Isitho imbewu ukukhiqizwa kabusha e zezimbali. Indlela ukuzalela izitshalo

Ukuphela Mesozoic futhi inkathi Cretaceous biomass planethi libhekene ukubusa kanye zisakaza ebanzi igatsha elisha ukuvela ulwelwe - angiosperms, noma izimila eziqhakazayo. Izizathu zalokhu mkhuba babe amathuluzi akhethekile atholakalayo ku arsenal of isakhiwo leqembu.

Namuhla, izimbali, imbewu kanye nezithelo, abayinika, akuzona kuphela kuyingxenye ebalulekile eziwukudla biogeocenosis kakhulu, kodwa futhi umthombo ukudla abantu, izidakamizwa izinto zokusetshenziswa, izinto kwezomnotho nokunye. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-250 eziyinkulungwane angiosperms okuyinto zikhona ezihlukahlukene eziphilayo (izihlahla, imivini, amakhambi, ezihlabayo) bahlale cishe zonke izingxenye zomhlaba, amazwekazi kanye amazwekazi.

Ukwahlukanisa angiosperms

imbewu ukukhiqizwa kabusha isitho nezitshalo eziqhakazayo - imbali uqobo. Kwaba ku isakhiwo sakhe, ukubukeka, kanye eziningi nezinye izinhlamvu morphological yonke uMnyango angiosperms is yizigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko:

1. Monocots. Kukhona lawo lalingaba zinkulungwane 63 zinhlobo, abanobunye imikhaya 122. Futhi, isigaba siqukethe ukubeletha ayizinkulungwane 3. Okuvame kakhulu umndeni: Okusanhlamvu, Liliaceae, ovoid, Palm, Ama-orchid, Sedge, bromeliads Nymphaeaceae, pepper kanye nabanye.
2. Dicotyledons. Angaphezu kuka-190 eziyinkulungwane zinhlobo, abanobunye 10 000 ezizalwa nemindeni 418. Okuvame kakhulu incwadi: cruciferous, Rosaceae, Myrtaceae, umvini, uvemvane Izitshalo, Solanaceae, Isambulela nabanye.

Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi amakilasi ungaphakathi isakhiwo izimbali, izimpande, amaqabunga. Inani kwezomnotho zalezi izitshalo likhulu kakhulu (amasiko izithelo nemifino etholakala izindwangu, izinto zokwakha, udayi, nemithi, njll), kanye indima ngokwemvelo.

ezintsha kwemvelo kule nokwakheka

Yilezo eziningana. Kuyinto lezi izimfanelo ukuthi baye bavumela angiosperms axazulule kabanzi kangaka emhlabeni, kube eziqinile ngakho futhi bazivumelanisa izindawo kanye izimo zezulu kwemvelo.

1. imbewu ukukhiqizwa kabusha isitho eziqhakazayo - izimbali kanye namafomu emva izithelo. Imbewu ivikelwe, zembozwe noma izithelo uginindela ikhasi eqinile onikeza inzuzo enkulu eziphilako nokusinda ezingozini kanye zisakaza yabo.
2. A ezihlukahlukene izindlela esiphelweni vegetative.
3. izinhlobo eziningi impova.
4. Lithathelwe isakhiwo sangaphakathi kwezimo ezinzima kwemvelo (nesomiso, umswakama ngokweqile, nelanga elikhanyayo noma ukungabi, isithwathwa, njll). Lokhu ngcono isimiso semithambo yegazi, izimbali, imbewu, izithelo, izimpande eziqinile nokunye.
5. Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
6. Lokusakaza izimbali akuxhomekile khona amanzi.

Zonke lezi zici ukuvumela lezi zitshalo ukuba ningene ukulidla izwe kuyo yonke indawo futhi babe abaholi phakathi izitshalo.

isitho ezalayo izimbali

imbewu ukukhiqizwa kabusha isitho eziqhakazayo - kuba imbali ke isithelo ukumboza imbewu othuthukayo. Izici isakhiwo imbali, izingxenye zalo eyinqaba kwesakhiwo, izindlela impova kanye neluhlaka lwentfutfuko - konke lokhu kwenza angiosperms Amaqhawe esiyingqayizivele phakathi izitshalo umsebenzi zokuzala.

