Inkinobho ye Iron Lady kwezombangazwe British, uMargaret Thatcher: Biography, izindaba zezombangazwe ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso

UMargaret Thatcher - omunye osopolitiki abadumile kakhulu kulelo khulu leminyaka XX. Umsebenzi wakhe njengoba undunankulu Great Britain waya 3 inkathi bezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-11. Kwakuyisikhathi esinzima - lapho izwe lakithi ngaleso sikhathi komnotho kanye nomphakathi ezijulile, eNgilandi ngokuthi "umuntu ogulayo eYurophu. ' Margaret wakwazi ukubuyisela sitfunti salo yangaphambili Albion futhi ukuqinisekisa akaphakeme amabutho esivuna Ababesadla ngoludala.

"Thatcherism" kwezombusazwe

Le nkulumo ibhekisela ukufakwa, okuyinto besihambisana nesiminyaminya uMargaret Thatcher kumaGreki, ukuziphatha kanye nezombusazwe. Yabo eseneminyaka undunankulu lapho ayezama bakwenze.

isici Its main angabizwa ngokuthi "ilungelo ukungalingani." Lo mholi wezombusazwe umangalele ukuthi ukuze umuntu akwazi ukuthuthela okuthile okuhle, kangcono kunalokho has okwamanje. KaThatcher wakhuthaza ibhizinisi khulula futhi eyenza ukuze bathole izinzuzo. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo walahla "abanothando imali imali."

Ukuze "Thatcherism" ukulingana - kuyinto utalagu. A ilungelo ukungalingani, esikhundleni salokho, odlulela umuntu kumele bame kuphi, ekuthuthukiseni ngokwabo futhi ukwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yokubandula ezimpilweni zabo. Yingakho yena akazange amlahle ingcebo, kodwa kunalokho, wanxusa wonke umuntu izakhamuzi ukwenza imizamo uwakhuphule ukuze sisabalalise ezingeni lekuphila kahle.

ebuntwaneni

UMargaret Thatcher (Roberts) wazalwa ngo-1925 ku-Okthoba 13 e Granteme, eduze neLondon ohlangothini Northerly. umkhaya wakubo wawuhlala ngesizotha kungekho frills, singasho indlela ezincisha injabulo yokuphila abantu baseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Indlu babengenalo egijima amanzi, izindawo, kakhulu, babe emgwaqeni. Umndeni wayenamadodakazi amabili uMuriel - amadala, futhi uMargaret - ngaphansi kwaso iminyaka 4.

I emhlabeni endala kwaba kuhle kukamama - Beatrice, uthunjana kwaba ikhophi esiqondile uyise ka-Alfred. Yena ayedume ngokukhipha kube ozithandayo yakhe, ngakho kusukela ingane isencane umzali waqala ukuba bagome wakhe zonke izimfanelo kamuva ekuphileni omdala kwamsiza kakhulu ziphenduka uphawu inkathi yokubusa conservatism eBrithani XX leminyaka.

Eminyakeni 5, Margaret waqala zopiyano izifundo, kanye wawina emncintiswaneni izinkondlo ngisho nangemva kweminyaka 4. On ukunikeza uthishanhloko Margaret wathi waba nenhlanhla kakhulu, yena waphendula wathi: "Akufani inhlanhla, kuba impumelelo." Kusukela esemncane wakhula lenhlangotsilunye, ngakho kwaba yilungu lesikhathi esigcwele ingxoxo yeqembu futhi imibuzo ephakanyiswe neminyaka yokuqala izimpendulo wemfanelo ngokugcwele okunenjongo, ngokungafani ontanga yabo, "Ukunquma" ezinye utibone.

Ubaba - ekahle Margaret

Alfred waba imfundo yamabanga aphansi, kodwa kwahluka isifiso sokuthola ulwazi ezintsha njengoba yi akazange imali ngosuku ngaphandle kokufunda. Lokhu izinga yena safaka nendodakazi yakhe. Ndawonye baya emtatsheni wezincwadi ukuthatha isonto izincwadi ezimbili ngenjongo yanjalo kokuyifunda.

