Ikhompyutha Charles Babbage. Biography, imibono nokwasungulwa Charles Babbage

Charlz Bebbidzh - sezibalo English umsunguli owaklama othomathikhi computer yokuqala digital. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mzalwane wasiza ukwakha English uhlelo yesimanje leposi kanye kwaba amatafula wokuqala onokwethenjelwa eyehlile, yasungulwa uhlobo umshini wokubonisa izinga lejubane futhi ujantshi puteochistitel.

Biography of Charles Babbage

Wazalelwa e-London ngo-December 26, 1791 umlingani umndeni yebhange Praeds Benjamin Babbage, umnikazi Bitton Estate Teignmouth futhi Betsi Plamli hlobo. Ngo 1808 lo mndeni wanquma ukuthuthela Old Road House, elise-East Teignmouth, loyise wayengumuntu wejele St. Michael esontweni angomakhelwane.

Ubaba Charles wayecebile, ngakho wayengacabanga afunde ezikoleni kuphela izitatanyiswa ezimbalwa. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-8 ubudala ayenakho ukuya esikoleni sendawo ukuthola ukusuka isifo esiyingozi. abazali wakhe wanquma ukuthi ingqondo yengane, "Akumele kube nzima kakhulu." Ngokusho Babbage, "kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu okuthuleyo okukhulu kwaholela abanye ukucabanga abantwana bakhe."

Wabe wabhalisa esikoleni King Edward VI yaqhubeka e Totnes, South Devon, isikole elichumayo esibanzi, nesebenzela kuze kube yilolu suku, kodwa isimo sempilo ngesikhathi sokuphoqa Charles ukuba baphendukele abafundisi yangasese. Ekugcineni efika ivaliwe abafundi Academy 30, eholwa uMfundisi Stiven Friman. Lesakhiwo has umtapo omkhulu, okuyinto Babbage esetshenziselwa self-ucwaningo izibalo kanye wafunda ukuthanda ke. Ngemuva kokushiya Academy, ayenakho umeluleki ezimbili siqu. Omunye wabo kwakungu-the umfundisi yaseCambridge, lapho emfundisweni Charles waphendula kanje: ". Ngiyesaba ukuthi Ngifundé zonke izinzuzo ezingase uthole" Ingxenye yesibili yayithi kwakumelwe onguprofesa Oxford. Wafundisa zabuna kaCharles Babbage,, ukuze wamukelwe Cambridge.

Ukutadisha eNyuvesi

Ngo-October 1810 Babbage efika e Cambridge, ngangenela eTrinity College. Wayefanele imfundo yekhethelo - Lagrange wayazi Leibniz, Lacroix, Simpson futhi sina udumazeke izinhlelo zezibalo etholakalayo. Ngakho-ke, yena noJohane Herschel, George Ipigogo, kanye nabanye abangane wanquma ukwakha Analytical Society.

Lapho 1812 Babbage idluliselwe Peter Indlu Cambridge, wayengumuntu sezibalo engcono; kodwa akazange beqede udumisa. degree Honorary wathola kamuva, ngisho ngaphandle kokuphumelela ezifundweni ngo 1814.

Ngo 1814 Charlz Bebbidzh washada Georgiana Whitmore. Uyise, ngoba noma ngabe yisiphi isizathu, ungalokothi wasibusisa. Umndeni wawuhlala ngokuthula e London, Devonshire Street, 5. kuphela nezingane zabo ezintathu eziyisishiyagalombili ngasinda ebudaleni.

