Incwadi uma ikhuluma ngebitume - Iyini? Izakhiwo kanye isicelo ibitume

Incwadi uma ikhuluma ngebitume - lokhu ingenye zokwakha endala ezaziwayo. Namuhla, ukusetshenziswa kwalo kuhilela ngempela ezihlukahlukene ongakhetha. Kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningi yalesi material.

zinhlobo

izinto Bituminous - kukhona izinto zokwakha eziphilayo, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningana zazo.

• Ibitume lemvelo litholakala. Ingabe izinto viscous noma impahla okuqinile okuyindawo ehlanganisa compounds carbohydrate nemikhiqizo yabo. Izindlela kumiswa zabo kukhona yemvelo namachibi izinqubo lamafutha polymerization. Basuke sandile izindawo kawoyela. Pure ibitume yemvelo - kuyinto into ezingavamile.
• Asphalt zilwane. Lolu hlobo kutholakala kaningi kwalowo odlule. Kungenxa emadwaleni ngezimbotshana. Bachotshozwe futhi ziyacolwa. Njengoba kuvela itiyela umgwaqo.
• Oil. Kuyinto uhlobo impahla yokufakelwa. It ikhiqizwa inqubo yokucwenga. Ngokuhambisana inqubo umjikelezo uhlobo ibitume enjalo leyabantu asalile, namachibi futhi ngokuhlaziya.

isakhiwo

Incwadi uma ikhuluma ngebitume has ukwakheka elandelayo version zakudala:

• ku-80% carbon;
• kuya ku-15% e-hydrogen,
• kusukela 2 kuya ku-9% sulphur;
• hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-5% umoya-mpilo;
• kusukela 0 kuya 2% nitrogen.

Lezi izinto kukhona ngesimo hydrocarbon compounds, isibabule, umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen.

Zonke izici ze kungenziwa labizwa zaba ngamaqembu amathathu.

1. ingxenye Solid - eliphezulu yamangqamuzana isisindo hydrocarbon ngokuthi asphaltenes. Kukhona izingxenye ziqinile paraffins.

2. Resins - izinto amorphous, okuyinto abe nombala onsundu amnyama.

3. ingxenyenamba uwoyela - iyona hydrocarbon ahlukahlukene okuyinto abe kwabantu ngaphansi kuka-1.

Incwadi uma ikhuluma ngebitume - ke kuyinto into eziyinkimbinkimbi ephethe isilinganiso esithile zonke izingxenye. Ukwanda isisindo yayo asphaltenes singase sinyuse ubulukhuni, brittleness futhi akuthanjiswanga lokushisa.

I waxes futhi ukunciphisa ductility ibitume, ngakho ukunakwa ikhokhelwa womshini ukwehla okuqukethwe kwabo ku-5% noma ngaphansi.

sphere kwesicelo

Kuye Izakhiwo ukuhlukanisa mikhakha elandelayo kwesicelo ibitume:

• ukwakhiwa komgwaqo;
• ukufulela;
• zingangenwa ngamanzi;
• elektorokabelya ukukhiqizwa;
• ubuchwepheshe Shino-iraba;
• amabhethri;
• upende varnishes;
• yokusansimbi;
• uglebriketov ukukhiqizwa;
• Yokucwenga.

Imisebenzi Ukwakhiwa ku ibitume ayo indaba ethandwa kakhulu ukuze ungangenisi amanzi lezinto ezihlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi zewayini kanye ezindlini.

uwoyela umgwaqo

Ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo esetshenziswa petroleum itiyela umgwaqo (GOST 22245-90). Kukhona izinhlobo amaningi ezinto ezifana.

Ukuze ukhethe uhlobo ungcono, kufanele ichaze uhlobo sezulu zone.

Ukuze izimo zemvelo izimpawu izinga lokushisa kule sizini abandayo akazidluli -20? C ngokwesilinganiso, afaneleka ngokuhambisana GOST bitumens umgwaqo ezifana BND 200/300, 130/200 BND futhi BND 90/130.

Ukuze izifunda lapho ukushisa okuvamile esikhathini abandayo senhlobo ngonyaka kusukela -10 kuya -20? C, inikeza petroleum itiyela umgwaqo II no III izingxenye sezulu komgwaqo. Lezi zihlanganisa lezi zinhlobo ezingenhla, kanye 60/90.

Uma nyangazonke lokushisa phakathi nesikhathi abandayo konyaka uhla ka -5 ukuba -10? C, iStandard sihlinzekela Ukusebenzisa ibitume uwoyela komgwaqo njengoba zonke izinhlobo ngenhla, kanye BND 40/60, 90/130 BN, BN 130/200 BN 200/300.

Ezindaweni lapho ezomhlaba ebusika libhekene okushisa hhayi ngaphansana 5? C, efanelekayo uwoyela umgwaqo ibitume izinhlobo ezifana BND 40/60, 60/90, 90/130 BND, BN 60/90, 90/130 BN.

uwoyela

Kukhona izinhlobonhlobo ezisetshenziswa nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo nje kuphela kodwa futhi izakhiwo zokuhlala. Le brand jikelele. Kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu kuphela, okuhlanganisa ezifana petroleum ibitume njengodaka BN 70/30, 90/130 BN, BN 50/50.

Kanye-petroleum itiyela umgwaqo, GOST elawula izimo kwesicelo zohlobo ngalunye oluphilayo zakwazi, ngoba ukwakhiwa ibitume izenzo GOST 6671-76.

