Ekamu lokuhlushwa German phakathi neMpi Yezwe II (uhlu)

KobuFasi ubugebengu iyohlale imiqondo nolimi. Njengoba engena imbazo onegazi impi eJalimane lobuNazi emhlabeni wonke, abachitha igazi elingenacala nesibalo esikhulu izisulu.

Umsuka wegama okuhlushwa lokuqala

Kwake kwathi ngo-amandla okubusa eJalimane amaNazi kwafika - le "mboni sokufa" iqala ukudaleka. ekamu lokuhlushwa - ifakwe ngamabomu isikhungo, eyenzelwe mass ophoqelelwe ejele, neziboshwa zempi futhi iziboshwa zezombusazwe. Igama ngokwalo, futhi kuze kube namuhla uphefumulela eziningi okukhulu. Emakamu okuhlushwa eJalimane babe esihlalweni ababebambisene esolwa nokugcina ukunyakaza anti-undlovukayiphikiswa. I emakamu okuhlushwa lokuqala atholiwe ngqo sokubusa kwamaNazi. Ngokwe- "izimiso eziphuthumayo kwamaNazi uMongameli for the Ukuvikelwa Abantu noHulumeni" baboshwa i imigqa nanini kuzo zonke nalabo ababelandela umbuso nobutha amaNazi.

Kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho kuqala impi - izinhlangano ezinjalo ziye zaba umshini giant ukuthi ukuyiveza wabhubhisa isibalo esikhulu sabantu. ekamu lokuhlushwa German phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, bagcwala izigidi iziboshwa: amaJuda, amaKhomanisi, nabasePoland, Roma, izakhamuzi zaseSoviet nabanye. Esinye sezizathu abaningi ekufeni izigidi zabantu ebaluleke kakhulu okulandelako:

• wokuhlekwa usulu elukhuni,
• isifo;
• nezimo ezimbi;
• ukukhathala;
• umsebenzi onzima odinga amandla;
• ucwaningo lwezokwelapha akunabuntu.

Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo ngesihluku

Inombolo ephelele zokulungisa izikhungo zabasebenzi ngesikhathi eneminyaka engaba ngu-5000. ekamu lokuhlushwa German phakathi neMpi Yezwe II ayenenjongo ezahlukene futhi umthamo. Ukusabalalisa theory ngokobuhlanga 1941 kwaholela emakamu noma "izimboni sokufa", ngemuva izindonga zazo ehlelekile lokubulala amaJuda kuqala, bese abantu abangamaHimba ezinye izizwe 'eliphansi'. I emakamu zibekwe ezifundeni ezinabantu eziseMpumalanga Yurophu.

Isigaba sokuqala ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi simiso libhekene ukwakhiwa lamakamu insimu isiJalimane, eyayintula ukufana esiphezulu ne lisiphatheleni. Alungiselelwa wokugcinwa nabaphikisi zombuso wamaNazi. Ngaleso sikhathi, base iziboshwa angaba yizinkulungwane 26 okuvalelwe ngokuphelele nezwe. Ngisho uma kwenzeka sokutakula umlilo abasebenzi yayingenalo ilungelo lokuthola ukuhlala ekamu.

Eyesibili isigaba - kuyinto 1936-1938, lapho isibalo seziboshwa yavuleka futhi ukutholakala yeziboshwa izakhiwo ezintsha ziyadingeka. Njengengxenye labo ababoshiwe abangenamakhaya nalabo abangafuni ukusebenza. It eyenziwa uhlobo umphakathi ukuhlanjululwa izakhi anti-social ahlaza isizwe samaJalimane. Lena isikhathi ukwakhiwa okunjalo emakamu owaziwa njengo laseSachsenhausen futhi laseBuchenwald. Kamuva baqala ukuthumela amaJuda wawayisa ekudingisweni.

Isigaba sesithathu ukuthuthukiswa uhlelo waqala cishe ngasikhathi sinye nge seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili futhi ihlala kuze ekuqaleni 1942. Sikhule kakhulu isibalo seziboshwa abahlala ekamu lokuhlushwa eJalimane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, anda cishe kabili ngenxa amaFulentshi eyisithunjwa, nabasePoland, baseBelgium lithanda, kanye nabamele amanye amazwe. Ngalesi sikhathi, inani leziboshwa eJalimane nase-Austria incane kakhulu kunenani yalabo abanamawala ngokweqile emakamu, ezakhiwe ezindaweni yanqotshwa.