Ubaba Charles, umkakhe kwenye yamadodana akhe zafa kabuhlungu ngo 1827.

ikhompyutha iphrojekthi

Ezinsukwini Charles Babbage kulesi sibalo amatafula zezibalo ngokuvamile senza iphutha, ngakho wanquma ukuthola indlela entsha ukuthi ayeyokwenza athutha, ekuqedeni bomshayeli. Umqondo wazalwa ngo azoyithola bakhe bokuqala kakhulu, e 1812.

izici ezintathu ezahlukene bathonya ukwamukela isinqumo esinjalo:

• akakuthandanga budedengu futhi AMANGA;
• kwakulula amatafula logarithmic;
• Thina babephefumulelwe umsebenzi ekhona kubalwa imishini W. Schickard, B. Pascal futhi Leibniz.

izimiso eziyisisekelo idivayisi ukubala, kokuxoxa ayeyibhalela Mnumzane H. Davy ekuqaleni 1822.

umehluko injini

Babbage ethulwa lokho okuthiwa "umehluko injini", iRoyal Astronomical Society Juni 14, 1822 ku iphepha enesihloko esithi "Amanothi on ukusetshenziswa umshini kathisha amathebula yezinkanyezi kanye zezibalo." Wayengase ukubala Polynomials usebenzisa indlela zezinombolo ngokuthi umehluko.

Umphakathi ivume umqondo, futhi ngo-1823 uhulumeni wanikeza kuye £ 1,500 at isakhiwo wakhe. Babbage senziwe kwelinye lamakamelo emzini wakhe workshop baqatsha Dzhozefa Klementa engamele ukwakhiwa zedivayisi. ingxenye ngayinye kwakumelwe kwenziwe ngesandla ngosizo amathuluzi akhethekile, amaningi aye athuthukiswe. Charles wenza eziningi uhambo kumabhizinisi zezimboni ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi izinqubo zokukhiqiza. Ngokusekelwe kulezi uhambo futhi okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe siqu ekudaleni imishini e 1832 Babbage eshicilelwe iphepha "On the umnotho semishini ukukhiqizwa." Kwakuwusuku sokuqala simenyezelwe lalokho namuhla akubiza ngokuthi "inhlangano yesayensi zokukhiqiza."

wehlelwe usizi ngokuqondile futhi evakashele eYurophu

ukufa unkosikazi Georgiana sika, uyise Charles Babbage nendodana yakhe encane kuphazamisekile wokwakha 1827. Imisebenzi abadliwa kuye kakhulu, futhi wayebaleka ukuze esengozini wokugoqa. Dzhon Gershel kanye nabanye abangane eziningana uyaqiniseka Babbage uthathe uhambo oluya eYurophu beya lulama. Wayeya ngebhasi ngokusebenzisa iNetherlands, iBelgium, eJalimane, e-Italy, ngokuvakashela amanyuvesi kanye nezimboni.

E-Italy, wathola ukuthi wamiswa Lucasian UProfesa Mathematics eCambridge University. Ekuqaleni, wayefuna ukuyeka, kodwa abangane emnxusa ngenye indlela. Ekubuyeleni kwakhe e-England ngo 1828 wathuthela Dorset Street, 1.

Iqhubekisa

Phakathi ukungabi khona Babbage sika Umehluko Engine iphrojekthi ifikile ngaphansi umlilo. Amahemuhemu okuthi wonk waqala imali uhulumeni ukuthi umshini akusebenzi futhi ukuthi kwakungeke azinamphumela olungokoqobo uma sinawo ayenziwe. Dzhon Gershel kanye iRoyal Society usevikele iphrojekthi esidlangalaleni. Uhulumeni waqhubeka ukwesekwa yayo ngokunikeza £ 1,500 Apreli 29, 1829, £ 3,000 ngo-December 3, futhi okufanayo Februwari 24, 1830. Umsebenzi waqhubeka, kodwa Babbage njalo nenkinga ekutholeni imali yengcebo.

