Yokuqothulwa Omkhulu Permian zezinto eziphilayo: izimbangela

yokuqothulwa Permian isibe ngenye yezinhlekelele ngobukhulu phakathi umlando omude wesizwe Earth. I uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli planethi ilahlekelwe cishe zonke izilwane zasolwandle kanye ezingaphezu kuka-70% abameleli eliwumhlaba. Ingabe ososayensi siqonde umnyombo lokuqothulwa, futhi ukuhlola umthelela waso? Yini ukubeka phambili ithiyori ukuthi bangethenjwa?

Permian

Ukuze cishe zimelela ukulandelana kwezenzakalo kuze kube manje, kubalulekile ukufaka isicelo Geological isikhathi embulungeni. Ubude Paleozoic has 6 nezikhathi. Perm - emngceleni phakathi Paleozoic futhi Mesozoic. Isikhathi Geological isikhathi yemakhono eminyakeni million 47 (kusukela eminyakeni million 298 kuya 251 edlule). Bobabili AD futhi Paleozoic futhi Mesozoic, ayingxenye Phanerozoic Eon.

Ngamunye esikhathini kwenkathi Paleozoic e yayo ezithakazelisayo futhi engenakulibaleka. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka Permian weza push yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezintsha zokuphila, futhi ukuqothulwa Permian owabhubhisa iningi izilwane zomhlaba.

Siyini isizathu igama kwesikhathi

"Perm" - Akumangazi igama ajwayelekile, awucabangi kutsi kukanjalo? Yebo, ufunda ukuthi ilungelo, it has izimpande Russian. Iqiniso lokuthi e-1841 kwatholakala isakhiwo zomhlaba elihambisana inkathi Paleozoic inkathi. I Okutholakale itholakala ngasemzini Perm. Futhi wonke isakhiwo zomhlaba manje eyaziwa ngokuthi foredeep Ural.

Umqondo mass ukuqothulwa

Umqondo ukuqothulwa mass busuka kwegazi yesayensi ososayensi e-University of Chicago. Umsebenzi eyenziwa Sepkoski D. no D. Raup. Ngu ukuhlaziya ngokwezibalo ke labelwa 5 ukuqothulwa mass futhi yabika cishe 20 ezincane. Uhlaziyo ukuthi ubukeze ulwazi ngezinsuku zokugcina izigidi ezingu-540 edlule, njengoba kwasho isikhathi ngaphambili idatha eyanele.

I ukuqothulwa ngobukhulu zihlanganisa:

• Ordovician-Silurian;
• Devonian;
• yokuqothulwa Permian of zinhlobo (izimbangela zazo sisuke sicabanga);
• Triassic;
• Cretaceous-Paleogene.

Zonke lezi zenzakalo ezenzeka esikhathini Paleozoic, Mesozoic nesikhathi Cenozoic. imvamisa yabo lisuka ezigidini ezingu-26 kuya ku-30 iminyaka, kodwa isungule ngoba ososayensi abaningi bengazamukeli.

Okukhulu kunakho Inhlekelele yezindawo zemvelo

yokuqothulwa Permian - le nhlekelele enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni iplanethi yethu. nezilwane Marine safa cishe ngokuphelele zezinto eziphilayo ezihamba ezweni ngasinda% 17 kuphela wezindleko. Abafile ezingaphezu kuka-80% zinhlobo isinambuzane, okuyinto engazange yenzeke ngezikhathi omunye ukuqothulwa mass. Konke lokhu kulahlekelwa kwenzeka ngo ababecishe babe izinkulungwane 60. Iminyaka, nakuba abanye ososayensi babonisa ukuthi inkathi zezinhlupho mass yathatha cishe 100 izinkulungwane. Iminyaka. ukulahlekelwa Global owaletha ukushabalala okukhulu Permian, aphethwe umugqa wokugcina - eqa it, uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli eMhlabeni kungukuqala kwemvelo.

Ukubuyisela nezilwane ngemva kwale nhlekelele enkulu kwemvelo eyathatha isikhathi eside kakhulu. Singasho ukuthi kuqhubeke isikhathi eside ukwedlula emva nezinye ukuqothulwa mass. Ososayensi ozama kabusha imodeli, okungase kuthathe beka isifo omkhulu, kodwa namanje angeke eze ndawonye ngisho inani uthuthumele ngaphakathi inqubo ngokwalo. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuqothulwa omkhulu Permian eminyakeni million 250 edlule waba iphuzu 3 isiqongo, ezinye izikole zezemfundo kukhona oyikholelwayo ukuthi kwakukhona 8.

Omunye eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma entsha

Ngokusho imibono yososayensi, ukuqothulwa kwezilwane Permian kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe enye inhlekelele mass. Kwathi iminyaka 8 million ngaphambi izenzakalo main futhi kakhulu libukelwa phansi isimiso semvelo soMhlaba. Izwe isilwane isibe abasengozini, ngakho ukushabalala yesibili esikhathini esiyizinsuku ebonakaliswe nhlekelele enkulu. Uma silawula ukufakazela ukuthi kwakukhona amabili yokuqothulwa, ukuthi ukungabaza kuyoba umqondo PERIODICITY zezinhlekelele mass esikhathini Permian. Ngo ukungakhethi, thina sicacise ukuthi lo mqondo inselele ezikhundleni eziningi, ngisho ngaphandle ikhumbula kungenzeka yokuqothulwa ezengeziwe. Kodwa lo mbono, ngenkathi ephethe izikhundla ngokwesayensi.

izimbangela owayenecala ngale nhlekelele Permian

yokuqothulwa Permian namanje okubangela eziningi mpikiswano. impikiswano olunamandla lumayelana izimbangela Inhlekelele yezindawo zemvelo. Kubhekwa njengento kwisilinganiso zonke izizathu ezingathathwa, kuhlanganisa:

• izenzakalo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle inhlekelele;
• izinguquko kancane imvelo.

