KumiswaIndaba

Imfihlo "Wik Society" Decembrists: a Umculu wenchubomgomo, inhloso abahlanganyeli

Umlando XIX leminyaka eRussia enothe izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene. Nokho, lokho kuvukela le Decembrists 'at iSigele Square ithatha phakathi kwabo endaweni ekhetheke kakhulu. Phela, uma injongo zonke okwazanywa yimpumelelo futhi akuphumelelanga ukugumbuqela umbuso kunoma lizwe yayihloselwe ukuthatha indawo eyodwa autocrat abanye, khona-ke kulesi sikhathi kwaba ushintsho esimisweni sezenhlalo kwathatha inqubo isimo umthetho Republican. Initiators ka-December kuvukela babe amalungu "South" futhi "North" imiphakathi eyimfihlo, iphethwe yi- NM Izintuthwane, Trubetskoy futhi PI Pestel.

prehistory

Indaba mayelana kuvukela le Decembrists 'ngokuvamile wesiko ukuze uqale nge isisekelo Aleksandrom Muravevym Petersburg "Union Lakho Lensindiso' - umphakathi imfihlo, owamisa umgomo walo yokukhululwa abalimi futhi ukufeza kwekuhlela kabusha ezinkulu emkhakheni ukuphathwa isimo. Le nhlangano eyathatha unyaka owodwa kuphela, futhi yahlakazeka ngenxa umehluko ukubukwa abahlanganyeli 'phezu kungenzeka regicide. Nokho, abaningi amalungu ayo baqhubeka nemisebenzi yabo, manje "Welfare Union". Uma bakhi wafunda ukuthi iziphathimandla zihlose ukubathathela ukwethula phakathi kwababusi abavukeli ngokuthi izinhloli zabo, esikhundleni amenzileyo "Northern" (ekuqaleni 1822) kanye "South" (1821), imiphakathi eyimfihlo. Eyokuqala wabo wasebenza ngawo dolobha enyakatho, kanti eyesibili - eKiev.

umphakathi Wik

Naphezu eziningana isimo yesifundazwe inhlangano bakhi ezisebenza e-Ukraine, ilungu lawo okuningi iqoqo olukhulu ukwedlula "northerners". Lokhu ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi "Wik Society" yayinama ngokuphelele officer, ngokuqinisekile iningi labo elalibe isipiliyoni empini, futhi amalungu alo amaningi wafuna ukushintsha isakhiwo sepolitiki kuleli zwe nge-umbuso wezempi futhi regicide. Izinto zashintsha emsebenzini wakhe waqala ngo-1823. Yingaleso sikhathi ezenzeka inkomfa Kiev ukuthi bamukela wenchubomgomo "Wik Society" ebhalwe ngu pavla Pestelya, ngokuthi "Iqiniso Russian". Lo msebenzi, kanye uMthethosisekelo ochitshiyelwe Murav'ev wancika ngamalungu "Northern Society", kudlale indima enkulu ekwakhiweni ukubukwa okuqhubekayo phakathi Izicukuthwane Russian kwekhulu XIX, ngenhlanhla, okwaholela ukuqedwa serfdom.

Umculu wenchubomgomo

"Iqiniso Russian" Pestel yethulwa kuwo amalungu enkantolo, "Wik Society" ngo-1823. Nokho, waqala ukusebenza kuso emuva ngo-1819. Ubude okuye kwabhalwa izahluko 5 emhlabathini, ikilasi kanye maphuzu athinta izwelonke. Pestel ezihlongozwayo ukuqamba kabusha Nizhniy Novgorod uVladimir futhi zayiswa inhlokodolobha isimo omusha waseRussia esihlanganisiwe nge ifomu republic kahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "Iqiniso Russian" kwaphakamisa umbuzo we ukuqedwa ngokushesha we serfdom. I "Wik Society" Decembrists kufakwe futhi:

  • nokulingana ngaphambi komthetho, zonke izakhamuzi;
  • ilungelo lokuvota "Popular LoMhlangano" ngokuba bonke bathi abangaphezu kweminyaka engu-amabili;
  • inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ekilasini, inhlangano, ukunyakaza kanye nabezindaba;
  • bangasephula ekhaya futhi umuntu;
  • nokulingana ngaphambi ubulungiswa.

imigomo

Njengoba iye wathi, "Wik Society" kwaba olukhulu ngaphezulu kakhulu 'North. " Inhloso Its main kwakufanele:

  • nokuqedwa autocracy, kuhlanganise ekubhujisweni ngokomzimba wonke amalungu eNdlu ebusayo Romanov;
  • ukuqedwa serfdom, kodwa ngaphandle kokunikeza zwe ukuba abalimi;
  • Ukwethulwa kwe-akhona kumthethosisekelo;
  • ukubhujiswa ngezigaba;
  • ukusungulwa uhulumeni omele.