Ukuze imbali indoda - kuyinto ukuphelela ngenxa yobuhle, okuyinto kungajatshulelwa, ukunikeza futhi ajabulise abanye, ukuze donsa yephunga layo elimnandi. Nokho, ukubaluleka ngokwesimo lesi sakhiwo kusobala ngempela - uhlaka imbewu ukukhiqizwa kabusha e zezimbali. Ukubaluleka obusebenzayo kunqunywa izinqubo sokukhulelwa kanye nasekuthuthukisweni kwezwekazi lase sporophytes imbewu.

Isakhiwo imbali

Imbali nezithelo noma yiliphi ilungu angiosperms e isakhiwo Ngokuhlakanipha wakhulelwa organic. Inhlanganisela zonke izingxenye zalesi sihlahla ivumela ukwenza imisebenzi zokuzala ngokugcwele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sezulu kanye nezinye izinto abiotic kwemvelo.

Ake sicabangele izici jikelele isakhiwo imbali.

1. Stem Unit:

• peduncle;
• ayesisebenzisa.

2. Leaf ingxenye. sepals Kwakheka (ngokuvamile green), kanye amacembe obumba Corolla. umbala wayo zingase zihluke kakhulu kusuka elimhlophe ngokunsomi amnyama.

3. izingxenye okuzala. Izitho zokuzala, ukuqinisekisa reproduction izimbali. It pistils, stamens, esibelethweni.

Ngaphandle main izingxenye okuzala eklanywe futhi evikelwe perianth. Lesi sakhiwo kuhlanganisa:

• inkomishi sepals;
• Corolla amacembe obudaywe.

Perianth kungaba olulodwa noma kabili, kuncike zezimila. Iqukethe inqwaba izinto ezahlukene, amafutha abalulekile, zombala (carotenoid, xanthophylls, asinayo i-chlorophyll, anthocyanins, nezinye antofeinov). Yingenxa yalesi imbali exudes ngephunga esizoheha ezithutha impova. Corolla has a usayizi ezahlukene nokufaka umbala, kubalulekile nokuba ukuyengela izinambuzane, izinyoni, izilwane.

izitho ngqo zokuzala zom isitshalo siqukethe gynoecium futhi androecium, ngaphansi isembozo perianth. Androecium - iqoqo zonke stamens, enza umsebenzi we isitho sowesilisa zokuzala. Stamens isakhiwo esilula, emelelwa izakhiwo ezifana:

• intambo staminal;
• Zibhonge ka neengcezu ezimbili ezahlangana yizithunywa;
• microsporangia - izidleke ngaphakathi anther, lapho inqubo microsporogenesis futhi microgametogenesis (kumiswa sperm microspores).

Ngemva kokumbopha kwenzeka intambo staminal anther peduncle, exchange izakhi kanye imikhiqizo umzimba. I microspores okuholela kamuva kwakhiwa sporophyte besilisa. Isidoda kuholela ekwakhekeni uthuli, okuzokwenza iqhaza ukuvundisa imbewu kumiswa.

Imbali gynoecium ezakhiwe iqoqo zonke pistils yayo ephambili. Lesi sakhiwo kubalulekile, njengoba limelela, njengoba sekushiwo, isitho zesifazane zokuzala. I pistil liqukethe:

• esibelethweni;
• ikholomu;
• stigmas.

Esibelethweni - isakhiwo, okuyinto ayingxenye yasakazwa we pistil. kwakhiwa ovules ezihilelekile ekwakhekeni kweNhlangano pericarp Ingaphakathi is. Phakathi lezi zakhiwo futhi icubungula megasporogenesis megagametogeneza zenzeka. Futhi e esibelethweni kwenzeka inqubo ukuvundisa imbewu ukwakheka, ukukhula kwawo.

Ikholomu pestle kungaba letingemasayizi lahlukene. Isetshenziselwa ukuxhumana phakathi isigcono esibelethweni. Libhekene inzalo, ukuthi ingabe akukuningi yini okuhilelekile kuyi-inqubo ngokobulili.

Inhlamba is engalibaleki uthuli ukuthi lina stamen anther. Usayizi nomumo yalezi izingxenye kuyahlukahluka, kuye ngohlobo lwesitshalo impova.