Lokho ubaba uye watshala encane Margaret izinga ukuba ngokungafani zonke. Wafundisa wakhe ukuthi indoda kumelwe "ukuhola" futhi ngeke "qhutshwa". Ngenxa yalesi kwakudingekile ukusebenza nsuku zonke, abacabanga ngekusasa futhi ngesikhundla sabo emphakathini. Alfred kaninginingi: akusiyo kudingeka bathathe isinyathelo ngoba lokhu kwenziwa amanye.

Ubaba wayesazisa kakhulu isikhundla ekahle wakhe, Margaret kancane wacabanga wayazi konke. Isici nobuntu kwaba isifiso sokuthola ulwazi. Njalo lo wayelodadewabo bomele entsha ulwazi nesipiliyoni. Margaret noyise baya emhlanganweni webhodi, ezuza ajabulele ezombusazwe, theatricality lekufundzisa. Khona-ke eseneminyaka engu 10 ubudala.

UMargaret Thatcher kukhumbuleke iminyaka ukuza isiqondiso kayise, wahamba nawo ngokusebenzisa ukuphila. Nguye wayiletha ingane izisekelo ukuthi namuhla izwe lonke ubiza "Thatcherism" elithi capacious.

Round imfundo kaThatcher

Sikhula, Margaret wahlala nje njengoba olandelanayo njengoba ekuqaleni kuka ebuntwaneni. Isizathu salokhu kwakungamadodana ukubukwa empilweni ubaba wakhe amthandayo. WayeyiZwi omele amaProtestani yonke imiphumela eyalandela, ngaphandle nje kokuba engusomabhizinisi, igilosa. Akakaze waya yimuphi nemidanso noma ukubukwa amabhayisikobho, kodwa ngokushesha waqala ukusebenza stock esitolo umndeni Roberts, lapho wazana izisekelo ibhizinisi futhi inzuzo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke luye lwabonisa ukuzinikela - iminyaka 4 wafunda Latin, i-yokwemukela ekolishi abesifazane yodumo e-Oxford - Somerville. Umakhelwane wakhe egumbini wakhumbula ukuthi Margaret wavuka lapho kusemnyama nokuzama ukufunda okuthile. Inkambo yesibili kwakunzima: yena wamthanda indodana ukubala, kodwa unina ngesihluku sinqatshiwe Man, ethi indodakazi igilosa umane ongangeneki indodana yakhe.

Wayenesifiso Sokuvelela intombazane kakhulu nokuqaphela ukuthi inqubomgomo umphefumulo wakhe ngokuwina ngaphezulu. UMargaret Thatcher kwaba bahileleke kule mpikiswano zezombusazwe futhi eminyakeni wajoyina Association of emthethweni, futhi eba umongameli walo wokuqala, owesifazane ngo-1946.

Ngo-1947, eqeda imfundo e-Oxford ekolishi nge impohlo degree Ukuklonyeliswa kwamakhemikhali. Ngokushesha ngathola umsebenzi umcwaningi-umcwaningi amapulasitiki Celluloid e Menningtone.

Ngo-1953, wathola iziqu umthetho futhi kweminyaka eyi-5, kahle practice, wasebenza wommeli. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho waba onguchwepheshe emkhakheni intela, kokuba wafunda ngale umkhakha kahle.

Ngakho, ukwakheka kwenqubomgomo esizayo zaphumela ngempela enemisebenzi: wayesazi izinto eziyisisekelo wakha ibhizinisi, wayesazi kahle ulwazi ngemithetho nezintela, ngaphezu, zazi kahle inqubo zesayensi, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, izinguquko uMargaret Thatcher harbored Ngisho nangalezo zinsuku, lapho kwakukhona namanje kude kusuka kokuthunyelwe sokuba undunankulu.

aseqala zezombusazwe

Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa ngemuva kokuphela esikoleni, Margaret yayazi ukuthi ukuqhubeka nezifundo zabo - e Oxford. Kungani kukhona? Ngoba kulesi sikole wafundiswe yonke UK izikhonzi zesikhathi esizayo. Kube kuhle, akhenge lisale ngeze, ngokujoyina KAOU - Conservative Association e-Oxford University. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yaqala ukunyukela kuwo kuya Olympus zezombusazwe.

