Inkulumo ecacile nezinhlobo zayo

Ukuze umuntu ngamunye kuba kutindlela letibalulekile zokuxhumana. Ukwakhiwa yokukhuluma iqala izinkathi zokuqala kwezingane futhi kuhlanganisa izigaba eziningana: kusukela Screams kanye Babble ka bayazi yokuzibeka ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zolimi.

Kunezinto ezifana inkulumo ngomlomo, ngokubhalwa, kuyaheha futhi ekhululekile. Zichaza inqubo ukuqonda, ukuqonda futhi kabusha inkulumo imisindo, ukwakheka imishwana ukuba lizwakalise noma ezibhaliwe esikhathini esizayo, kanye ilungiselelo efanele emishweni.

amafomu etemlomo nalabhalwako yokukhuluma: umqondo futhi ukubaluleka

Oral ekhululekile ke batibandzakanye izitho ukuhambisana (ulimi, ulwanga, amazinyo, izindebe). Kodwa, ngokuvamile, engokwemvelo yokuzala imisindo kuphela phetho umsebenzi ubuchopho. Noma yiliphi igama, umusho noma ibinzana ekuqaleni umelele umqondo noma umfanekiso. Ngemva ephelele ukwakheka yabo kwenzeka, ubuchopho kutshela (oda) we-apharathasi inkulumo.

Ukubhala nezinhlobo zalo kuxhomeke endleleni athuthukile yetemlomo yokukhuluma, njengoba empeleni, ngeso we amasignali efanayo ukuthi ubuchopho abizele. Nokho, izici zolimi olubhalwayo evumela umuntu ngokuphelele futhi ukuthola ngokunembile amagama afanele, ukuthuthukisa sipho futhi ukulungisa lokho okwabhalwa ngaphambili.

Ngenxa yalokhu lokubhala kuba abanekhono kakhudlwana futhi enembile ngokuziqhathanisa ngomlomo. Nakuba inkulumo ayizikhombisi ebalulekile izinga izwi, isivinini ukukhuluma, ecacile umsindo, audibility, lulwimi lolubhalwako libhekene ngokucacile ngokubhala, intelligibility yayo kanye ilungiselelo namagama maqondana nomunye.

Ukutadisha izinqubo yokubhala futhi ekhuluma, ochwepheshe ukwenza ukuqonda jikelele yesimo somuntu, ukwephulwa impilo yakhe, kanye izimbangela zazo. Ukuphulwa umsebenzi yokukhuluma kungatholakala e izingane engakaze kwamiswa umnyuziki apharathasi inkulumo, futhi abadala abaye ngaba nesifo sohlangothi noma uhlushwa nezinye izifo. Kulo mBhalo kungase ngokuphelele noma ingxenye alulame.

inkulumo Umxhwele imizwa: ukuthi kuyini

inkulumo Umxhwele ekhuluma ngenqubo engqondo obuhambisana ukuqonda ezahlukene izinhlobo yokukhuluma (ebhalwe futhi temlomo). Ukuqashelwa inkulumo umsindo kanye nombono wabo - akuyona indlela elula. Kakhulu bahileleke kulo:

• sezinzwa endaweni yokukhuluma cortex cerebral, eyaziwa nangokuthi endaweni Wernicke sika;
• analyzer acoustic.

Eziyimbangela yezinkinga ezizuzwa of the yokugcina kuphakamisa izinguquko nenkulumo umxhwele. Njengoba isibonelo, inkulumo umxhwele abantu abayizithulu, ogxile ukuqashelwa amazwi akhulunywayo ngu ukuhamba izindebe. Nokho, abantu abaningi bathi umbono ethintekayo yevolumu izimpawu (amaphuzu) isisekelo inkulumo yabo ebhaliwe umxhwele.