Phakathi isigaba nokokugcina (1942-1945) kuxhomeke kakhulu Ukushushiswa amaJuda neziboshwa yaseSoviet yokuthuthela impi. Sikhule kakhulu isibalo seziboshwa imayelana million 2.5-3.

AmaNazi wahlela "ifektri sokufa" kanye nezinye izikhungo ezifanayo yeziboshwa emazweni ezihlukahlukene izindawo. Eliphawuleka kakhulu phakathi kwazo ekamu lokuhlushwa eJalimane, uhlu okuyinto kanje:

• laseBuchenwald;
• Halle;
• Dresden;
• Dusseldorf;
• Katbus;
• laseRavensbrück;
• Schlieben;
• Spremberg;
• eDachau;
• Essen.

EDachau - ekamu lokuqala

Phakathi kwabokuqala eJalimane Camp eDachau yasungulwa, etholakala eduze eponymous idolobha elincane eliseduze Munich. Wayeyindoda enomusa imodeli ngoba ukudalwa kohlelo esizayo izikhungo amaNazi kwezimilo. EDachau - ekamu lokuhlushwa, obabukhona engu-12. It aboshiwe lenqwaba iziboshwa German zezombusazwe kanye antifascists iziboshwa, abefundisi, osopolitiki kanye izishoshovu zomphakathi ezivela cishe kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu.

Ngo-1942 on ensimini kohlelo eningizimu-German iqala ukudaleka, ehlanganisa emakamu eyengeziwe 140. Bonke ingeyamakhosi "eDachau" futhi uhlelo oluqukethwe iziboshwa ezingaphezu kuka-30,000, elisetshenziswa ezihlukahlukene umsebenzi esindayo. Phakathi kweziboshwa ukhathazekile futhi bonke anti-undlovukayiphikiswa amakholwa eyaziwa Martin Niemöller, Gabriel V futhi UNikolai Velimirovic.

Ngokusemthethweni eDachau sasingaklanyelwe ukubulala abantu. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, inombolo esemthethweni iziboshwa owafa kukhona emhlabeni 41.500 abantu. Kodwa inani langempela iphezulu kakhulu.

Futhi enifeza ezihlukahlukene ucwaningo lwezokwelapha eyenziwa nawabantu eyabangela izindonga. Ikakhulukazi, kube nezigigaba ezingaphezu ucwaningo ezihilela cwaningo yethonya ukuphakama emzimbeni womuntu kanye nocwaningo umalaleveva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziboshwa kwenziwe ukuhlolwa kwemithi emisha, styptic.

EDachau Ekamu Lokuhlushwa nge idumela elibi kakhulu, eyakhululwa ngo-Ephreli 29, 1945 7th lempi Army US Armed Forces.

"Umsebenzi inikhulula"

Lokhu isisho bukovok metal ibekwe ngaphezu eyinhloko yokungena ekamu lokuhlushwa lase-Auschwitz-Nazi, iwuphawu ukwesaba nokuqothulwa kohlanga.

Ngenxa likwazi ukuhlalisa inani elandayo nabasePoland Kuboshwe kwakunesidingo ukwakha isikhala entsha okuqukethwe kwabo. Ngo 1940-1941, ensimini ka edolobheni isiPolish Oswiecim nasemizaneni yalo baxoshwa zonke izakhamizi. Le ndawo ehloselwe ekamu imfundo.

Lalinama:

• Auschwitz mina;
• Auschwitz-Birkenau;
• Auschwitz-Buna (noma i-Auschwitz III).

Njengoba lizungezwe izwe wonke amakamu atholiwe tower ne ngocingo oluhlabayo, engaphansi voltage kagesi. Izoni inyumbazane lalisenyakatho ibanga elikhulu ngaphandle emakamu kwadingeka igama "indawo isithakazelo".

Iziboshwa zalethwa lapha izitimela esuka kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Babe zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu 4. Eyokuqala, owakhiwa ikakhulukazi amaJuda engasebenziseki iphepha abantu ngokushesha ngesisi.

Abameleli beNdikimba yesibili ukwenza ezihlukahlukene umsebenzi kule mboni. Ikakhulukazi, kwezisebenzi zasejele yasetshenziselwa lapho kuhluzwa khona "Buna-Werke," bekwi-ukukhiqizwa uphethiloli, futhi zokwenziwa kuyo izihlahla zenjoloba.

Ingxenye yesithathu ka abafikayo abahlala waba kwezinso ngokomzimba azalwa nako. Lawa kwakungamadodana ikakhulukazi amawele kanye dwarfs. Baya "umongo" ekamu lokuhlushwa ngenxa ucwaningo anti-womuntu futhi ejatshuliswa nawukuhlukumeza abantu.

