Izindaba UmphakathiNefilosofi

Intentionality - Iyini? Ukuvela umqondo futhi ukubaluleka

Ngisho zefilosofi zasendulo babenesithakazelo imibuzo mayelana yini eshukumisela abantu ikhomishana izenzo ezithile. Kungani umuntu oyedwa ubhekisa ukunakekela nemizwa yakhe kunoma iyiphi into, kanti enye - ku okuphambene kakhulu. Ngalezo zinsuku kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kungcono nje okuthandayo yemvelo subjective lomuntu oyedwa, psyche yakhe kubangelwa yidivayisi.

Kamuva, sekube izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene ezaba ngesisekelo into ezifana intentionality. Kuyinto Latin (intentio) kusho isifiso, noma isiqondiso. Lo mkhuba Komuntu ufundwa izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, zefilosofi futhi izazi zezilimi ezinsukwini zethu.

Umqondo Inani

Intentionality ifilosofi - a nenshisekelo njalo ukwazi zezwe futhi izinto, ugcwalisa sinombono ukuqonda ubanikeze incazelo. Ezikhathini scholasticism ephakathi, isibonelo, kwakukhona umehluko phakathi yangempela futhi into engokomfanekiso.

Intentionality ukwazi - into engqondo evumela umuntu ukuthola ubudlelwano phakathi kwezici ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni, kokubili ekhona kanye iplanethi, ukudala ezihlukahlukene eziningi okuqonda we ngokoqobo. kuncike ngamunye eziyizici awayo izilinganiso for izinto ezizungezile kanye izenzakalo, kodwa kukhona izici ezehlela bonke abantu - imizwa, umcabango, ukuqonda futhi ukuhlaziywa.

Umehluko imizwa ngamunye ekufezeni into efanayo, nokho inezici ezivamile - kuba isifundo sakhe, kunokuba isipiliyoni ke. Lokujabulela ubuhlungu, isibonelo, ungokoqobo kunengqondo othile obhekene naso. Kuyafana njengoba into ulwazi, ayiqukethe umqondo futhi akabubangeli imizwa.

Ezazini idealist ka intentionality - eka umqondo womuntu ukudala umhlaba wabo siqu egcwele izinto kanye izenzakalo ukuze ngalo libe nenjongo nokubaluleka. Kulokhu, awukho umahluko phakathi yangempela kanye ngokoqobo oqanjiwe.

Ngo nefilosofi zezibalo kanye phenomenology ka intentionality ithiyori - ke ingenye imiqondo eyisisekelo. Ngenxa ubuhlobo bakhe ezikhethekile ezasungulwa phakathi engqondweni, olimini kanye nezwe. Okubukwa into lihlotshaniswa uphawu yayo kwezilimi indawo engokoqobo, izikhathi bangabi khona. cwaningo egxilile mayelana nale ndaba, ephelezelwa ikhono ngokunengqondo ukunquma impahla yayo futhi ubudlelwano nezwe, kungaba futhi umane isenzo ukucatshangelwa.

dominik Perler

Lokhu sefilosofi esaziwayo owayephila ngesikhathi Switzerland wazalwa Mashi 17, 1965. Uprofesa futhi uthisha wefilosofi theory e-University of Berlin, yena waziwa emhlabeni wonke njengoba umlobi Dominik Perler. "Imfundiso yokuziphendukela intentionality Ephakathi" - umsebenzi wakhe ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni wefilosofi kusuka 1250 g 1330.

Ngemva kokuhlola ukusebenza kwe-isikhathi zefilosofi ezifana foma Akvinsky, uPetru ioann Olivi, Duns Scott, Petr Avreol futhi Occam, Perler washayelwa intentionality 5 izinhlobo:

  • esisemthethweni ungubani uhlobo ukuthi uzwakalise Aquinas, owayekholelwa ukuthi indawo intentionality - le ndlela yokukhuluma usebenzisa ukuhlakanipha, okuvumela into ekwakhiweni kuphela ngokusebenzisa ukuqhathanisa sayo izinto ezifanayo noma wabelane awo okwelapha. Ngokwesibonelo, umbono "into ephilayo" kusho ukuphefumula, ukunyakaza nokwenza isifundo, ngaphansi esigabeni lapho umuntu uthola, isilwane.