Ngisho wabe waba nesifiso zidlale umzimba izindlu-ummeleli, kodwa ukwenza kanjalo kwaba kuqala kudingekile ukuthi abe ngumengameli KAOU. Futhi kaThatcher baba kubo ngo-1946. Lokhu isimo isibe isikhathi esiningi kakhulu walala 3-4 amahora ngosuku. Okwamanje lapho yena kwadingeka akhethe phakathi ezepolotiki nezemfundo - wametha wangaphambili. Ngakho-ke, akumangalisi ukuthi uMargaret Thatcher, umfundi wangaphambili futhi umfundi omuhle kakhulu, I diploma noma ngokuthi "eyanelisayo", futhi iziqu ze-bachelor, yena waklonyeliswa ekilasini 2nd.

Denis kaThatcher - umhlahlandlela kwezombusazwe

Ngo-1948, candidacy kaMargaret sivunyiwe ngokubamba iqhaza okhethweni mhlaka Nokho, Labor Party, ukuthi ngokomlando elanqoba Dartford. Ukuze. Umuzi kuyinto ezimbonini. Ngakho-ke ukhetho okokuqala elahlekile, kodwa nakakhulu waphefumulela wesifazane emsebenzini abaphendula ngokunengqondo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wahlangana Denis kaThatcher (kungenxa igama lomyeni wayo is emhlabeni wonke ezaziwa). Ngo-1951, wasikisela ukuba wakhe. Le ndoda eneminyaka engu-33 ubudala, futhi kwaba kancane omdala kunawe kuye. Denis kwaba usomabhizinisi, futhi ngaleso sizathu wakwazi ukunikeza nonkosikazi konke okudingayo. Manje useyakwazi azinikele ngokuphelele kwezombusazwe, futhi izinguquko Margaret Tetcher (UK bona kabi ezidingekayo ngesikhathi) wayekhulelwe isikhathi eside.

1953 libé wakhe "amhlophe" sesikhathi sokuphila. Lo mbhangqwana kaThatcher wabeletha amawele, futhi ngemva kwezinyanga ezine, Margaret lidlule ukuhlolwa kokugcina futhi waba ummeli. Onguchwepheshe umkhuba wametha sphere intela, kokuba wayifundisisa, leyo nqubomgomo iyasiza esikhathini esizayo.

Kufinyeta ikhanda kufanele kusho ukuthi Dennis iye yaba nendima enkulu ekukhuleni zezombusazwe Margaret. Kwakuthinta emva komshado, yayingase ngokuphelele sehlulwe umsebenzi wakhe ozithandayo - ezombusazwe.

Road ePhalamende

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950 Margaret nge amandla elisha laqala ukusebenza ngenxa ukhetho ePhalamende. Into enzima kakhulu kwaba ukuthola County, okungase angenele ukhetho njengomuntu oqokelwe. Waqala ne Kent, kodwa kwaba yesibili ukuthi ivaliwe endleleni ePhalamende. Kwesinye isifunda efanayo County isimo ngendlela efanayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuhluleka Finchley iphutha ikhandidethi zidlale ephalamende. Umsebenzi uqalile! Abahlanganyeli kule sayithi kwaba abantu abangu-200. ukubhala mncintiswano, okwaphumela 22 abahlanganyeli abakhethelwa lwenziwe. Khona-ke baba tetfulo tetemlomo, ngemva kwalokho kukhona ukhetho 4 kuphela phakathi kwabo kwakukhona uMargaret Thatcher. Yena wakhethwa njengosuku ozobhapathizwa esifundeni, okwakusho ukhetho ukuthi yayo uqobo ePhalamende.

