Ipulazi - Iyini? ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo

Okwakushiwo ezivame kakhulu igama elithi "ipulazi" - ibhizinisi yezolimo, senzelwe imfuyo. Kodwa manje akusiwona mayelana nendawo yokwenza itoho epulazini. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ulwazi mayelana Cishe isakhiwo isakhiwo endala, okuyinto sisabenza empilweni yesimanje. It is kabanzi ekwakheni, ikakhulukazi ukwakhiwa kwamabhuloho, futhi zemidlalo.

Ipulazi - uhlelo ehlanganisa izinduku, okuyinto uhlala geometrically ingashintshiwe lapho beshintsha yayo eqinile nakho ngeke kusize lomnyango yesifunda. Ukuze-ke nazo ziyasebenza truss imishayo, okuyinto amelwa inhlanganisela ezimbili noma ezintathu-span ugongolo angakavunwa futhi girth traction.

Lapho ukusebenzisa?

Njengoba sekushiwo, esakhiweni ipulazi liyisici esisemqoka. Ngosizo abakhi lula ukwakhiwa isakhiwo futhi ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa izinto ezidingekayo. Ngaphandle ukusetshenziswa epulazini akusilo ukwakhiwa ephelele amabhuloho, ezinkundleni zemidlalo hangars, kanye nezitshalo Ornamental, ezifana amahholo, izigaba kanye podiums njll

Uma kuhlelelwa umkhumbi sikebhe, izindiza, esitimela amandla ukubala yenzeka ngendlela efanayo umthwalo ukubala epulazini.

ngezigaba

Ipulazi - isakhiwo ehlanganisa izinduku zazo oxhumene kungathuthukiswa amagatsha, futhi yakha uhlelo luxhumanisa ezingaguquki. amapulazi Ukwahlukanisa kungaba kwenziwe phezu sebuningini izakhiwo.

On emsebenzini wokwakha

• Amaphaphu. Bona odnostenchatoe-kwesigaba isetshenziswa. amapulazi Khanyisa zivame kakhulu asetshenziswa embonini yezokwakha.
• Heavy. ipulazi Heavy asetshenziswa ekwakhiweni umbhoshongo Cranes, izinkundla zemidlalo, njll Basebenzisa izinti ingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi kuka emaphashini. Ayevame libe izingxenye ezimbili noma ezintathu ngenxa obuphelele ezinkulu ngempumelelo futhi ayinika kubo umthwalo. Inqubo esetshenziswa kakhulu njalo kwesigaba dvuhstenchatoe ne-indiza ezimbili conjugation eqondile.

Nakubukwa jikelele,

• Ngu aphoyintimenti. Ngu aphoyintimenti epulazini kukhona imibhoshongo, amabhuloho, ogandaganda bokwakha, yophahla, izakhiwo asekelayo, njll
• Ngu nohlobo impahla. Izinkuni, steel, aluminium, ukhonkolo, njll - konke lokhu zingenziwa ngokwakha ipulazi. Lokhu kuyinzuzo enkulu zalesi simiso. Ungase futhi sihlanganise izinhlobo eziningana impahla.
• Ngokusho umklamo ekhethekile. Kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene cross-section, izinhlobo ngehele izinhlobo ukwesekwa izakhiwo, kanye nezinhlobo esishintshashintshayo isakhiwo isakhiwo yepulazi.

On isisekelo ngekwendzawo

• Flat. Ipulazi umthwalo mpo kusukela x izinduku ahlelwe indiza eyodwa.
• Spatial. Sabalalisa umthwalo phezu yonke indawo yayo. kwakhiwa Space truss is a sebuningini Trusses flat united ndawonye ngezindlela ezikhethekile.

ngohlobo

• ibhuloho Vierendeel.
• Warren Ipulazi.
• Ipulazi Pratt.
• Ipulazi Bohlmann.
• Ipulazi Finca.
• truss ongunxantathu.
• Kingpost.
• Ipulazi ngisebenzisa izinduku nezinsimbi esiphambanweni.
• Ngehele design ezisemadolobheni.
• Ipulazi ngaphansi ukukhanya emkhathini wezulu.

umklamo Izici

Ukwahlukanisa ipulazi design izici lisabalele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye izici kuzoxoxwa kabanzi.

izinhlobo kwesigaba

I cross-section ku isakhiwo ipulazi wenziwe amaphrofayli iphuma. Kungenzeka ngesimo:

• Corner (olulodwa noma kabili).
• Inqawe (isiyingi noma isikwele).
• Amabha engela.
• Brand, noma mina-ugongolo.

ibhande izinhlobo

Lamatshwayo ibhande kungenziwa imelelwa:

• Esishwibweni. Inzuzo yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi lolu hlobo ibhande kokuqina Uhlaka inhlangano, ngokulandelana, kanye naye, futhi kwandisa rigidity lesi sakhiwo.
• Triangle. Lolu hlobo lwe-ibhande isetshenziselwa ugongolo nokududuza izinhlelo. It has bokwenza eziningi, ezifana metal ukusetshenziswa nokumosha ngesikhathi umthwalo ukusatshalaliswa, ubunkimbinkimbi iyunithi asekelayo, njll
• Parabola. Le ndawo yiyona kakhulu isikhathi-ukudliwa. Ngakho-ke truss ingxenye asetshenziswa kakhulu kuyaqabukela.
• Polygon. amapulazi zikanhlangothiningi esetshenziswa izikhathi ezingaphezu ingxenye. ngoba bayashintsha ekuklanyweni ISIZINDA akusilo obonakalayo ngakho.
• esishintshashintshayo Parallel. Ngokuvamile esetshenziswa ukumboza izakhiwo zezimboni. Sinenkosi ezifanayo yesifunda, alinganayo obujwayelekile izakhi ngehele, njengoba abe izakhi kuyaphindeka nezingxenye.

