Self-kulinywe, Psychology
Ingane ene ASD: izici yentuthuko ngokwengqondo
Ngaphansi iziyaluyalu Autism spectrum (PAC), noma Autism kwakusho iziyaluyalu we sezinzwa ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo. ASD kungabonwa zisencane, ngoba izimpawu zaso likubeka ngokucacile.
Etiology autism
Kuze kube manje, siyini ngempela ukubonakala PAC bengayiqondi ngokugcwele. Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi indima enkulu okuvela yofuzo udlala. It is wafakazela ukuthi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ebuchosheni of autistic uqhubeke ngokuhlukile kancane kunabanye. imiphumela abahlukahlukene enqabayo esikhathini kokubeletha kungase kubangele ukuthuthukiswa izinhlanga, kodwa hhayi kungase kutholakale ngokwesayensi.
ASD symptomatology
Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi izimpawu zokuqala Autism kungabonakala ingane kuze kube unyaka owodwa kodwa akukho ukuvumelana, kungakhathaliseki kungenzeka njengesivikelo izimpawu wesiyaluyalu autistic. Izici eziphawulekayo eziningi izingane ezine ASD abe ngemva konyaka. Okulandelayo izimpawu osuvele kubonakala ingane, abazali abangu ukwazi ngesikhathi ukuze ubone onguchwepheshe:
- ingane akasabeli ukubukeka umama, ayiboni abantu wayazi, hhayi smiling;
- nobunzima ibele;
- kid kuyinto enzima kakhulu ukusungula kuchumana ngemehlo: kubukeka sengathi "ngokusebenzisa" abantu;
- izingane ezine ASD besaba iyiphi zikagesi ezinomsindo ezifana cleaner wezindlu;
- Izingane zivame ukuba nezinkinga ukulala: zivuka, amehlo abo zivuliwe, kodwa musa ukulala, hhayi ezingezwakali;
- uma uzama ukuthatha lezi zingane ezingalweni zakhe, izingane ziqala ukuba lwaleli emuva yakho ukuze lube nzima ucindezela kubo esifubeni.
Zonke lezi zimpawu zingatholakala ingane eneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-3 izinyanga, kodwa akukho udokotela uyobeka kulonyaka ukuthi nginesifo "Autism" ngoba ngaphezulu kule nqubo ye kumiswa umbuso kosuku, umsebenzi engqondweni yethu. Ngo engu amadala ingane kuqala ukuvela izimpawu ejwayelekile kakhulu futhi esobala ASD:
- ezinyakazayo okuphindayo;
- ukungabi nasithakazelo kubantu emhlabeni, ukwenqena ukuxhumana nabanye;
- uma kukhona ushintsho indawo, ingane ethukile futhi uvalo;
- izingane ngokulambisa kahle amakhono self-service;
- umntwana usuke engakabi edlala imidlalo cebo-Ekwenza Umlingiswa;
- izinkathi ezinde ukuthula esikhundleni ukuphindaphindwa okuyisidina imisindo noma amazwi.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-abasha ekuziphatheni autistic kuyinto eyamukeleka ngokuphelele, abazi uzwe kabi. abazali Autism ngokuvamile aphanjaniswe unenkinga yokuzwa, ngoba isizathu uya kudokotela onguchwepheshe kuyinto isikhalo ukulahlekelwa kukuzwa noma izinsolo yokungezwa. Njengoba umbono ezihlobene imisindo futhi akakhulumi?
Abazali esolwa ukunciphisa amakhono kokuzwa ngoba ingane akasabeli lapho igama lakhe, ke akasabeli ukuthi umsindo ophakeme uzilimaza. Eqinisweni, akukho izinkinga esinezingane ezingezona izithulu musa nje aphile ezweni yabo futhi ungacabangi ukuthi kudingekile ukuba nokusabela ezintweni ezenzeka ngaphandle kuze kube seqophelweni, baze baqala ibakhathaze kid.