I ephansi izinga lokushisa kwemvelo, indaba nokunwebeka ngaphezulu kumele sisetshenziswe ukwakhiwa. Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa nempilo ende yayo kanye nesikhathi operation.

izinto Amafutha ukufulela

Ukuze ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi ku ukufakwa ophahleni usebenzisa ibitume ekhethekile. Izakhiwo kanye izicelo ke kulawulwa GOST 9548-74. Le ndinganiso kuhilela ukusetshenziswa ezintathu izinhlobo ezintweni zokwakha uphahla:

• BOC 90/30 - has a ububanzi ezifana ukwakheka enamathela ungqimba ophahla.
• BNK 40/180 - isetshenziswa ukuba sifeze impregnation.
• BNK 45/190 - kuyakhethwa ukuthola futhi kucutshungulwa impahla ukufulela ngoba uphahla.

Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza ezinomthelela nohlobo impahla umgwaqo

Asphalt komgwaqo, GOST esihlinzeka izinhlobo eziningana into enjalo libhekene ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukene. Ngamunye unikeza izinga elithile impahla.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu kubo, belinganisa kwenkululeko ibitume ezibhekwa ductility, iphuzu ukuthambisa, brittleness, agqoke, viscosity, izakhiwo ingcina.

Amazinga okushisa aphakeme ukukhuthaza ukwanda degree of itiyela viscosity. Ngo kubanda nje leyo ndawo ilahlekelwa izinga impahla kanye nesikhathi ukufinyelela umngcele ezishisayo iba ziyaqothuka.

Kuyasiza ukwandisa plasticity kwalokho we indaba uwoyela. Frost ngaphezulu petroleum itiyela, ayanda izinga ekilasini yayo.

agqoke lokushisa futhi isici esibaluleke kakhulu material ezifana itiyela umgwaqo. Standard ihlinzeka value standard yale ipharamitha +200? C no ngenhla. Amazinga Siyafulesha ngaphezulu, ephansi flammability ejenti.

adhesion izinga kuzosiza ukwazi kahle ukuthi uye wayiqonda ibitume base ebusweni. Ayanda score, ukuya ngokuqina impahla kugcinwa phezu.

Ubuchwepheshe kokusebenzisa izinto

Ngenkathi kwakhiwa imigwaqo kanye nezinye izikhungo, elifudumele-up ubuchwepheshe itiyela. Le nqubo ibizwa eyenziwa ngokuhambisana nemithetho ethile kuphela. Le nqubo ye usebenzisa indaba itholakala izici into ezifana itiyela. GOST lembula izakhiwo ngendlela ebaluleke kakhulu.

Ukufudumeza impahla ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha nokulungisa, ebhodweni okhethekile nge izindonga awugqinsi metal futhi isivalo hermetically lokuvala. I ukushuba we ozokufunda kuzokusiza umvumele ukuba ugweme overcooking.

2/3 ithangi egcwele. Incwadi uma ikhuluma ngebitume ngaphambi ahlukaniselwe izingcezu ubukhulu ezincane.

Ukushisisa kwenziwa umlilo omncane, futhi yancibilika impahla kuze mass homogeneous. Lapho kudingidwa indaba angaphandle isuswe ngesihlungo lwabo olukhethekile. Reserve reheating lokushisa 200? C.

Ukushisisa ezingeni lokushisa +160 ukuze +170? C elicibilikile ibitume cishe 3 h. Uma ukwandisa ke nenani umkhawulo, inqubo Ukushisa kuyoba ihora 1 kuphela.

Incwadi uma ikhuluma ngebitume imigwaqo ungeme ukwandisa Ukushisa phezu +200? C, ngoba impahla yabo kusuka lokhu kuzokwenza ukuwohloka. Lapho 220? C iqala ukwakha coke.

Lapho ibitume ebilayo ekhiqizwa ezingemnandi intuthu okuphuzi ngokuluhlaza okotshani, kanti lapho efika emngceleni kuya +240? C impahla zingase zephule ngisho. Khona-ke lingaphandle kubhayela eduze ukucisha amalangabi.

Ngemva okweqile kanye flashing itiyela umgwaqo kuba ziyaqothuka futhi ayisekho zafanelwa umsebenzi ukwakhiwa noma zokulungisa.

Ukugcinwa Kwazo Ngenjongo zokuthutha

isitoreji ngebitume senzeka emathangini ekhethekile. Basuke ifakwe eshukumisayo izindlela ukufuthelana izidakamizwa. Le nqubo kumele abe ekhethekile umusi okuphakelayo indlela yokuvimbela agqoke umusi impahla.

Ukuze kukhucululwe amathangi elinikeziwe ezansi nomthambeka.

Technique ethutha ketshezi asphalt komgwaqo, ifakwe amaphampu ekhethekile lapho akhishwa impahla.

Uma impahla uthuthwa ifomu okuqinile, wasebenzisa indlela eyisipesheli egoqekayo.

Phakathi ezokuthutha kanye isitoreji enikeziwe ukuze zonke izidingo zokuphepha umlilo, njengoba iphathelene ibitume oluvuthayo. Ukufeza zonke imithetho yokuphepha, akukho ukumesaba nesenzakalo ngezimo ezingalindelekile emsebenzini nale impahla. Ngemva kokutadisha izakhiwo nezinhlobonhlobo impahla ongaphumelela silisebenzise ekwakheni izakhiwo ezahlukene.

Incwadi uma ikhuluma ngebitume - into enezimfanelo ezinhle ezifana ukumelana namanzi, amandla, nonsusceptibility umthelela zezulu, umsindo ongaphakeme futhi obala ezishisayo kanye ongaphakeme conduction zamanje. Ngenxa yalaba izakhiwo, kuba ethandwa kakhulu futhi enokwethenjelwa yokwakha.