  • Ukugxila asebenzayo of amakhono lolwazi uhlobo aphakanyisiwe uPetru ioann Olivi, indela Franciscan owaphila eminyakeni 1248-1298. Wayekholelwa ukuthi inqubo cognition into, ukuthi akuphazamisi umfundi lokho ayekufundisa. Okungukuthi, ugxile cwaningo bento noma mkhuba uyakwazi ekwandiseni ulwazi lomuntu ngakho kuphela.
  • Uhlobo into ngenhloso Duns Scotus, inhloso umqondo unjiniyela wokuqala kwakuhambisana nezinga akuqaphelayo ngamakhasimende ukufunda isihloko noma ulwazi lwakhe. Kulokhu, ukuba khona kwezinto ezithile uthole eziyizici izici zakhe futhi wayezimisele ngokuthi "lo".
  • Thayipha khona ngenhloso Petra Avreola lisho isenzo, njengoba inhloso ukwenza isenzo. Ngokwesibonelo, isono - kuyinhloso komphefumulo.
  • Uhlobo uphawu lwemvelo Occam kusho ukuthi izinto umqondo eyinqaba nje ngoba zikhona.

Ngakho, Perler ( "Ulwazi ka intentionality Ephakathi") ngumqondo olwabiwa 5 onobuhle, ngamunye okuyinto engavamile ukuba umbono yalo bezibona isithombe ezweni futhi ilungu layo izinto kanye izenzakalo. Yileyo umcabango yefilosofi the zo lasendulo babengene ngesisekelo mpikiswano lwesayensi lwanamuhla.

Franz Brentano

Beka phambili imfundiso yokuziphendukela intentionality Ephakathi kwaba into ukutadisha ezazizofika ososayensi. Ngakho, uFranz Brentano, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo sase-Austria sefilosofi (owazalwa ngo-1838-m, futhi wafa ngo-1917), umfundisi wamaKatolika ngo-1872, washiya esontweni ngenxa isihloko uprofesa wefilosofi. Kungakabiphi, waxoshwa esontweni ngoba yalelozwe bakhe, futhi ngo-1880 wayencisha isihloko ngokwesayensi.

Ngesisekelo ifilosofi Brentano kuyinto ngokwahlukana ecacile imihlola ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi esimweni sokuqala intentionality empeleni hhayi, ngenkathi yesibili - lokhu ukwazi, okuyinto njalo isihloko. It has ukwenza izinto, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngempela yini noma cha. Kusukela umqondo wayo savela yokuthi lokhu sekwandile isayensi, phenomenology.

Ngokusekelwe imiphumela yayo, Brentano ithuthukiswe imfundiso yokuziphendukela iqiniso. Ngokwesibonelo, wayekholelwa ukuthi lokho kuchazwa lezinto ukwazi kwenzeka emazingeni amathathu:

  • Umbono, kokubili zangaphandle, izinzwa, kanye kwangaphakathi, ezingeni ngokomzwelo.
  • Flashback - ulwazi subjective izakhiwo isihloko.
  • Axiom - lilwazi olwamukelwa mayelana into.

Njengoba kulesi siphetho, Brentano wasikisela ukuba, ngoba le ndaba iqiniso okuqonda lakhe elingaphakathi mayelana nale ndaba, kuyilapho ongaphandle siyisifiso umbono abaningi ezingaba ngemibuzo. imfundiso yaKhe intentionality baqhubeka futhi ithuthukiswe yi-Edmund Husserl. Uma elapho, wayeya emakilasini Brentano sika eVienna esikhathini kusuka 1884 kuya eminyakeni 1886.

Umbono ngenhloso

Brentano kanye "utsheleke" umqondo isiqondiso yokucabanga izinto e-Aristotle kanye scholastics ephakathi, okuyinto kamuva wabhala Perler ( "Ulwazi ka intentionality"). Wayekholelwa ukuthi isimo sengqondo subjective ukuba izihloko, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikhona ngokoqobo noma cha. Ngakho, wabhala ukuthi akukho ukukholwa ngaphandle into, lapho ngezinga elikhulu ukholo, ithemba ngaphandle ukuthi, yini ithemba nenjabulo ngaphandle kwesizathu, Ukushayela kwezindlela zakhe.

Ukuthatha umqondo lo Brentano sika "intentionality", Husserl walinika nenye incazelo ngaye leli gama asihlobebe into futhi ugxile ingqondo yakhe (ukucabanga).

Phenomenology - isayensi yezinto kanye izenzakalo wafunda empirically. Husserl, umsunguli, wayekholelwa ukuthi umbono ephelele into kungadalwa kuphela endaweni enemininingwane, oluphelele futhi ngokuphindaphindiwe isifundo sakhe. Nguye bahlakulele umqondo ukuthi intentionality ifilosofi, kuba ubuhlobo ukwazi nokuqonda.

Ngokusho kwakhe, ngenhloso inezici ahlele ukuthi ingxenye engqondweni ukuthi unesibopho ukuqoqwa idatha mayelana into ngokusebenzisa ukuqonda futhi ihlanganisa wawayisa ebumbene. Lokho kuzoxoxwa ngakho yokutadisha njengoba engazange abe khona kwaze kwaba isenzo ukucatshangelwa.

uxhumano eidetic

Husserl wayekholelwa ukuthi inhliziyo (ingqondo), nomzimba obhekene cognition. Phakathi nakho inhliziyo angaqondisa ukunakwa ukwazi ukuba into okubangela i-alamu. Ngale ndlela, ifake intentionality ukwazi. Husserl waveza ukuthi kuphela isiqondiso futhi focus imbangela noma uthole into empeleni (Eidos emhlabeni). Lokhu kudala ubuhlobo eidetic, okwaphumela into ngokwengqondo kwakheka umqondo.