Ngo-1959, weza lePhalamende LaseBrithani - indlela eya ezombusazwe wavulwa. Leso sikhathi kwaba ezingezinhle kakhulu emthethweni baqala ukuba yinkimbinkimbi emnothweni, kusho uNdunankulu Macmillan wagula futhi basula. A ukhetho ePhalamende ngo-1964, "ehlezi" ebhentshini ukuphikiswa okulondoloza. Kepha wayenencekukazi Margaret ngonyaka ofanayo waqokwa uNgqongqoshe Shadow wezeziNdlu.

umholi weqembu

wayesecela eminyakeni engu-70 nzima emnothweni futhi isimo sangaphakathi e-UK. Ngo ngemva kwempi yezwe waqala ashona ekuthuthukisweni yayo futhi akufakwanga ngisho abaholi abayishumi phezulu, nakuba kuye kwaba njalo iyahola.

Ngo-1974, umbuzo wavuswa mayelana kukhethwa lwekhanda lalowo okhethwe emthethweni. UMargaret Thatcher ukubeka phambili candidacy yalo yaba imbangi ukuba umholi zamanje E. Heath. Ukhetho nimshiyile ukushaqeka: 276 - amavoti 130 baphonswa esivuna kaThatcher futhi 19 kuphela Heath, ngemva kwalokho wasuka candidacy yakhe. Kodwa esikhundleni UMargaret izimbangi entsha. I ezimbi kakhulu owawungumnyaka Whitelaw. Umjikelezo we ukhetho 02.11.1975 esasibonisa inzuzo undoubted kaThatcher owawuse wesibili ngoba bavotela abameleli 146 akhethwe, Whitelaw futhi wathola amavoti 79.

Kwakuyisikhathi esinzima kakhulu Ababesadla ngoludala, bona kabili yahlulwa ukhetho ePhalamende, inani yamalungu eqembu kwehla ngqo, kwavela isimo esibucayi party. Kwakusobala: iqembu kwakudingeka "igazi elisha." Futhi kaThatcher njengokuthi kunye, ukuba sibhekane nale esinzima.

Inqubomgomo Iron Lady Margaret Tetcher British

Wayeqale waba undunankulu 1979. Lezo kwakuyizikhathi ukukhetha okuhle ezimweni ezinzima: wabo njongo akekho ayeqiniseka ekunqobeni emthethweni, kodwa izibalo wokugcina wabonisa ukuthi 339 izihlalo 635 ephalamende basebenza emthethweni. Margaret wayazi ukuthi manje wayesengomunye uyakwazi bona imibono achamusela ikhanda lakhe ngokuba ngaphezu konyaka. Ngo impilo zezombusazwe Enkulu YaseBrithani enkathini entsha.

Isikhathi sokuba undunankulu uMargaret Thatcher sasishubile kakhulu: beqhumuka esibucayi kwezomnotho nakwezenhlalo lizwe. UK isabelo umkhakha ekukhuleni komnotho wezwe uwile ngumuntu ikota kusukela eMkhandlwini Wesibili neMpi Yezwe. Enterprises balahlekelwa, iholo ziyancipha kakhulu. Futhi osomabhizinisi abaningi baye baphoqeleka ukuba kuncishiswe izinga kwemikhiqizo ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko. Bomnotho sekuqalile ukuthuthukisa ibe zezombusazwe, ukwandisa izwe kusuka ngaphakathi.

isandla Stiff futhi umbuso kobushiqela ka uMargaret Thatcher wasiza UK nasemhlabeni abantu British uthole ukunambitheka yokunqoba futhi abuyise isimo.

Margaret kwaba kuqondile neliqinile njalo ekubhekaneni nezindaba kuwo wonke amazinga. Yena ngokhahlo walwa izinyunyana, "whiners" kanye nezinambuzane. Abaningi nje kwaphoqa rigidity layo, kodwa namanje iningi wamlandela wakhe ngenxa yaleli ukuzimisela okufanayo ekuxazululeni izinkinga. Ngakho-ke, liye kabili ayakhethwa esikhundleni sokuba undunankulu.