P. Pestel: emfushane emfushane umlandvomufi

Ngakho owayeneminyaka oshayelayo "Wik Society" futhi wadala omunye imibhalo ezibaluleke kakhulu eziphathelene ilungiselelo Russia, ngesisekelo izimiso Ukukhanyiselwa? Leyo ndoda yayiyisibani Pestel, uPavel Ivanovich, owazalelwa e-1793 eMoscow, emndenini isiJalimane, lapho ababethi yamaLuthela. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-12, lo mfanyana wathunyelwa Dresden, lapho afundela khona kwelinye izikole avaliwe. imfundo ephakeme Pavel Pestel kwaba ngo Corps of amakhasi, futhi lapho liqedwa le nsizwa ekhonjwe ibutho Lithuanian. umsebenzi lempi bozungu esizayo kwakungekho ngaphezu yimpumelelo. Ikakhulukazi, Pestel yabonisa izimangaliso isibindi ngesikhathi Battle of Borodino futhi nezinye izimpi kweMpi Yezwe II ngo-1812, iye yaklonyeliswa ezihlukahlukene imiklomelo Russian futhi azihlanganisa.

umsebenzi Political pavla Pestelya

Ngemva kokunqoba kuka-Napoleon imvelo sezikhonzi Russian kokuba izinhlangano zezombusazwe, ihlose ukwenza ngcono isimo abalimi futhi ukhawule noma zize zichithe kwamakhosi. Esinye sazo kwakungu-ezempi Pavel Pestel, owaba ilungu "Union Lakho Lensindiso ', kamuva" Union of Welfare, "futhi ekugcineni zaholela e 1821" umphakathi Wik imfihlo. " I miscalculation main ukuthi wenza Pestel Pavel Ivanovich, kwaba isiphakamiso sakhe ukuthi, uma kwenzeka ukunqoba kwe-izenzo zokuvukela unomphela ezweni abuse Uhulumeni Yesikhashana. Lomqondo uye wabangela ukukhathazeka phakathi amalungu "Northern Society", njengoba phakathi izihlubuki babebaningi zalabo abayibona ezenzweni zayo futhi isifiso sokuba yisithunywa umashiqela, kanye nokufisa izikhundla kaNapoleon. Yingakho "northerners" ekujaheni ukuhlanganisa ne "Southerners" okwagcina kunciphisa amakhono abo jikelele. Uma sibheka ukuphila kwethu imibhalo, ngesikhathi 1824, Pestel, ucabangela yena edida nozakwethu, anokudangala obukhulu ngisho nokubabulala isikhathi esithile engasenandaba imisebenzi "Wik Society".

"Umphakathi Southern": abahlanganyeli

Ngaphandle P. Pestel, amalungu inhlangano eyimfihlo ihlelwe phakathi lezi zikhulu amayunithi lempi wamisa ensimini ka-Ukraine yesimanje, babe kweshumi eziningana owaziwa yombutho ngesikhathi. Ikakhulukazi, phakathi abaholi "Southerners" igunya esikhethekile sabazalwane S. Muraviev-Apostol, M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Davydov kanye hero besizukulwane seMpi Patriotic ka 1812, unyaka S. Volkonsky. Ukuze ukuphathwa kwenhlangano iye akhethwe umqondisi, okuyinto, ngaphandle Pestel futhi Nikita Muraviev, wangenisa quartermaster-jikelele AP Yushnevsky.