Wenza umehluko phakathi izenzakalo of ezingeni engqondweni nasemzimbeni, akusiyo uhambisane lo mkhuba ukwazi njalo, noma into oyifunayo emhlabeni wangempela. Ngokwesibonelo, intsha kwakungasehlane laseBeti ekhonsathini ye-rock.

Abanye abantu azibonayo lolu hlobo lomculo, abanye - akukho. Lokho, umuntu sekukhona inhloso ukwazi, okuyinto wamkhwelisa bezibona umsindo, ngaleyo ndlela kudale ubuhlobo eidetic. Impendulo nokufuna ukwazi zaqala ukutheleka ekhonsathini.

Enye inhloso ayakhekanga, kusukela ukwazi ilungiselelwe ukucinga nezinye umculo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iqembu abaqhubeke nokudlala, ukudala Eidos usebenza kusuka umsindo walo ephambili.

ukwazi ngenhloso

Uma intentionality zefilosofi medieval - property into, futhi Brentano - izinqubo ngokwengqondo esivela isihloko, bese Husserl exhumene lo mqondo nge ukwazi uqobo.

Wayekholelwa ukuthi inhloso - kuyinto isiphi isenzo ukucabanga, njalo kuhloswe for, kuyinto impahla yakhe. Kungakhathaliseki into yangempela ukwazi noma cha, kwanoma iyiphi inqubo ukucabanga njalo sibhekiswe kuye yambopha.

Ukuze Brentano intentionality seyixhunyaniswe izenzo engqondo, owawuthi into cognizable eqala ukhona immanent, ukuthi asikho ngaphezu kwemikhawulo lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho (yokufunda). Ngokungafani komfundisi wakhe, Husserl akakhulumi ngendaba ongacabanga ukwazi, kodwa wezenzo ngenhloso ukuthi ukusungula elikuqukethe. Khona kanye ukuba khona into futhi.

Njengoba athuthukiswe welithi "intentionality ukwazi", Husserl enwetshiwe umsebenzi walo, kuphenduke wokuhluza esibanzi. Inhloso ifilosofi yakhe akukhona nje libhekene yingqondo yomuntu, kodwa futhi ibutho, sibonga lapho isenzo ukwazi ngale ndaba. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho sitadisha izenzo theory ukwazi, efakwe izinto ezintsha yesayensi.

Ukuhlaziya umsebenzi ngenhloso ukucabanga, ungabuka ukuvela imizwa nezinhloso isakhiwo sabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo zingaba isisekelo sangempela, kuqinisekiswa izinzwa ezinhlanu, kanye ulwazi lwezinto ezingokomoya. Kuyinto umoya yakha into bese ulunika okusho. kuyinto "umlamuleli", okuyinto Husserl wanikeza kwencazelo "noema" phakathi kwakhe imizwa.

Noam izimele into, ngakho ingqondo kungathatha kalula ukuba khona into noma mkhuba, okuyinto emhlabeni wangempela umane akukwazi. Akunandaba njengoba ebalulekile izinqubo zabo okwenzeka ubuchopho bomuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu uye wanquma ukuthi unesifo sina ngoba ulahlwa ohlangothini lwakhe kungenza kube real, uma njalo ngokugxila noma alindele ukuba bagcine izimpawu ezivamile.

Ubunikazi eidoses

Ngazo zonke izikhathi, ama-philosophers abanesifiso sokwazi ukuthi ukuhlonza umnyombo walokho izinto. Namuhla, le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi indlela lokwehliswa phenomenological. Kusekelwe trance, kokuvula ukwazi okumsulwa, nangale okuyinto lonke izwe.

Le ndlela iye yasetshenziselwa eside ngaphambi Husserl sika lahlangana eSt Augustine (354-430 GG.) Futhi Rene Dekart (1596-1650 GG.). It bakhangwa neqiniso lokuthi ukwazi okumsulwa kuvula okushiwo Eidos. Ukuze sikwazi ukufeza lokhu, isayensi phenomenological inikeza 2 izinhlobo trance:

