Ingilazi Optical nge evele ayizindunduma-ngilugweda: ukukhiqiza, ukusetshenziswa. Lens, ingilazi wakhulisa

ingilazi Optical - ke ngokukhethekile esenzelwe ekhanyayo, elisetshenziswa njengesibonakaliso izingxenye kumadivayisi we-optical. It ihlukile ubumsulwa evamile futhi obala, ukufana kanye kungekho nto enemibala emihle. Iphinde ngokuqinile ngesilinganiso ukuhlakazwa namandla yezokubona. Ukuhambisana nezidingo ucingo ngale ndlela kwandisa kushuba izindleko zokukhiqiza.

indaba

Ungathola izibonelo eziningi ukusetshenziswa ekhaya lens, ezifana ingilazi - abavamile ingilazi - kuyasiza ukwakha kwelivi ezincane kusukela smart phone abavamile, kodwa izibuko optical kwakungafanele kudala.

I lens bebelokhu baziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, kodwa umzamo wokuqala sina ukudala iwindi ukuthi siyafana esetshenziswa amadivaysi yesimanje, singasho sithi ekhulwini XVII. Ngakho, i-German wemithi Kunkel kwelinye imisebenzi yakhe okukhulunywa wali band acid kanye boric acid kule ingxenye ingilazi. Wakhuluma nangomvuzo borosilicate umqhele, okuyinto eduze abathile banamuhla izinto kwengoma. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokuthi isipiliyoni kuqala yimpumelelo enkulu ekwakhekeni ingilazi, kokuba izakhiwo ezithile optical nezinga ezanele homogeneity ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali.

Ngo umkhakha

Womshini ingilazi optical ngezinga ezimbonini lwaluqala ekuseni XIX leminyaka. Swiss ngokuhlangana Gian ne-Fraunhofer owethulwa kwelinye izimboni eBavaria indlela azinzile ngokukhiqiza ingilazi ezinjalo. Impumelelo reception ukuthi ancibilike ukuxuba usebenzisa motion yindilinga thwi egxilile ubumba ingilazi induku. Ngenxa yalokho, kungenzeka ukuba uthole ingilazi optical izinga eyanelisayo, nge ububanzi 250 mm.

ukukhiqizwa yesimanje

Ekulungiseleleni ezinemibala ingilazi optical esetshenziswa okufakiwe izinto ngethusi, selenium, igolide, isiliva nezinye izinto ezimbiwa phansi. Ukupheka livela batch. It is alayishwe ku izimbiza engangenwa umlilo, okuyinto yena, ibekwe esithandweni ingilazi ukuncibilika. Ukwakheka icala kungafaka phakathi kuze kube u-40% ingilazi imfucuza, iphuzu elibaluleke wukuthi ukubunjwa ingilazi cullet nokupheka. Glass ancibilike ngesikhatsi ukupheka njalo enyakaza nge spatula eyenziwe zobumba noma ye-platinum. Ngakho-ke kufinyelelwa isimo eyohlobo.

Ngezikhathi, ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga uyiswa Isivivinyo, lapho izinga ilawulwa. Isinyathelo esibalulekile iyona amakhorali abilayo: engilazini kusukela clarifiers izidakamizwa ekuqaleni ukungezwa ukubunjwa icala, iqala Ukukhetha okunqala amagesi. Amafomu Bubbles esikhulu esukuma masinyane, washo ngesikhathi esifanayo Bubbles ezincane nakanjani kwakhiwa phakathi kwenqubo ukupheka.

Ukuphetha, amabhodwe ekhishwe isithando bese epholisa kancane. Cooling, kancane amasu ezikhethekile, kungathatha izinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili. Kufanele kube iyunifomu, noma kungenzeka kwakheka mass ekucindezelekeni mechanical ezibangela imifantu.

izakhiwo

ingilazi Optical - material ukwenziwa lens. Nazo ngokufanayo, ezihlukaniswe uthayiphe ukubuthwa futhi zimhlakazile. Kwaqoqwa libhekisela lens biconvex futhi Plano-convex kanye ngilugweda-convex, iqanjwe 'meniscus omuhle ".

I ingilazi optical enezinto eziningi izici:

• Inkomba yezokubona kunqunywa imigqa emibili Spectral obiziwe sodium doublet;
• ukuhluka Ngokwesilinganiso, okuyinto ichazwa umehluko phakathi Inkomba yezokubona imigca obomvu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka bohlu;
• ukuhlakazwa isici - inombolo enikezwa ratio ukuhlakazwa isilinganiso kanye Inkomba yezokubona.

Engilazi emibalabala optical isetshenziswa ukwenziwa ukumuncwa izihlungi. Kuye impahla, kunezinhlobo ezintathu oyinhloko ingilazi optical:

• wezinto;
• Plexiglas (organic);
• amaminerali kanye organic.