Ukubonakaliswa iASD yobudala pre-school
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezingane ene ASD lihlukile guys. Babebona ukwephulwa ezindaweni ezilandelayo:
- Nokuxhumana. Izingane ingakhulumi kakhulu, akukho okunamathiselwe umndeni nabangane. Musa ukudlala nezinye izingane, akathandi umdlalo wakhe emhlabeni ufuna iqhaza. Abezweli lapho ifinyelelwa nge isicelo noma ikholi nje. Imidlalo okuyisidina, okuyinto ubuswa izenzo stereotypical, kubonelelwa kakhulu ama--game-non izinto (amatshe, tindvuku, izinkinobho), kanye nemisebenzi ozithandayo umdlalo ingakhishwa bechitha isihlabathi, ukumpontshelwa kwamanzi. Yebo, bangakwazi iqhaza imidlalo nezingane zabo, kodwa bahluleke ukuqonda imithetho, ungathathi ngamawala ngokomzwelo aliqondi imizwa phambi kwezinye izingane. Yiqiniso, emhlabeni lokhu kuziphatha akathandi, kangangokuba akusekho yokuzingabaza. Ngakho-ke, lezi zingane uthanda ukuba yedwa.
- Inkulumo-sithombe. Ukuxhumana nomphakathi akakwazi ukuba uzindle ukuthuthukiswa yokukhuluma wengane. Ngaphandle ukuthi autistics kancane musa unake inkulumo abantu abadala, ibinzana inkulumo zivela esikhathini kusuka 1 ngonyaka 3 iminyaka, kodwa likukhumbuza amazwana. Libhekene echolalia (ukuphindaphinda okungalindelekile abantu). Isizathu njalo ukuze kuboniswane therapy nkulumo mutism ingane - ukungavumi ukuxhumana. Isici nobuntu inkulumo wukuthi izingane ungasebenzisi esithi "ngi": bakhuluma ngabo kule umuntu wesibili nowesithathu.
- Motility - ephula ezinyakazayo akuyona izimpawu kukhombisa ASD, ngoba enye i-traffic athuthukiswe kahle, abanye bebe zisale kakhulu kusukela kuyinsakavukela. Izingane zingase ngokungalungile ukulinganisa ibanga into, okungase kube imbangela ukuphoxeka motor. Uyakwazi ukuhamba tiptoe, ngenxa yezinkinga kungenzeka ukudidiyela izingane ukufunda nobunzima ukuhamba izitebhisi. Sekube nobunzima kule zokukhwabanisa lezinto ezincane, ukungakwazi ugibele ibhayisekili. Kodwa lokhu khona ukungakhululeki okuthile motor kanye nokudidiyela kahle kungenziwa kuhlangene i ibhalansi emangalisayo. Ngenxa izinkinga ithoni kwemisipha emlonyeni emhlathini livela amathe (amathe okusezingeni eliphezulu eyenzeke).
- Kubalulekile ukuba njalo unake Ochwepheshe ngoba uphethwe, ke ukuphazamiseka kokuziphatha. Izingane ungabukela isikhathi eside endaweni eyodwa, noma ukubheka into ubunyoninco izinto evamile futhi akanandaba amathoyizi. Thanda lapho konke ezindaweni evamile ngabo, uphatheke kabi kakhulu lapho izinto zingahambi kahle, sengathi esetshenziswa. Kungaba Ukuvutha okungazelelwe sonya, uma okuthile izinyane akusebenzi noma uzizwa ungakhululekile ngoba akakwazanga ngenye ukuveza imizwa yabo.
- Lo mbhalo uthi ukuthuthukiswa ezinhle inkumbulo mechanical, kodwa ukuqonda abampofu okuqukethwe inganekwane, izinkondlo. Ngokuphathelene empahla, ezinye izingane autistic angase abe mude kakhulu yobudala bakhe, ukuhlakanipha, ngisho ukuthi wayenesiphiwo endaweni ethile. Ngokuvamile ngalezi izingane bathi "indigo". Futhi ezinye kungancipha umsebenzi bokusungula. Kunoma ikuphi, inqubo yokufunda unfocused zabo, lapho kungukuphula lokuhlushwa ukunakwa.