Izimbali zezitshalo: ukukhiqizwa kabusha

Imbali elakhiwa linani lelehlukile stamens futhi pistils. Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo zawo lapho kukhona stamens kuphela noma pistils kuphela - bebizwa iduna nensikazi ngokulandelana.

Yini enye engingabuye nezitshalo eziqhakazayo ezithakazelisayo? Ukukopishwa, bangase babe bobabili kwezocansi asexually, t. E. Vegetatively. Ngocansi, uma abathintekayo izingxenye zokuzala. inqubo okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi kokukhulelwa double.

essence yayo kanje. Ngemva kwempova, izimila evundile (umsebenzi) impova emazweni ku inhlamba futhi agcinwe khona nobe ngemuntfu losebentelana viscous futhi izingxenye ekhethekile okunamathelayo. Khona-ke iseli elicwile ekusebenzelaneni iqala ukukhula ngaphakathi kubo, ukwakha tube impova. Kungenxa wakhe ukuze uthole amaqanda amabili isidoda ngesethi haploid lezakhi zofuzo. Uma usungaphakathi kwe-ovule, enye yazo okuhlanganisiwe iqanda, owakheke ngokugcwele futhi isilungele le nqubo. Ngakho kukhona zygote - diploid futhi kamuva isishiya imbewu.

Isidoda yesibili fuses nge ovule ngaphakathi kweseli diploid, esikhungweni. Umphumela uba endosperm. Izinqubo ezilandelayo ukuqedela umsebenzi zokuzala:

• ka integuments ovule kwakhiwa Testa;
• carpel odongeni izisekelo yakha pericarp;
• amafomu ovule yonke inzalo iyonke.

Umphumela ukuthuthukiswa imbewu ngaphakathi izithelo.

Izindlela impova

Kunezinhlobo eziningana ongakhetha eziyisisekelo lapho amazwe impova eningi inhlamba. Ngakho, ubheke izindlela impova angiosperms:

1. Self-impova - ngaphandle iqhaza abantu bezinye izizwe.
2. Ngosizo lomoya.
3. Ngenxa izinambuzane, izilwane, izinyoni.
4. Ukusebenzisa amanzi.
5. impova yokufakelwa - ngosizo kubantu.

cloning

Lokuzaliswa imibala nayo eyenziwa vegetatively, okungukuthi, ngaphandle izinqubo ngokobulili. Lezi izindlela ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Iphuzu liwukuthi ukusebenzisa ezahlukene yokuphunyuka izingxenye (izimpande, amaqabunga, sifanamsindvo). Ezinye izinketho ezivamile:

• layering;
• amadevu;
• ngokuxhunyelelwa;
• izimpande;
• leaf ne petiole.

Eziningi zalezi zindlela isetshenziswa abantu ngesikhathi dilution ka zemifino nezithelo izitshalo.

Imbewu angiosperms

izitshalo ezahlukene - ezahlukene imbewu. Isakhiwo sale isakhiwo kuyafana, kodwa ukuma, ukubunjwa, umbala zingahluka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo kungaba yonyaka futhi zisetshenziswa. Unyaka ukukhiqiza kabusha kuphela imbewu, okuyinto uvuthwe, ngokuvamile ngasekupheleni kwehlobo. Ngakho, isizukulwane esisha kuzovela kuphela isizini ezayo ezikhulayo. Imbewu izimbali yonyaka ngokuvamile esetshenziswa ngabantu izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo zokuhlobisa. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama asters, eschscholzia, marigolds, begonias, Datura, calendula, amasheya, i-Cosmo, miralibis nabanye abaningi.

Izithelo izimbali

Imbali futhi izithelo - ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu angiosperms. Bavumela lezi zitshalo khona ezimweni ezahlukene, kufanele kabanzi kwaguqulwa futhi eziningi.

izithelo izitshalo zihlukaniswa izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, luhlolo zabo, ngezigaba kanye incazelo ufundwa zezitshalo emhlabeni wonke, isayensi kubo libizwa carpology. I ezivamile amajikijolo, izithelo itshe, apula, ikhabe, granatina, emabhamuta, emabhontjisi Weevil, Ipheshana, lionfish, Hesperides, nabanye.