Ukwakheka ingilazi wezinto zihlanganisa oxides futhi fluorides. Tho ingilazi optical futhi sihlobana wezinto ezingaphili (chemical ifomula Sio _2). Quartz has a ongaphakeme Inkomba yezokubona kanye Inkomba enkulu yokudlulisela igciwane ezinganeni ukukhanya, it libhekene ukumelana ukushisa. Wide obala ububanzi ingasetshenziswa ezokuxhumana yesimanje (fibre optic ikhebula, njll), njengoba ingilazi silicate lubaluleke enkulu ekwakhekeni lens optical, isibonelo, ukwenza khulu ka asebenza ngebhethri.

Ngesisekelo Silicon

Esobala Silica ingilazi kungaba kokubili optical futhi lobuchwepheshe. Optical oluqanjwe encibilika rock crystal, kuphela kanjalo etholakale isakhiwo eyohlobo ngokugcwele. Nezibuko opaque obhekene umbala igesi Bubbles ezincane ngaphakathi impahla.

Ngaphezu ingilazi Silica ekhiqizwa esisekelweni Silicon kanye okuthiwa Silicon ingilazi, okuyinto, naphezu base efanayo anezakhi ezahlukene optical. Izakhi Silicon kungaba diffract-X ray nakuma-amaza okushisa sidlule.

plexiglass

Okubizwa ngokuthi ingilazi acrylic kusekelwe zokwenziwa polymer impahla. Le nto esobala kanye okuqinile kuyinto Thermoplastic futhi ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa indawo asebenza ngebhethri ingilazi. Plexiglas amelana izici eziningi zemvelo ezifana umswakama futhi lokushisa ongaphakeme, kodwa ethambile kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho basengozini yokugula ukucindezeleka mechanical. Ngenxa umsungulo organic ingilazi optical nje ukucutshungulwa - kungaba "thatha" ngisho amathuluzi elula ukusika metal.

Lokhu kwaziswa ngokuphelele efanelekayo ukwelashwa laser, kulula ukusebenzisa iphethini noma umbhalo. Ngenxa lens, yena kahle ibonisa infrared kodwa okuhambisa ultraviolet futhi-X ray.

isicelo

ingilazi Optical abaningi esetshenziswa for lens esikhiqiza, okuyinto yena, asetshenziswa izinhlelo eziningi optical. Single ukubuthwa lens esetshenziswa njengoba khulu. I lens bamajadu kuyingxenye ebalulekile eyinhloko noma izinhlelo ezifana omabonakude, izikophu, microscopes, theodolites, izibonakude, amakhamera kanye nemishini.

Lokunye lokubaluleke ngalokulinganako kukhona ingilazi optical izidingo zamehlo, ngoba ngaphandle kwabo nzima noma kungenzeki nhlobo ukulungisa ukushiyeka emehlweni (myopia, astigmatism, hyperopia, ukuphazamiseka yokuhlala nezinye izifo). Lithatha isikhwama sezibuko nge diopters zingenziwa noma kusuka asebenza ngebhethri ingilazi, futhi high plastic.

astronomy

izibuko Optical ibalulekile futhi ingxenye eqolo kwanoma iyiphi isibonakude. abalandeli abaningi ngokwabo ukuqoqa refractors, lokhu kudinga kancane, kodwa obaluleke kakhulu into - Plano ingilazi lens.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule ukwenza omunye lens enamandla yezinkanyezi, nokuningi ngokunembile ophucuziwe yayo, kungase kuthathe iminyaka engu eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1982, kuze kube usozimali Charles Yerkes waphenduka ikhanda lika-University of Chicago Vilyam Harper ecela ezezimali Observatory. Yerkes kokuzikhandla mayelana izinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu amadola, futhi ngamashumi amane amawaka, sasetshenziswa ukuthenga lens for enamandla kakhulu ngesikhathi kwesibonakude emhlabeni. Observatory Lethiwa wezimali Yerkes, futhi kuze kube manje lokhu lens refractor nge ububanzi 102 cm kubhekwa esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Telescope ngenhloso ububanzi enkulu reflectors, kukhona ukukhanya-ukuvunwa esibukweni isici.

Kukhona olunye uhlobo lens esetshenziswa ukufunda izinkanyezi, futhi zamehlo - ingilazi nge evele ayizindunduma-phakathi, othiwa meniscus. Kungaba ezinhlobo amabili: bahlakazwa kwangasala ukuhlangana. I kusakazeka meniscus onqenqemeni ingxenye isikhungo mkhulu futhi izacile eqoqweni kuyinto Ingcenye ephakathi.