izingane elikulesi sihloko abane ASD
Uma imiphumela ingane inhlolovo ukuthi nginesifo "Autism" ke has ithuba lokuya zasenkulisa noma uhlawula iqembu kwawo enkulisa noma iqembu elise esikhungweni psycho-Pedagogical ebandakanya ezokwelashwa yezenhlalakahle noma kokuhlala amaqembu. Ngenxa yokuthi ingane abahlushwa PAC, kunzima ukuba ngixhumane nabanye, elahlekile endaweni ongayazi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kubalulekile kuye Wawungumfundisi ukuthi uzomsiza ukuba nesikhathi sokuzijabulisa.
Ukuze izingane ezine ASD enkulisa
Injongo eyinhloko yawo nekutfutfukiswa kwetinhlelo izingane ezine ASD e zasenkulisa - kuba nembulunga umphakathi, ukuze abe namalungelo alinganayo nabanye abantwana. Izingane ezaziyikhonza zasenkulisa ke kulula kakhulu nezimo ezintsha futhi uthole contact nabanye.
Lapho kwakhiwa umsebenzi kwezimilo nezingane udinga ukusebenzisa indlela ephelele - kuyinto Pedagogical, usizo ezingokwengqondo zokwelapha "autyatam" amancane. Ukuze ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwezinhlelo zokuxhasa uhlelo kuyadingeka ukusungula uxhumano ngokomzwelo nengane. Ingane kudala ukuhlala ukhululekile ngoLwesithathu, ngaphandle ezingafinyeleleki kuye indlela uxhumane nezwe.
Dow futhi ahlele nosonhlalakahle izindlela kwesokudla kufanele ixoxe kanjani nezingane. Isihloko-ukuhlakulela enkulisa imvelo kufanele acabangele izici ukuthuthukiswa encane autistic, izithakazelo zakhe isinxephezeliso ukwephulwa akhona. Kuyinto efiselekayo ukuthi isikhungo laliyigumbi sezinzwa, ngoba ikuvumela ukuba uphumule isimiso sezinzwa okuthinta izitho sezinzwa ku ingane ezizwa elondekile nokuzola.
Izingane ezine ASD ngase esikoleni
Mhlawumbe enye yezinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingavela phambi abazali ingane ekhetheke - kungcono imfundo akhe aqhubekayo. Ngenxa yalokho, okungenxa yezimo ezikhethekile izindawo esikoleni izingane Autism akuyona, konke kuzoya kakhulu ngokuthi yikuphi enquma PMPC: uma ingane ine akahlakaniphile, ingagunyaza ukuqeqeshwa esikoleni 8 th umbono. Uma kukhona okunzima inkulumo neziyaluyalu, izwi esikoleni. Kodwa ngokuvamile lezi zingane avunyelwe ukufunda ezikoleni ezejwayelekile kuqhakanjiswe.
Abazali abaningi abafuna izingane zabo ifundiswe isikhungo mass komphakathi yimpumelelo esikhathini esizayo. Manje, lapho wonke umphakathi uzama ukuhlanganisa izingane ekhethekile emphakathini, wadala amakilasi ekhethekile ezikoleni ezejwayelekile, kodwa namanje hhayi zonke. Kungani kunzima ukuzivumelanisa ingane yezimo esikoleni?
- Ukuntuleka kokukhulumisana kwekhono othisha. Othisha abaningi nje asazi kanjani ukubhekana nalezi zingane, ngoba azilazi zonke imininingwane ye-PAC. Thina ukuxazulula le nkinga ngokwenza ukhulisa ziqu.
- kuzo kakhulu e amakilasi. ingane autistic ngubani ugwema zokuxhumana kunzima kakhulu ukufunda ezimweni ezinjalo.
- Daily imithetho isimiso esikoleni - izingane kufanele ukujwayela izimo ezintsha, ukuze Abafana akulula.
Njengoba enkulisa, imisebenzi esemqoka wokufundisa izingane ezine ASD esiphezulu isekuhlanganiseni emphakathini futhi imfundo eyanele ukuba ubudlelwano bakhe nontanga. Thishela kumele ihlangabezane nengane ethile nomkhaya wakhe ngaphambi kokuqala konyaka ukufunda izici zayo futhi baxhumane.