Iqembu yesine lalinabashumayeli abesifazane ezikhethiwe owasebenza njengomkhulumeli izinceku nezigqila siqu e-SS. Futhi ihlelwa batholakele ukufika iziboshwa okungokwakhe.

Mshini yesixazululo yokugcina Umbuzo wamaJuda

Nsuku zonke ekamu kwakukhona iziboshwa ezingaphezu kuka-100,000, ahlala amahektha 170 komhlaba emabhalekisini 300. Bakhandwa wahlanganyela ukwakhiwa iziboshwa sokuqala. Amakamu zazenziwe ngokhuni wayengelamadodana isisekelo. Ebusika, lezi zindawo bebelokhu abandayo ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi babethi ukufuthelana nge 2 ohhavini abancane.

Izidumbu e-Auschwitz Birkenau zafakwa ekupheleni amathrekhi. Bakhandwa kuhlangene igesi emakamelweni. Ngamunye wabo wayiswa 5 amaziko kathathu. Okunye yokushisa izidumbu zazincane futhi lalinabashumayeli eyodwa esithandweni vosmimufelnoy. Bonke Ngasebenza cishe ubusuku nemini. Phula kwenziwe kuphela ukuze uhlanze kuhhavini ngothuli womuntu nophethiloli unburned. Konke lokhu athunyelwa emkhakheni esiseduze futhi elahliwe emigodini ekhethekile.

ekamelweni ngasinye igesi lingahlala abantu mayelana 2500, bafa imizuzu 10-15. Ngemva kwalokho imizimba yabo bathunyelwa kushiswa khona izidumbu. Endaweni babo, ezinye iziboshwa kakade walungisa.

Inani elikhulu izidumbu akakwazanga njalo ihlanganise zokulothisa, ngakho ngo-1944 baqala niyishise emgwaqweni.

Ezinye amaqiniso kusukela emlandweni Auschwitz

Auschwitz - ekamu lokuhlushwa, umlando okuhlanganisa amagoli cishe 700 imizamo ukuphunyuka, kwesigamu eyaqedwa ngempumelelo. Kodwa ngisho noma umuntu wakwazi ukubaleka - ngokushesha ukubopha bonke izihlobo zakhe. Babephinde babizwe ayiswa emakamu okuhlushwa. Iziboshwa, owayehlala Ukuphunyuka ku eyodwa, abulawa. Kule ndlela lokuhlushwa ukulawula ekamu ake ukubaleka imizamo.

Ukukhululwa le "mboni sokufa" owawuse-January 27, 1945. 100 Infantry Division esengaphansi Fedor Krasavina wathatha endaweni ekamu. Ngo bephila ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona abantu 7,500 kuphela. AmaNazi abulala noma badingiselwa ukubaleka kwabo -Third Reich iziboshwa ezingaphezu kuka 58.000.

Ngaphambi isikhathi sethu asazi inani eliqondile izimpilo besusiwe Auschwitz. Bangaki imiphefumulo zululeka iziboshwa khona kuze kube yilolu suku? Auschwitz - ekamu lokuhlushwa, umlando lapho yakhiwa ezimpilweni zeziboshwa kwezigidi ezingu 1.1-1.6. Waba uphawu esidabukisayo ubugebengu embi obenziwa esintwini.

Kuvikelekile ekamu siphetho abesifazane

ekamu lokuhlushwa omkhulu kuphela abesifazane eJalimane kwaba laseRavensbrück. Yaklanyelwa wokugcinwa izinkulungwane zabantu 30, kodwa ekupheleni kwempi kwakukhona iziboshwa ezingaphezu kuka-45,000. Yayihlanganisa abesifazane Russian kanye Polish. Ingcenye eqakathekileko babengamaJuda. ekamu lokuhlushwa Lokhu zabesifazane awuzange ngokusemthethweni eyenzelwe iziboshwa ezahlukene ukuxhashazwa, kodwa ukuvinjelwa esisemthethweni elinjalo kwakuyisenzo lingekho.

Lapho yokwemukela laseRavensbrück abesifazane bangiphuca konke ababenakho. Bakhumula ngokuphelele, wageza, aphuce futhi banikezwe umsebenzi izingubo. Ngemva kwalokhu isiboshwa kwasakazwa emabhalekisini.

Ngisho ngaphambi kokungena ekamu ukhethe abesifazane enempilo kakhulu futhi enamandla, lonke - babhujiswa. Labo abasinda, kwenziwa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ehlobene nokwakhiwa futhi ethunga workshop.