Ukulaxazwa yephrojekthi

Izinkinga zezimali kaCharles Babbage kwaqondana okubi kakhulu yokungavumelani noKlemente. Babbage ikhaya labo wakha ezimbili storey, workshop imitha-15 ubude. Njalo lo wayelodadewabo ophahleni ingilazi ukukhanyisa, kanye engangenwa umlilo igumbi ahlanzekile yokugcina umshini. Clement wenqaba ukuya esitolo entsha bafuna imali ukuhamba uzungeze umuzi ukuba engamele umsebenzi. Ukuphendula Babbage wammemela uthole inkokhelo ngokuqondile Treasury. Clement wenqaba futhi wayeka umsebenzi wokwakha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, yenqaba nginikeze imidwebo kanye namathuluzi asisebenzisa ekudaleni Engine Umehluko. Ngemva nokusi- £ 23.000, kuhlanganise £ 6,000 ukulingana Babbage, umsebenzi kudivayisi sidle bunqamuka ngo 1834. Ngo 1842, uhulumeni ngokusemthethweni belahla phrojekthi.

Charlz Bebbidzh kanye Engine Analytical

Kunokuba we-Engine Umehluko Ngaqala ukucabanga ifomu yakhe ngcono. Phakathi 1833 futhi 1842, Charles ubezama ukwakha umshini lingacushwa ukuba aveze ukubala, hhayi kuphela eziphathelene zibalo polynomial. Ukufohla abokuqala lapho uqondiswe ekhishwa ama-apharathasi ngesikhathi input yayo amakhambi eminye of zibalo. Wachaza ke njengoba emshinini "odla umsila wayo siqu." Akazange athathe isikhathi eside ukukhomba izici eyinhloko injini kohlaziyo.

Charles Babbage ikhompyutha ukungena idatha kanye nemiyalelo mayelana izibalo ezidingekayo esetshenziswa Punch amakhadi, lathathwa Jacquard uhlaka lokweluka indwangu. I-apharathasi laliyizingxenye ezimbili: esigayweni futhi isitoreji. Mill, elihambisana wokugaya computer yesimanje, ukwenza imisebenzi kwi-idatha etholwe kusuka onalo, okungase kubhekwe njengendlela inkumbulo. Kwaba computer yokuqala jikelele-njongo emhlabeni.

Ikhompyutha Charles Babbage lwenzelwe ngo-1835. Ubukhulu umsebenzi Beku ngempela. Babbage nabasizi eziningana ziye wadala imidwebo 500 ezinkulu design, 1,000 amashidi kwezimpawu mechanical izincazelo 7,000 amashidi. Kwaphela esigayweni kwaba 4.6 m kanye 1.8 m ububanzi. Isitoreji amadijithi 100 enwetshiwe ku 7.6 m. Ukuze mshini zabo ezintsha Babbage wakha izingcezu ukuhlolwa encane. Ngokugcwele umshini wangaqedwa. Ngo-1842, ngemva kwezingxabano eziningi imizamo akuphumelelanga ukuba bathole uxhaso kuhulumeni, waphendukela uSir Robert Peel. Wenqaba futhi esikhundleni ukumqhubela knighthood. Babbage wenqaba. Waqhubeka shintsha futhi ukuthuthukisa design iminyaka eminingi ezayo ngenxa yalokhu.

Countess of Lovelace

Ngo-October 1842 Federiko Luidzhi, jikelele Italian nesazi sezibalo, wanyathelisa isihloko esasikhuluma ngeSikhumbuzo Analytical Engine. Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace, umngane ezingomakadebona Babbage, elihunyushwe umsebenzi isiZulu. Charles wamcela ukuba anikeze amanothi wokuhumusha. Phakathi 1842 futhi 1843 umbhangqwana amanothi ezibhaliwe ndawonye 7, ubude ingqikithi okuyinto kathathu ubukhulu langempela izihloko. Komunye wayo Hogo walungisa itafula zohlelo, okuyinto Babbage wadala ukubala Bernoulli izinombolo. Kwesinye, wabhala mayelana generalized umshini we-Aljibhra ukuthi ongenza imisebenzi izimpawu kanye nezinombolo. mhlawumbe Lovelace waba ngowokuqala ukufeza umgomo owodwa, kwenza amadivayisi Babbage, futhi abanye njengesibusiso ikhompyutha uMklami kwezwe yokuqala. Waqala ukusebenza kwethi, echaza injini kohlaziyo kabanzi, kodwa awunaso isikhathi ukuwuqeda.

ubunjiniyela isimangaliso

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka ephakathi Okthoba 1846 kuya ku-March 1849 ka Babbage waqala ukuklama umehluko umshini yesibili, usebenzisa lwati lolutfolakele ukudala ucwaningo lwabo. It wasetshenziselwa izingcezu 8000 kuphela, ngaphansi kathathu kwelokuqala. Kwakuyisimangaliso engineering.