Lesi sikole uzodinga hhayi kuphela nokuqalisa uhlelo lwezifundo, kodwa futhi sihlakulele wesikole abane ASD ukuziphatha ethize: ekilasini ke kufanele libe sendaweni unomphela futhi indawo lapho engase aphumule khona. Thishela kumele yakha e collective bezibona yezingane ezanele kontanga abanezidingo ezikhethekile ekuthuthukiseni ngokusebenzisa izingxoxo ahlukahlukene, okwakuyoholela ukudalula isihloko ungubani.
AOP izingane ezine ASD
Yiqiniso, izincomo ukuvakashela nenqwaba izinkulisa nezikole akusho ukuthi izinqubo zemfundo kungukuthi kunakwe izici zalezi zingane. Kubo inikezwa i umzila ngamunye zokufundisa, apelwe ingashintshwa semfundo (AOP), lapho okuqukethwe ukuqeqeshwa nokuhlenga kwembulwa. Abasebenzi Pedagogical kudingekile ukuba athole ukwelashwa inkulumo, inkulumo pathologists nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, ngoba indlela eyisisekelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezimilo.
izinhlelo aguqulelwe izingane ezine ASD kusho:
- ukufakwa kancane kancane izingane yenqubo yokufunda;
- ukudalwa izimo ezikhethekile;
- ukuhlinzekwa ukwesekwa psycho-Pedagogical omkhaya;
- kumiswa ngetenhlalo nemagugu emasiko;
- ukuvikelwa ngokomzimba ezempilo nangokwengqondo wengane;
- ukuqinisekisa kokuhlukana izinhlelo zemfundo kanye nokuqukethwe ukuqeqeshwa;
- ukuhlanganiswa esiphezulu sabafundi abafunda abane ASD nomphakathi.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ezinjalo kusiza kakhulu inqubo yokufunda ezine ASD, ngoba uma ucabangela izici ngenxa yokulungiselela izingane ezinjalo, kudala uhlelo ngabanye ukuqeqeshwa. Nge okungebona abafundi autistic angase afune ahlule efanayo okusheshayo esikufundayo njengokungathi nabanye, idlala indima izimo ezingokwengqondo ezibalulekile, isb. A. Kubaluleke kakhulu kubo ukuba bazizwa benethezekile kuleli imvelo entsha. AOP evumela izingane autistic ukuthola ulwazi oludingekayo kanye ukuhlanganisa umphakathi.
Ukusebenza enezingane ezinezidingo ezikhethekile
umsebenzi kweziMilo nezingane ezine ASD kuhilela ukusebenzisana Speech Therapist, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo, Othisha, kanye nokuxhumana esebenzayo nabazali. Yiqiniso, ukuhamba lezi zingane wedwa usuku lonke endaweni entsha bengayi - udinga kancane kancane ukwandisa vremyaprebyvanie yayo isikhungo bese ukunciphisa isikhathi sokuba khona kwabazali.
Okuhle kunakho konke ukuthi, uma uthisha uzoqala izifundo noma ukuqedela isiko wayo okhethekile, kumelwe kuqedwe zonke izinto elikhanyayo, okungase kubangele ukusabela okungekuhle ingane. Othisha kumele afake amathoni ethule, kuyinto efiselekayo ukugwema nokusebenzisa amakha. Ingane kumele ibe unomphela sokusebenza kwakhe siqu, zonke izinto kufanele njalo kube khona. Abahlanganyeli inqubo yemfundo kufanele ulandele isimiso esithile. I kancane knock-out from the schedule noma ushintsho imvelo kungabangela ukucindezeleka ezinganeni autistic.