Ngasekupheleni kwempi, ke wakha izidumbu kanye egumbini elinegesi nokulapho. Ngaphambi kwalokho, kwakukhona ekubulaweni kwenqwaba yabantu noma ibalula uma kunesidingo. Thumela umlotha womuntu njengoba Umanyolo emasimini ezizungezile ekamu lokuhlushwa zezinsikazi noma umane batheleka Gulf.

Tincenye ukuhlazeka nokuhlangenwe nakho lapho Ravesbryuke

I izici ezibalulekile ukuhlazeka kuchasiselwe izinombolo, kwesisekelo nezimo zokuphila babulawa. Futhi Ravesbryuka sici khona esibhedlela, eyenzelwe ukulinga abantu. Lapha, amaJalimane kwenziwe ukuhlolwa kwemithi emisha, pre-zokuthelela noma iziboshwa mutilating. Sikhule kakhulu isibalo seziboshwa kwehle ngokushesha ngokuhlanganyela yokuhlanza njalo noma okukhethile, ngesikhathi owabhubhisa bonke abesifazane abaye balahlekelwa ikhono emsebenzini noma kuba sengathi esibi.

Ngesikhathi ukukhululwa kuka ekamu, kwakukhona cishe 5000 abantu. Ezinye izindaba zika-isiboshwa ayebhalwa babulewe noma badingiselwa nezinye okuhlushwa eJalimane lamaNazi. Ekugcineni, iziboshwa abesifazane badedelwa ngo-April 1945.

ekamu lokuhlushwa Salaspils

Okokuqala, emakamu ekamu Salaspils wadala uqukethe therein amaJuda. Bona ayelethwa lapho esuka Latvia nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Ukwakhiwa kwemisebenzi lokuqala Kwakuseshwa by iziboshwa yaseSoviet yokuthuthela impi ababesezweni Stalag 350, eliseduze.

Kusukela kuqale ukwakhiwa ngesikhathi amaNazi abulala cishe wonke amaJuda endaweni Latvia, ekamu wazibonakalisa ongaceli. Kule ndaba, ngo-May 1942, ekamelweni esingenalutho Salaspilsa wenza ejele. Yayiqukethe zonke labo aphambuka inkonzo zabasebenzi, besho nokusho ukuthi iziphathimandla zaseSoviet, futhi nabanye abaphikisi kaHitler. Laba bantu bathunyelwa afe ukufa okubuhlungu. Ikamu wayengafani yimuphi omunye izikhungo efanayo. Zazingekho esinobuthi noma zokulothisa. Noma kunjalo, khona babhujiswa bafa iziboshwa ezingaba ngu-10 eyinkulungwane.

izingane Salaspils

ekamu lokuhlushwa Salaspils yayiyindawo yeziboshwa kwezingane, ezisetshenziswa ukuze abenzele igazi amasosha alimele German. Emva inqubo igazi ukuhoxiswa iningi iziboshwa engamahlongandlebe wafa ngokushesha okukhulu.

Beyigcinwa emakamu ahlukene wancishwa ngisho ukunakekelwa ubuncane lasekuqaleni. Kodwa akulona abandayo kanye izimo ezimbi ephilayo babe imbangela eyinhloko yokufa kwezingane futhi ucwaningo kokuqhuba, zona zazisetshenziswa njengezibonakaliso abahlolwayo.

Inombolo iziboshwa abasha owafa ezindongeni Salaspils, uye wenza okungaphezu 3 ayizinkulungwane. Kuyinto kuphela izingane kakhulu zasemakamu okuhlushwa, abaneminyaka engu ngaphansi 5 ubudala. Yemizimba ashisiwe, kuyilapho abanye bangcwatshwa Garrison Amathuna. Iningi izingane wafa ngenxa abangenasihe igazi ukudonsa.

Isiphetho abantu ababenaye emakamu okuhlushwa eJalimane phakathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, sasidabukisa futhi ngemva kokukhululwa. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi kusengenzeka ukuthi uyesaba! Ngemva amaNazi ophoqelelwe izikhungo zabasebenzi, athathwa siboshwa Gulag. Izihlobo zabo abantwana bakhubeka becindezela futhi ayezibheka ex-iziboshwa ngokuthi "amambuka." Bathi nje ukusebenza imisebenzi enzima kakhulu futhi ephansi ukukhokha. Yodwa a ngcosana of them wakwazi ekugcineni bahuba abantu.

ekamu lokuhlushwa German - kuwubufakazi bokuthi iqiniso esabekayo futhi inexorable yokwehla kwangempela esintwini.