  • Into yokuqala okufanele sisicabangele ukuthi ukukhishwa Imininingwane zomhlaba ngaphandle nolwazi lwakhe noma imibono mayelana into efundwayo. Le nkulumo, okuthiwa isihloko kanye izakhiwo ukuthi "kuchasiselwe", zilotshwe engqondweni. Ngenhla kubalulekile ifike unqobe. Nale ndlela, umuntu ngeke asuswe into sengathi akukho futhi ibona eidos yayo. Inqubo akufanele liphazamisane isimiso, nsuku zonke, iqiniso leBhayibheli, ezesayensi noma basezinganekwaneni ngaye futhi wawususa noma isiphi isahlulelo. Futhi, akunandaba ngokoqobo into.
  • Ngokusho uhlobo ukwazi ngaphesheya 'isiphelo' yesibili emhlabeni sangaphandle kuphela, kodwa "Mina" mayelana nale ndaba, njengengxenye ngokoqobo kuzo nalezo aphila kuzo. Ngakho, lapho uhlala ukwazi okumsulwa ngokuphelele phesheya, okothi okugcinwa kusebenza futhi omunye izingxenye zalo - umphefumulo. Ngakho kukhona ulwazi okushiwo into lafundvwako, kuba, ngaphandle ukufakwa maqondana siqu kuye.

Zonke ulwazi oseluvele lukhona ngale ndaba, lezi zinkulumo zisuselwa ukwazi, ukudala lonke incazelo isici kuphela izakhiwo yakhe.

Isakhiwo kubalulekile ukwazi

izinkinga Kutfutfukiswa intentionality ukwazi kuyinto wesikweletu Husserl, owadala indlela yokuthola ukuthi kuyini imihlola. Ngakho, wasikisela:

  • Vula ingqondo ukukhungatheka kwangaphakathi, lapho ukwazi, kuvuliwe ngokwayo, renounces ngokuphelele lokwahlulela akafundi kusukela nelwatinchanti lwabo noma okuvelayo, kodwa kusuka ngaphandle.
  • Sebenzisa amehlo ze-non-wahlulela abanye. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba uphike ukuthi alikho izwe elingaphandle engqondweni, zona ngokwazo isiyi-isiphakamiso futhi aqede enokwehla "Mina".
  • Faka isikhala ukwazi okumsulwa, lapho isihloko eyoqeda khona bonke zangaphandle kanye nakho zayo kanye ulwazi oluthuthukayo lomhlaba. Kuleli zinga kunezinhlobo ukuthi awunakho okuqukethwe kuphela.
  • Ukuze ugweme inkolelo ngokoqobo emhlabeni bese uyibuka bathinteka Eidos. Kulokhu, essence yayo kubonakala isihloko, njengoba into nento ngokuphelele.

Ekuthuthukiseni ifilosofi yakhe, Husserl wazama ukuthola luhlangotsi okumsulwa, kungenzeka ukuthola imiphumela amagugu elibanzi ezibalulekile.

Kuyini ngempela ngaphakathi

Intentionality e yezilimi libhekisela kolunye ukwazi kwezinye into. Yini ngempela kwenzekani ngaphakathi kuye ngesikhathi inqubo cognition, kwenza kube umqondo ocacile yefilosofi Husserl.

Ingabe igama elithi "unembeza okumsulwa" kusho ukungabikho kwakhe, ubuze egcwele, inencazelo efanayo ngokuthi "isikhala esingenalutho"? Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, alilokothi iza off kusuka ekuphileni futhi awukwazi zaneliswe yiziphi izinto, nje ukugcwalisa cleaner. Consciousness - uhlale isithombe okuthile.

Ngisho noma ukuyikhulula kusukela ngokoqobo zangaphandle, ke asiyeki uyibonisa ngokufaka esikhundleni izwe elingaphandle kwangaphakathi. Eqinisweni, ngeke kube ngaphakathi, ngoba itholakala ngaphandle kwakhe. Ngisho noma umuntu ngokucwiliswa yisihlwathi ngasona phansi akuqaphelayo, kokuba uyeke ukuba babe kanye 'uphonse "it out futhi izinto.

Phenomenology njengendlela ukubona izwe

Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi phakathi ukuthuthukiswa lo mkhakha wesayensi, intentionality akuyona kuphela engqondweni (imicabango, imibono), kodwa futhi izingxenye zalo ngazinye, ezifana nezifiso, imizwelo, umuzwa, futhi abanye.

Ngokusho Husserl, bezibona - ke njalo niqonda okuthile, isibonelo, isihloko, kuyilapho ukwahlulela - kungukuqonda nokuqukethwe kwalo. Consciousness kuyisisekelo, ngaphakathi okuyinto akhiwa futhi udala zonke izinhlobo izenzo zabantu.

Kubhekwe le, ingqondo ungumdali konke emhlabeni, awukwazi ukuhlukanisa noma kwephule ubuqotho bayo. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka zama ukuchaza noma "esabelwe 'kuye abanye umqondo. Ngokusho umqondo Husserl sika lomkhuba ukwazi ukuthi kuba oludonsa, futhi nguye kuvula khona abantu.

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