Izinto ezincane zibalulekile kakhulu impumelelo ukulungiswa isici kulo, ngokudala isizinda esihle ngokomzwelo ingane. Ekilasini kubaluleke kakhulu ukwakha isimo okuphumelela, isikhuthazo esihlala njalo, ukukhuthazwa, t. Ukuze. I nokwenziwa wolwazi basuke eduze ezihlobene ngesithakazelo somuntu siqu. Ingane idinga usizo uma kwenzeka nobunzima ekilasini ngempela zisebenzisa ukubonakala ezahlukene.
nomthelela omuhle ngayo ebantwaneni nge Autism Unomsebenzi ngokuhlanganyela ngazimbili. Lokhu akwenziwa lapho besanda kuqala ukuqeqeshwa, futhi lapho ingane Iyakwazi kakade kule ndawo entsha. Lolu hlobo lwe-operation ivumela ephumelela kakhudlwana ukwethula ingane ibe umphakathi. Udokotela wengqondo elungisa zengqondo ezingakhi wengane, isebenza ngohlangothi affective yokungafaneleki, kuyasiza ukuzivumelanisa ingane nabazali bakhe. A nodokotela osiza abanezinkinga zokukhuluma iye mutism unqobe, glossophobia kudala ugqozi zokuxhumana futhi aqondise inkulumo zamehlo. Sezifo ehilelekile ukulungiswa ngokomzwelo futhi volitional, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi engqondo ephakeme.
Uma ingane ukuthi unesifo "Autism" - akusho ukuthi ngeke akwazi ukuya esikhungweni semfundo. Nge efanele, uhlelo ngamunye akhethiwe, ingane ungamukela wonke ulwazi, kanye nezinye izingane.
Amathiphu abazali bezingane ezine ASD
Banezingane ezine ASD angazi njalo ukuthi iyiphi ukwenza, ngubani ukubiza, futhi kunzima ukuba uqaphele futhi lamukele iqiniso lokuthi Autism kid yabo. Ukuze usebenze kahle ilungiselelo lokunqoba PAC kuyadingeka ukuvala ingane futhi uhambisane izincomo ezilandelayo:
- Ukubambelela kosuku. Kuyadingeka ukuba amemezele ukuthi okwenzayo njengamanje bese ulandela zonke izithombe senzo. Kusukela ingane kufanele uzilungiselele ukuthatha isinyathelo.
- Kufanele kube ngangokunokwenzeka Zama ukudlala nengane imidlalo wokubambisana.
- Ekuqaleni udinga ukukhetha imidlalo kanye nemisebenzi, izithakazelo ingane, kamuva kwahambisana by imisebenzi emisha.
- Imisebenzi yokudlala kudingeka zihlanganisa abantu abavela ezinhlangeni imvelo ngokushesha ingane.
- A isixazululo omuhle ukuba sigcine idayari lapho ukurekhoda yonke impumelelo futhi zezinselele ezingase ziphakame kule ngane. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze abonise ingane onguchwepheshe.
- Emakilasini nge ochwepheshe.
- Ukuze impumelelo yanoma ingane kufanele ikhuthazwe.
- Ukukhethwa imisebenzi esekelwe isimiso kokulula kuya kokulukhuni.
Amathemba izingane ezine ASD
Yini elindele umntwana esikhathini esizayo kokuba autistic syndrome? Ngokuphelele unqobe lo isici akukwazi, kungaba ngangokunokwenzeka ukuzama bushelelezi ngakho-ke kwaba lubonakale okungenani. Ayikho ukuqagela olunembile abangenakukwazi ukukunikeza. Konke kuncike kobukhulu iziyaluyalu autistic futhi waqala ukuba kwenziwe umsebenzi zokulungisa ngokushesha kanjani.
Ukuziphatha kwezingane ezine ASD likubeka ngokucacile, ngisho nge ukuhlanganiswa ngempumelelo emphakathini zezici autistic asekhona, ngeke neze liphinyiselwe. Mhlawumbe ingane ngeke bakwazi ukungena ngokugcwele ku umphakathi, kanye nomsebenzi zokulungisa Ungahambisa kunalokho kancane. izibikezelo ezinembile awekho, ngakho ngaso sonke isikhathi kufanele silondoloze isimo sengqondo esiqondile, ngoba ingane ene ASD kuyinto edinga ukusekelwa.
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