Schematically, endaweni Wernicke sika lingachazwa ngokuthi uhlobo inkomba yekhadi aqukethe izithombe umsindo zonke indoda efundile izwi lakhe. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, umuntu bedonseleka kulo idatha, liyanezela futhi aqondise kuzo. Ngenxa yalokho, le ndawo ethintekile, ukubhujiswa izithombe umsindo wamazwi agcinwe khona. Waba yini umphumela walesi nqubo ukungakwazi ukuqaphela amagugu kwamagama akhulunywa noma emagama labhaliwe. Ngisho ne ukuzwa kakhulu, umuntu ayiqondi ukuthi yini athi (noma ukubhala).

inkulumo ekhululekile futhi zinhlobo ayo - yinqubo ukuphimisela imisindo, okungase ziqhathaniswa nenkulumo umxhwele (nombono wabo).

Inqubo ukwakha inkulumo ekhululekile

Njengoba izinyanga zokuqala zokuphila, ingane igcina ifundile ukuqonda amazwi ziqondiswe kuye. Ngqo inkulumo ekhululekile, okungukuthi, ukwakheka ngenhloso, inkulumo kwangaphakathi kanye yokubiza imisindo ithuthukiswe ngendlela elandelayo:

1. Screams.
2. Gulen.
3. Ilunga lokuqala, njengoba uhlobo Gulen.
4. Babble.
5. Amagama aqondakala kalula.
6. Amagama ezihlobene isichazamazwi omdala.

Njengomthetho, ukuthuthukiswa yokukhuluma ekhululekile kuyinto eduze okuhlobene ngendlela okuphethwe ngayo nokuthi singakanani isikhathi abazali abasichitha ukuxhumana ingane.

Ngevolumu silulumagama, ekwakhiweni efanele iziphakamiso futhi ekwakhiweni imicabango zezingane siqu nomthelela konke abakuzwayo ubone elibazungezile. Ukwakhiwa yokukhuluma ekhululekile kuwumphumela mbumbulu yezenzo abanye kanye nesifiso ngenkuthalo ukuxhumana nabo. Ukunamathela ezintweni abazali nezihlobo abe lukwazi ukushukumisa ngendlela eyisimanga ngoba ingane, okusenza sikwazi ukwandisa ulwazimagama nangokomzwelo icala tekuchumana.

Ukwephula inkulumo ekhululekile is phetho ngqo zokuhluka ekuthuthukisweni, umphumela ukulimala noma isifo. Kodwa iningi ngeziphambeko kusukela ukuthuthukiswa kolimi evamile amenable ukuba ukulungiswa futhi kungekho mithetho elandelwayo.

Indlela yokubona ukwephulwa zokukhuluma

Ucwaningo umsebenzi izingane inkulumo, ukuhlolwa kanye nokuhlaziywa kolwazi wathola inkulumo abelaphi, odokotela abathintekayo. Ucwaningo yokukhuluma ekhululekile wenziwa ukuze kukhonjwe ingane kwakhiwa isakhiwo yolimi, ukufunda silulumagama kanye pronunciation umsindo. Kuyinto ucwaningo zvukoproiznosheniya, pathologies zalo kanye nezimbangela zabo, kanye sokuthuthukiswa izinqubo iziyaluyalu ukulungiswa, ukufunda izibalo ezilandelayo:

• Yokubiza imisindo.
• isakhiwo ilunga elilodwa lamagama.
• Izinga okuqonda ifonotiki.

Kokwamukelwa luhlolo, owelapha afanelekayo kuyacaca ukuthi kuwumgomo ukuphazamiseka yokukhuluma ekhululekile wayengumuntu ukumambula. umsebenzi professional kuhilela oluqondile ukuthi ucwaningo lwenziwa, onjani izinto okufanele lisetshenziswe futhi zenziwa ngayiphi indlela ukuba imiphumela futhi sifinyelele eziphethweni yakha.

Banikezwe izici ezingokwengqondo kwezingane, engu-okubhekisele ngaphambi kokuqala isikole (iminyaka eyisikhombisa), inqubo inhlolovo ngokuvamile kuhilela izinyathelo ezimbalwa. Ngamunye wabo zisebenzisa elikhanyayo akhethekile ezikhangayo ukuze wathi yobudala Okubonwayo.

nokuhlola Ukulandelana

Siyabonga ekwakhiweni efanele inqubo inhlolovo, kungenzeka ukuhlonza amakhono ahlukahlukene ngokutadisha umsebenzi owodwa. Le nhlangano ivumela sinye isikhathi esifushane ukugcwalisa ngaphezu kwento eyodwa zamakhadi izwi. Njengoba isibonelo, isicelo nodokotela osiza abanezinkinga zokukhuluma ukuba usuxoxa ngakho. Into ukunakwa yakhe iwukuthi:

• yokubiza imisindo;
• silulumagama;
• amakhono e ukusetshenziswa apharathasi vocal;
• uhlobo nokuba yinkimbinkimbi iziphakamiso wasebenzisa umntwana.

