum futhi 1 iconsi 1 iconsi poliglyukina igazi. I tube wafakwa Centrifuge amaminithi awu 5. Khona-ke, ingxube ukuthi buhlanjululwe 5 ml nosawoti, wafaka le tube i-engela 90 ° futhi uqinisekise kwedivayisi. In the ukungabikho adhesion nombala ushintsho donor ehambisanayo futhi umemukeli.

bioassay

Ukuze ususe ingozi yezinkinga kuthiwa kokuhlola bioassay. Ngenxa yalesi, inani elincane ukumpontshelwa igazi umamukeli, futhi imizuzu emithathu ukubukela impilo yakhe. In the engekho imihlola ezimbi: ukwanda kwenhliziyo, ukuhluleka zokuphefumula, ukuxhaphaza liphindwe kabili ukuqapha okwengeziwe ngokucophelela iziguli. Ukumpontshelwa esiyolandelwa kuphela uma alutholakalanga iyiphi isibonisi negative, kungenjalo msebenzi wenziwa.

Le ndlela yokwenza we

Phela manipulations okudingekile ukunquma ukuhambisana amaqembu igazi futhi baqala ukufeza ukumpontshelwa uqobo. igazi Iphathwe akufanele kube kubanda, ekamelweni lokushisa, uvunyelwe kuphela. Uma lo msebenzi ophuthumayo ke igazi sekuqala ukufudumala ngendlela okugeza amanzi. Inqubo ukuvuza ukumpontshelwa wenziwa uhlelo, noma usebenzisa i-ngqo isipetu efanayo. Izinga Isethulo 50 amaconsi ngamunye imizuzwana 60. Ngokuhamba ukumpontshelwa ochwepheshe bezokwelapha njalo ngemva kwemizuzu engu-15 alinganiswe ukushaya kwenhliziyo nomfutho wegazi isiguli. Ngemva manipulation nesineke eboniswe Phumula futhi bahlolwe isimo sempilo.

Isidingo kanye contraindications

ukumpontshelwa igazi, ezihlobene iconsi izidakamizwa ekuphathweni elula. Kodwa lokhu kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi lapho amaseli alien ophilayo emzimbeni wesiguli. Futhi ngisho nokuhambisana ifaniswe kahle kunobungozi ukuthi nagazi akunakulidla izinze. Yingakho odokotela kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze sinqume ukuthi awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle ukwenza inqubo enjalo. Ochwepheshe aqokwe msebenzi kumelwe eqiniseka ngokuphelele ukuthi ezinye izindlela zokwelapha akuzona ngempumelelo. Uma kukhona ukungabaza ukuthi ukumpontshelwa obabuyozuzisa, akukuhle ukuchitha.

imiphumela ukungavumelani

Uma ukuhambisana ukumpontshelwa igazi nemikhiqizo akuqediwe, umamukeli angagcina imiphumela emibi ukwenza inqubo enjalo.

Ukuphulwa eyohlinzwa ezinjalo zingase zihluke, zihlotshaniswa izinkinga kwezitho zangaphakathi noma izinhlelo.

Kukhona ukwehluleka njalo esibindini nezinso umzimba iphazamisekile, imisebenzi kanye nokusebenza hematopoiesis. Izinguquko futhi kungenzeka kwezitho zokuphefumula futhi isimiso sezinzwa. Ukwelashwa nge yiluphi uhlobo izinkinga kufanele iqhutshwe kusenesikhathi, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukadokotela sika.

Uma ukungavumelani kwenzeka ngesikhathi bioassays, abantu futhi uzizwe ukubonakaliswa negative, kodwa ngezinga elincane kakhulu. Umamukeli kungase kwembule imfiva, izimpawu ubuhlungu esifubeni kanye lumbar nomgogodla. Pulse nabo buzakurhabiswa, ukukhathazeka lizovela. Phezu ukuthola ezinye zalezi zimpawu Awukwazi ukwenza igazi. Okwamanje ukungavumelani e ukumpontshelwa igazi kanye igazi cishe ingekho.

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