Akekho ondunankulu kwekhulu XX akazange hlala lokhu okuthunyelwe isikhathi eside. It sekuwuphawu inkathi of revival of Great Britain, ngokuba oshayelayo yezwe.

Reform futhi sifinyelele kaThatcher

Margaret yena awushayelana ngokwami owesifazane - wayethi: I am a sezombusazwe, futhi sezombangazwe ayinakho ubulili. Wabonisa isibindi ezindaweni lapho akazange asinawo amadoda anele.

Kulapho-ke yayiqhuma yi ukungqubuzana Falklands ne-Argentina. I-United Kingdom ne ngokuqondile kaThatcher wabonisa ukuzimisela kwabo kulokhu ngokwethula amasosha khona, ngemva kwalokho amabutho Argentina baphoqeleka ukuba baphume baphele esiqhingini. Lokhu impi kancane, lalingesinye ukunqoba zombusazwe Iron Lady. By endleleni, yena yaze yanikezwa igama elithi the Russian kakhulu. Lakubo ngoba uhlamvu unbending okuthiwa uMargaret kude kancane ngolimi olusankondlo, isibonelo, "Ram" noma "ithangi armored".

Kuyamangaza ukuthi lapho kaThatcher kwaba Britain rapprochement ne-Soviet Union, uMikhail Gorbachev umkakhe uvakashela uhulumende eLondon. Margaret ngokuthi uzakwabo wakhe baseSoviet ukuthi abenze noma "idolo" ngezindlela eziningi, bavelelwa sivumelwano, nakuba kwakunabamemezeli umehluko.

Izinguquko iqalwa Iron Lady, abilisiwe phansi okuhlala ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• nokuncipha intela ibhizinisi elikhulu;
• azimele komkhakha zomphakathi nezomnotho;
• ukuncipha okuphawulekayo bill amaholo.

Lesi sakamuva, kwakuwuhlelo engathandwa kakhulu nge iningi labantu, kodwa iye yaba nendima omuhle emnothweni eshabalalayo.

Kubalulekile futhi phakathi naleyo minyaka engu inkinga ka Ulster. UMargaret Thatcher uzwakalise ezijulile zezombusazwe ngokuhlakanipha, ukuzola, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuzimisela okumangalisayo. Wacela ukunikeza Ulster (Northern Ireland) ukuzimela waseNgilandi, uma imihlangano referendums abonisa ukuthi iningi labantu uzovotela lesi sinqumo. Nokho lokhu kuyiqiniso kwakungamelwe: ngenxa Ulster ingaphansi Aegis we-United Kingdom namuhla. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Ira (Irish Republican Army) ihlelwe ngisho kuhlaselwa undunankulu ngu amabhomu ibhomu, kodwa Margaret alizange, ngokungafani nezinye abaholi we-Conservative Party.

uNdunankulu Ukunakekela

Ngo-1990, uMargaret Thatcher basula. Nokho, isidlulile wonke okuqinisekile. Iron Lady wakwazi ukubuyela e-United Kingdom amandla yayo yangaphambili futhi Ukukhalipha, ukubuyela it waphinda omunye wabaholi komnotho womhlaba kanye nezombusazwe. Lokhu credit uzohlala phakade inkumbulo abantu baseBrithani, futhi igama uMargaret Thatcher phakade sihleli emlandweni zezombusazwe UK. Apreli 8, 2013 Iron Lady usehambile. Abaningi bayazibuza: kaThatcher emingaki? Margaret wahlala isikhathi eside, ukuphila kuthakazelise, ukufinyelela engu-87 ubudala. Farewell udwendwe owawusedolobheni khona uQueen Elizabeth II, amalungu omkhaya wakhe, kanye izibalo zezombusazwe yizinto zesikhathi esidlule.