Zama sicabangele ezinye izingxenye izikhundla ezimbili kabanzi ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungenzeka umthelela wabo ukushabalala Permian. ukwesekwa Photo noma ukuphikisa okutholakele ukunikeza ososayensi emanyuvesi amaningi njengoba sitadisha daba.

Inhlekelele njengoba imbangela ukushabalala Permian

izenzakalo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle inhlekelele ngokuvamile ubhekwa njengomunye izimbangela Cishe iningi Yokuqothulwa Omkhulu:

1. Phakathi nale nkathi kwaba nokwanda okuphawulekayo mlilo endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi eSiberia, lapho kuye kwaholela kuthululwa omkhulu izicupho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhona nje ukuqhuma kwentaba-omkhulu we-basalt uqhele ngesikhathi esifushane mqondo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Basalt wavuma ekuthonyweni ukuguguleka komhlabathi, kanye ezungezile rocks sedimentary ayafa kalula. Njengoba ubufakazi isicupho magmatism abacwaningi ucaphune isibonelo nsimu enkulu ngesimo emathafeni flat ushiya ngesisekelo basalt. I enkulu isicupho sezwe iyona laseSiberia Izicupho, kwakheka ekupheleni kwesikhathi Permian. endaweni yayo ingaphezu 2 million sq. Km. Ososayensi Nanjing Isikhungo Geology (China) benza ucwaningo sokuqanjwa isotopic yamadwala Izicupho eSiberia futhi wathola ukuthi ukuqothulwa Permian iphutha ngokunembile ngesikhathi kumiswa yabo. Kwathatha iminyaka engu-akukho ngaphezu kuka-100 eziyinkulungwane (ngaphambili kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kwathatha isikhathi eside - mayelana 1 million ubudala) .. Imisebenzi nokuqhuma babekwazi kubangele kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini, wentaba-mlilo ebusika, nezinye izinqubo ziyingozi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli.
2. Izizathu inhlekelele we uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli; kungaba iconsi elilodwa noma ngaphezulu emkhathini, amaplanethi ukushayisana komhlaba elisemkhathini ezinkulu. Njengobufakazi balokho endaweni sigodi amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-500 (Wilkes Land, Antarctica). Futhi ubufakazi umthelela izehlakalo ezitholakele e-Australia (Bedout isakhiwo, North-empumalanga yaleli zwekazi). Kamuva abaningi amasampula abangu waphikisa e ngokujulile.
3. Esinye isizathu kungenzeka kubhekwa ukukhululwa enobudlova methane ekujuleni kolwandle, okungase kuholele ukubhujiswa ingqikithi izilwane zasolwandle.
4. Ngengozi kungaphumela ekutholeni omunye ezizindeni of eziphilayo owumphumela (Archaea) ikhono kabusha udaba eziphilayo, ukukhulula esiningi methane.

izinguquko Kancane Kancane imvelo

Kulesi sigaba kunezizathu eziningana amaphuzu elihlangene:

1. izinguquko Kancane Kancane ukubunjwa amanzi olwandle futhi emkhathini, lapho kukhona anoxia (yokushodelwa umoya).
2. Ukuthuthukisa isimo sezulu ukoma Earth - nezilwane ayikwazanga ukuzivumelanisa noshintsho.
3. Ngenxa yalo ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kwaba kuphula umthetho we olwandle futhi ukwehla kolwandle.

Cishe kuthonywa lahlukene izizathu, ngoba ingozi ka uhlamvu mass, futhi zenzeka khona isikhathi esifushane.

Imiphumela Yokuqothulwa Omkhulu

yokuqothulwa Permian Omkhulu, okuyinto bezama ukumisa izimbangela emhlabeni yesayensi, kwaba nemiphumela emibi. Ngokuphelele wanyamalala amaqembu wonke kanye amakilasi. Abafile parareptilia kakhulu ingxenye (kwakukhona yesimanje kuphela ufudu okhokho). Yanyamalala lenqwaba zezintaka eyisinambuzane, nenhlanzi. Ngishintshe ukubunjwa nezilwanyana ezincane. Eqinisweni, iplanethi wawungenalutho, yayibuswa isikhunta zidla ingcuba.

Ngemva Perm zilwane yokuqothulwa kusinde Ubuningi bamahora ingashintshwa ukuze overheat, amazinga aphansi oksijini, ukungabikho kokudla nesibabule ngokweqile.

IMisa uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli nenhlekelele uye wavula indlela yokuba izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane. Trias, isikhathi sokuqala kwenkathi Mesozoic, wembulela archosaurs emhlabeni (okhokho izibankwakazi, izingwenya kanye izinyoni). Ngemva Yokuqothulwa Omkhulu Emhlabeni uvele zilwane lokuqala mammalian. On ukubuyiselwa uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli; wathatha phakathi 5 no-30 kuphela ngemva kweminyaka eyisigidi.