Ulwazi okuholela ihlaziye, futhi isetshenziswa kuvame khadi athile amagrafu inkulumo. survey okunjalo kungaba umuntu noma kwenziwe izingane eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa (ezimbili noma ezintathu).

inkulumo ekhululekile ufundwa izingane ngale ndlela:

1. Ukutadisha ivolumu silulumagama.
2. Okwashiwo kwemagama.
3. Isifundo yokubiza imisindo.

Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu iyona ukuhlaziya nenkulumo umxhwele, okubandakanya ekutadisheni ukuzwa lwemisindvo, kanye nokuqapha ukuqonda amagama, imisho umbhalo.

Izimbangela yokukhuluma ekhululekile

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukukhulumisana phakathi kwabazali nezingane, okukuyo ukuphazamiseka inkulumo ekhululekile, akukwazi imbangela ukuhlukumeza. It kuphela inomthelela ijubane futhi uhlamvu jikelele ukuthuthukisa amakhono olimi.

Nakanjani izimbangela ukuthi zisenza iziyaluyalu yokukhuluma zezingane Ngeke ukwazi ukuthi cha onguchwepheshe. Kunezici eziningana sihlanganise ukwandisa amathuba ukuthola ngeziphambeko ezifana:

1. yofuzo. Ukuba khona ukwephulwa inkulumo ekhululekile esuka othile oyisihlobo.
2. Uphiko kinetic ihlobene eduze neuropsychological iziyaluyalu indlela.
3. Ngo iningi amacala, kahle inkulumo ekhululekile ehlangene kumiswa enganele izwi ngekwendzawo (ie, izindawo parietal yesikhashana-occipital okuhlangana). Lokhu kungenzeka nge kwasendaweni kwesokunxele-hemispheric izikhungo inkulumo, kanye ukwephulwa isebenze ngokungenaphutha Nenkabazwe kwesokunxele.
4. ukuthuthukiswa ezinganele abaxhumene kwemizwa, concomitant lesion organic izindawo cortical obhekene inkulumo (ngokuvamile kwesokudla handers).
5. Esibi isimo senhlalo, abantu abanale ezingeni yentuthuko inkulumo sincane kakhulu. inkulumo ekhululekile e izingane ukuthintana njalo nabantu kungenzeka babe ukuphambuka.

Ekusunguleni izimbangela kungenzeka yokukhuluma neziyaluyalu, akufanele ukuvala amathuba ngeziphambeko kule izinsizakuzwa, kwempilo yengqondo, kombungu esizalweni kwezitho ukuhambisana nezinye izifo. Njengoba sekubonisiwe kakade, ngokugcwele ekhululekile angawuhlakulela kuphela labangakhoni bayakwazi kahle belingisa umsindo wezwa. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuba sisebenzise luhlolo esifike ukuzwa nokukhuluma.

Ngaphandle kwezinto ezibalwe ngenhla, izimbangela bangaba nezifo ezithathelwanayo, nokungathuthuki zobuchopho, ukuhlukumezeka yayo, isimila izinqubo (ingcindezi isakhiwo ubuchopho), ukopha izicubu ikhanda.