izinhlobo ngehele

Kukhona eziyisithupha izinhlobo ongakhetha nehele:

• Ongunxantathu.
• Rhombic.
• Umkhqizi.
• Phillips.
• Lefanele, ungalibalekeli.
• Poluraskosaya.

izinhlobo ukwesekwa

Kukhona 5 izinhlobo ukwesekwa izakhiwo. Ukuze ukhethe inkomba node, odinga ukukwazi isikimu ukubala. It kuncike ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusetshenziswe igama elithi engeyokuqala okushiwo ziqinile. Izinhlobo ukwesekwa:

• Beam noma cantilever.
• Arch.
• Ikhebula-wahlala.
• Uzimele.
• Kuhlanganiswe.

Umgomo we operation

Ohlukile lesi design itholakala "engaguquki" alo ngaphansi kwethonya iziphi izici zangaphandle. Umthwalo ohlelweni libanzi. Ipulazi limelela sebuningini bahlangene sakhiwo esisodwa onxantathu. Umthwalo kubo bagxila kule indawo uxhumano ISIZINDA, njengoba Amabha ukubonisa kangcono izakhiwo zabo inqubo kokucindezelwa-kwadambisa isimo esasishubile, kunokuba ukwa. Ngo ukwakhiwa yesimanje ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ukhahlo, swivel izinduku. Kule kusobala ukuthi lapho uhlukanisa omunye wabo kusukela isakhiwo sonke behlala sesimweni ingashintshiwe isihlobo komunye nomunye.

Isisekelo amapulazi ukusika emakhoneni ngu

Le ndlela kokubala ipulazi iyona elula. Le ndlela okufundiswa ezikoleni eziningi lobuchwepheshe.

Ipulazi - lo mklamo, umthwalo okuyinto bagxila ISIZINDA yayo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuba abale zonke izici zangaphandle ukuthi kuyoba umthwalo kuzilinganiselo. Khona - ukubala ukusekela ukuphendula futhi ukuthola engeyokuqala lapho kukhona induku emibili exhunywe kubo ngempoqo. Evamile, kubalulekile ukwehlukanisa lonke ipulazi futhi uthole iyunithi lapho kuyoba khona eziningana amagugu owaziwa futhi 2 angaziwa. Khona-ke udinga ukudala ukulingana ku-eksisi amabili futhi abale amagugu engaziwa. Ngokufanayo ukwaba engeyokuqala esilandelayo, nokunye kuze truss ngeke ibalwe.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu amapulazi

• ibhuloho Vierendeel - uhlelo lapho wonke amalungu awo yakha ukuvuleka elingunxande futhi ngaleyo ndlela uxhumeke Uhlaka eqinile. Kuyinto by design angahambisani esiqinile elithi "ipulazi" ngoba ngalolo ugongolo akuyona pair of amabutho. Lwakhiwe ngumuntu unjiniyela Belgian Arthur Vierendeel. kodwa ngoba lokhu design okukhulu ngokwanele, akuvamile ukuthola bokwakha yesimanje.

• Warren Ipulazi. Lena inguqulo lula we design Pratt Hove. Isebenza isimiso kokucindezelwa-ukungezwani. Ngokuvamile ezenziwe ngensimbi iphuma.
• Ipulazi Pratt. I-patent lesi sakhiwo kungokwalabo ubaba nendodana laseBoston. UKalebi Pratt noTomase Wilson kwakungamadodana onjiniyela ababili. Babesebenzisa ohlangothini iDemo thwi sendlala - nendawo. Ngakho-ke, umthwalo isakazwa kahle ngokufanayo kokubili ngaphansi nangaphezulu.
• Ipulazi Bohlmann has a isakhiwo kunalokho xaka futhi esingesihle. ukuthandwa kwakhe e-United States, lesi sakhiwo kwakubangelwa kokufaneleka zezombusazwe zalo kumdlali. Inventor wakhuluma ngobuciko mayelana ipulazi, ngisho noma akusiyo zonke zaziyiqiniso. Bohlmann ephethwe ukukhuthaza indlela yakhe ngosizo uhulumeni wase-US, okuyinto ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwaphoqelela abahleli bedolobha usebenzise lesi design lapho ukuklama amabhuloho. Phakathi abanikazi yokwakha patent ipulazi, kunezindlela eziningi abantu bakithi, kodwa futhi akukho ipulazi "Russian" akuyona ukhushuliwe uquqaba njengoba indlela yokuqala.
• Finn Ipulazi inguqulo lula we Bollman truss. Wavele mfushane zonke izakhi zawo, ngaleyo ndlela azitholele ke kusebenze kakhulu. libuye libe izici ezifanayo kanye ukuklanywa Pratt truss. It ahluke kuwo kuphela ukungabi ugongolo aphansi.
• truss ongunxantathu. "Belgian" njengoba ibizwa. Kuyinto design zanamuhla, lapho kwetfulwa ngesimo onxantathu kanye Sprengel.
• Kingpost - elula inketho ipulazi. Kuyinto pair of imilenze beseyama ugodo mpo.
• isakhiwo Ethmoid ezisemadolobheni wadalwa esikhundleni kwebhuloho omkhulu wokhuni. Akuve elula kuhleliswa. Ukuze ukusetshenziswa ezivamile amapulangwe alo sokhuni, adjoint komunye nomunye engela okuyinto yena, akha ngehele.