Izenzo yiziphathimandla ukuba adalule imisebenzi imiphakathi eyimfihlo

Emlandweni ukunyakaza Decembrist, njengoba kunjalo nanoma iyiphi enye imiphakathi conspiratorial, kwakukhona amambuka futhi provocateurs. Ikakhulu, i-iphutha okwafa kuwo abantu abaningi wenza Pestel, owenza imfihlo "Wik Society" yakhe ilawulwe - uCaptain Arkady Mayboroda. Kugcine ayinazo imfundo, njengoba kufakazelwa namaphutha amaningi lwetakhi telulwimi ukuthi zikhona isijeziso ebhaliwe kubo Pestel, ngineminyaka engu yokungathembeki. Ekwindla ka-1825 Mayboroda wenza imfucuza enkulu imali lamasosha. Esaba imiphumela, watshela iziphathimandla ekhuluma ngokuhlubuka okwakuseduze. izahlulelo ezinamandla ngisho ngaphambili we bakhi wenziwe isikhulu non-ethunywe e Sherwood, okuyinto ngisho ngokuthi u-Alexander Okokuqala ukuba afakaze futhi ngathunyelwa endaweni yesevisi Third Regiment Bug, ukuze akwazi ukuqhubeka nokubika izinhloso netifiso amavukelambuso.

Ilungiselela zabhikisha

Ekwindla ka-1825, emhlanganweni kawonkewonke S. Volkonsky, Pestel zihlonzwe Okuqondiwe "Wik Society" ezinyangeni ezizayo, ebaluleke kunazo zonke okwakukhona ukulungiswa lokho kuvukela, ihlelelwe-January 1, 1826. Iqiniso liwukuthi namuhla Wabayisa Vyatka Regiment bekumele enze imisebenzi yabalindi endlunkulu Army 2nd e Tulchin. Abakhi bozungu lwenzelwe umzila ophoqelelwe imashi Petersburg, supply ukudla kubalulekile. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi uzoboshwa umlawuli nenduna kwabasebenzi yempi futhi zayiswa Petersburg, lapho kusekelwa amayunithi ibutho eholwa zikhulu United Member "Northern Society".

Imiphumela ukuvukela kwezinceku Decembrists amalungu "Wik Society"

Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi Pestel Pavel Ivanovich waboshwa ngisho phambi izenzakalo iSigele Square, nokuningi kakhulu, Disemba 13, 1825, ngenxa yalokho okubalahla Mayboroda. Kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ebambekile ezandleni inkantolo amalungu 37 "Society of South", kanye namalungu 61 "Northern Society" kanye nabantu 26 ezihlobene "Society of South lwamaSlav". Abaningi babo bagwetshwa tinhlobo letehlukene ukufa kodwa ke okuvukela kwakhe kuxolelwe, ngaphandle ezinhlanu: Pestel, Ryleeva, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Kakhovka futhi Muraviev-Apostol.

Lo mbhikisho we Chernigov Regiment

Ngemva usuyaziqaphela imicimbi ngalesi iSigele Square, futhi eziningi zabaholi "Wik Society" baboshwa, asele khulula nabo banquma ukuziphindiselela. Ikakhulukazi, Disemba 29 Izinduna zabantwana Chernigov Regiment Kuzmin, Sukhinov, Soloviev futhi Schepillo ehlaselwa izinduna zabo regimental futhi wakhulula Muraviev-Apostol, ngubani wagqunywa emzaneni Trilesy. Ngakusasa, lezi zihlubuki ashaqe edolobheni cornflowers futhi Motovilovka, eyakhipha le "Orthodox Catechism", okuyinto ukukhalaza namazwi zenkolo lamabutho wazama sibachazela ukuthi izinsolo nobunkulunkulu kombuso - eqanjiwe, nabantu Russian kufanele balalele kuphela intando yeNkosi, hhayi autocrat.

Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, emzaneni labetibambile Ustymivka izingxabano ezishubile phakathi kwezingane lezi zihlubuki bese amasosha kahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, S. Muraviev-Apostle wamenqabela ukwenza amasosha nomlilo, enethemba lokuthi kanjalo izinduna abazithola ngakolunye uhlangothi. Ngenxa yalokho lwalesi sibhicongo walinyazwa, umfowabo wazibulala, kwaboshwa 6 izikhulu kanye amasosha 895. Ngakho, "Wik Society" uye beqiniso lashabalala, namalungu aso ayebhalwa wabhubhisa ngokomzimba noma zehliswa ezikhundleni kanye eSiberia noma impi, impi eqhubekayo eCaucasus.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukuvukela kwezinceku Decembrists bangathola lutho, ke wabonisa sovereigns Russian phezu sidzingo setingucuko, okuyinto Nokho, lapho ukusabela uNicholas II ungazange sezenziwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhlelo "Wik Society" futhi "UMthethosisekelo" Muravyov anikeza ugqozi ukuthuthukiswa izinhlelo Russian uguqule izinhlangano wamavukelambuso, okuyinto, isimiso, futhi lokhu kwaholela 1917.

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