Yikuphi wathola ukwephula inkulumo ekhululekile

Phakathi ukwephula inkulumo ekhululekile kuyinto dysarthria ezivamile - ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa izitho zokukhuluma (ulimi ukukhubazeka). ukubonakaliswa wakhe njalo - Iskena inkulumo. Kuvamile nezimpawu aphasia - iziyaluyalu umsebenzi yokukhuluma, sekwakhiwe kakade. Isici esikhethekile iyona ukulondolozwa ukuhambisana yayo apharathasi begodu ukuzwa ngokugcwele, kodwa ikhono lokusebenzisa impambosi kulahleka.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu izinhlobo okungenzeka ekhululekile inkulumo iziyaluyalu (motor aphasia) :

• Afferent. Kwenzeka uma umonakalo iba neminyango postcentral ka Nenkabazwe evelele zobuchopho. Zinikeza isisekelo kinesthetic, udinga ukuqedela ukunyakaza ukuhambisana kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita. Ngakho-ke, kusuka kube nzima kakhulu beshaya ezinye imisindo. Umuntu onjalo akakwazi ukukhuluma izinhlamvu, nge indlela ukwakheka efanayo: isib, nento encimfelwayo noma apicals. Umphumela kungukuphula zonke izinhlobo inkulumo: okuzenzakalelayo, nokuguqulwa, okuphindaphindiwe, ngokuqamba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ubunzima yokufunda nokubhala.
• Efferent. Kuvela lapho lilimele zindawo eziphansi endaweni premotor. Ibizwa nangokuthi endaweni Broca sika. Uma ufa ukuhambisana obuphathekayo imisindo alithintwa (njengaku afferent aphasia). Kubantu abanjalo, ubunzima ukuba ushintshe phakathi amayunithi ezahlukene yokukhuluma (nemisindo namazwi). Lapho pronunciation abahlukene yokukhuluma ngabanye umsindo, umuntu angekhe atjho uchungechunge umsindo noma ibinzana. Kunalokho, kukhona elikhiqizayo inkulumo perseveration, noma (kwezinye izimo) izwi embolus.

Kufanele futhi usho ethile efferent aphasia njengoba isitayela telegram yokukhuluma. zako babe okuhlukile kwisichazamazwi tento nemabito predominance. Ungasindiswa okungalindelekile, inkulumo okuzenzakalelayo, ukucula. Aphazamise umsebenzi nekufundza, kubhala, ayetha tento.

• Dynamic. Abona othile ewunikela ngesikhathi wamshaya prefrontal, kothi endaweni Broca sika. Ukubonakaliswa eyinhloko ukuhlukumeza okunjalo kuba ukuphazamiseka esithinta ngokungenasizathu inkulumo asebenzayo elikhiqizayo. Nokho, kukhona nokongiwa yokuzalana inkulumo (re, ngokuzenzakalela). Ukuze umuntu onjalo ethi yinkimbinkimbi umcabango kanye nokubuza imibuzo, kodwa ukuhambisana imisindo, ukuphindaphinda amagama athile nezindlela asetshenziswa imisho, kanye izimpendulo ezifanele kulula.

Isici esiphawulekayo zonke izinhlobo motor aphasia iba inkulumo yomuntu ukuqonda ziqondiswe kuye, ukuqaliswa zonke imisebenzi, kodwa ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento ukuphindaphindwa kanye nokuzimela komuntu siqu. Kuyinto evamile nokuba zinokukhubazeka sobala.

Agraphia Ngenxa yokuthi wabona ukuthi ehlukile ekhululekile inkulumo iziyaluyalu

Agraphia ngokuthi ukulahlekelwa ikhono ukulungisa lokubhala, ephelezelwa kulondolozwe motor umsebenzi wezandla. It kuvela ngenxa kokunqotshwa izinkambu yesibili associative ka Nenkabazwe kwesokunxele cortex zobuchopho.

Lesi sifo siba umngane in iziyaluyalu yokukhuluma njengoba isifo ahlukene kukalutshwana kakhulu. Agraphia kuwuphawu uhlobo oluthile aphasia. Njengoba isibonelo, ukuxhumana premotor lesion endaweni iyunifomu kinetic izinhlamvu disorder isakhiwo.

Endabeni umonakalo ezincane, abaphethwe agraphia umuntu akwazi kahle ukuqopha izinhlamvu ezithile, kodwa gwema isipelingi yokuphambuka amaqoqo ezinhlamvu amazwi. Mhlawumbe khona kwenkolelo engaguqukiyo inert futhi ukuphazamiseka umsindo incwadi Ukwakheka ukuhlaziya amagama. Ngakho, abantu abanjalo kunzima banikezwe oyifunayo ukudlala oda izinhlamvu mazwi. Zingaba izikhathi eziningana ukuphinda izenzo ezithile ezephula inqubo jikelele lokubhala.