Ngokungafani ukuhlaziywa, okuyinto uhlale tweaked futhi ilungiswe, wesibili Umehluko Engine sekuphothulwe kokuqala ukuthuthukiswa isigaba angashintshiwe. Esikhathini esizayo, umsunguli azenzanga mzamo wokubuya ukwakha kudivayisi.

24 umdwebo wahlala endaweni yokugcina ka-Museum of Science, kwaze kwafika uCharles Babbage imibono ukusebenza ngo 1985-1991, kudalwa ogcwele ithopholoji ngesikhathi kugujwa iminyaka engu-200th lokuzalwa kwakhe. Ubukhulu kudivayisi wenza 3.4 m ubude, 2.1 m ukuphakama futhi 46 cm ukujula, isisindo sawo - amathani 2.6. Ukunemba imikhawulo yayiba amagugu ongase ufinyelelwe ngaleso sikhathi.

impumelelo

Ngo-1824, Babbage won Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society "I-indlela yakhe umshini kuhlaziywa amatafula zezibalo kanye yezinkanyezi."

Kusukela ngo-1828 kuya ku-1839 Babbage kwaba Lucasian UProfesa Mathematics eCambridge. Uye ebhaliwe ngoba eziningi nakomagazini zesayensi, futhi waba nesandla ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane Astronomical Society 1820 kanye Statistical Society 1834.

Ngo-1837, ngenxa 8 olusemthethweni Bridgewater indatshana "On the amandla, ukuhlakanipha futhi ubuhle bukaNkulunkulu esiboniswe Creation", wanyathelisa lesishiyagalolunye Bridgewater Treatise ngokubeka phambili umqondo wokuthi uNkulunkulu, banezimfanelo omnipotence nokubona izinto kusengaphambili, wadala lesishaya saphezulu, esikhiqiza imithetho ( noma izinhlelo) okuyinto ke ngaleso zinhlobo esifanele wadala, ngaleyo ndlela asuse isidingo okwenza izimangaliso njalo kwakudingeka izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo. Le ncwadi iqukethe izingcaphuno izincwadi kombhali kanye noJohane Herschel ngale ndaba.

Charlz Bebbidzh futhi zathola imiphumela ephawulekayo indlela yokubhala efihla incazelo. Waphula umshini cipher; kanye cipher buthaka okuningi manje esaziwa ngokuthi Vigenère cipher. Ukuvulwa Babbage ke eyayisetshenziswa amabutho aseBrithani futhi lanyatheliswa eminyakeni embalwa nje. Ngenxa yalokho, unelungelo igunya wadlulela Frederick Kasiski, owafika into efanayo eminyakeni embalwa kamuva.

Ngo-1838 Babbage yasungulwa puteochistitel, uzimele metal ukuthi sinamathela phambi esitimela, ukusula izithiyo endleleni. Futhi wayekholelwa eziningi izifundo Elikhulu-Western Railway Isambard Brunel Umbuso.

Yena kanye kuphela wazama ukungena kwezombusazwe lapho 1832 wathatha ingxenye okhethweni edolobheni Finsbury. Ukulandela ivoti, Babbage wathatha indawo yokugcina.

Sezibalo umsunguli oshone ngo-October 18, 1871 lapho ngineminyaka engu-engu-79.

Izingxenye amalungiselelo sidle lwamakhompyutha adalwe kuye ayatholakala ukuvakashela Science Museum eLondon. Ngo-1991 yayakhiwe Umehluko Engine ngesisekelo izinhlelo zalo zokuqala, futhi esebenza kahle.