Kuvele incazelo ehlukile kwegama elithi

Igama elithi "inkulumo ekhululekile" alibhekiseli kuphela ekuhlanganyeleni uhlobo inkulumo netimphawu lasungulwa ngokombono neurolinguistics. Yena yavlyatesya kwencazelo imikhakha izitayela ngolimi Russian.

Ekhululekile inkulumo izitayela ezikhona parallel ukusebenza. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama incwadi kanye okuxoxa. amafomu Ibhalwe yokukhuluma - kungcono isitayela lesibonwa, ibhizinisi esemthethweni nesayensi. Bangabakhe isitayela ncwadi-zisebenza kahle. Spoken njengoba yetemlomo yokukhuluma.

Esebenzisa inkulumo ekhululekile ngcono imiva yayo futhi zakhelwe ukuthuthukisa umthelela bafakela isilaleli noma umfundi.

Igama elithi "inkulumo ethi" libhekisela "ekhululekile". Tincenye silulumagama ezifana amagama eklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa amandla ekhululekile kolimi wetemlomo nobe lobhalwako. Kwakuvame ukuthi oyedwa izwi kokungathathi hlangothi ingacosha ambalwa omqondofana imidwebo ekhululekile. Zingase ziyahlukahluka, kuye ngezinga ngazo ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo. Futhi, ngokuvamile kukhona izimo lapho umuntu izwi hlangothi, kukhona iqoqo omqondofana, nombala okuphambene.

I ekhululekile inkulumo coloration bangase babe nezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene ocebile ezihlukile yesitayela. Izichazamazwi zihlanganisa nezimpawu ezikhethekile kanye namamaki ukuhlonza lezi omqondofana:

• imikhosi, okusezingeni eliphezulu;
• bokukhuluma;
• izinkondlo;
• ezihlekisayo;
• kuyindida;
• Ukujwayelana;
• disapproving;
• ajivazayo;
• ngendelelo;
• wokwedelela;
• sulgarnye;
• okuhlukumezayo.

Ukusebenzisa amazwi ekhululekile ngesineke kufanele kufanelane nabanekhono. Kungenjalo, okushiwo izitatimende Ungahlanekezelwa noma uzothola ithoni yamahlaya.

Ekhululekile inkulumo izitayela

Abameleli beNdikimba isayensi yesimanje kolimi libhekisela kulabo izitayela kokulandelayo:

1. Gala.
2. Ukujwayeleka.
3. Esemthethweni.
4. Ezihlekisayo.
5. Obuseduze futhi unothando.
6. Idlalisa.

I juxtaposition yazo zonke lezi izitayela baba hlangothi, okuyinto ngokuphelele elingenalo yiliphi.

Ngokomzwelo inkulumo ekhululekile ngenkuthalo lisebenzisa ezintathu izinhlobo isichazamazwi kulinganiselwa njengoba izindlela eziphumelelayo ukuze kulekelelwe oyifunayo umbala imizwa:

1. Ukusebenzisa amagama zinenani elikhanyayo ezilinganisiwe. Lokhu kufanele ihlanganise namazwi ezichaza othile. Futhi kulesi sigaba kukhona amazwi zokukala amaqiniso, imicimbi, izici izenzo.
2. Amagama ngomuzwa okunenjongo. Inani lawo eliyinhloko ngokuvamile hlangothi, Nokho, ngokuba ukusetshenziswa ngomqondo ehilela bathola Umbala omuhle acacile ngokomzwelo.
3. Tijobelelo, asebenzisa amagama kokungathathi hlangothi ikuvumela ukuthumela ezihlukahlukene shades of nemizwa nemizwelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, okushiwo owamukelwa amazwi futhi izinhlangano, uzilungise, nethonya eliqondile embaleni zabo ezingokomzwelo futhi ekhululekile.