Umthamo we-athomu wamanani wawubalwa ngemizamo yabosayensi abaningana

Into ngayinye ayiyona into eqinile, iqukethe izinhlayiyana ezincane, eziyi-molecule. Ama-molecule avela kuma-athomu. Kusuka lapha singathola iziphetho ukuthi inqwaba yendaba ingabonakalisa ama-molecule nama-athomu wezinto ezingenayo. Ngesinye isikhathi uLomonosov wazinikela kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe kule ndaba. Kodwa-ke, izibalo eziningi zemvelo ezizibuzayo ziye zahlala zinesithakazelo kulo mbuzo: "Ngamaphi amayunithi ubukhulu be-molecule lwakhulume, ubukhulu be-athomu?"

Kodwa, ngokuqala, sizobe siphumelele emlandweni

Esikhathini esedlule, ngokubala ubuningi beyunithi ye-athomu, ubukhulu be-hydrogen (H) babethathwa ngaso sonke isikhathi. Futhi, kusukela kulokhu, senze zonke izibalo ezidingekayo. Kodwa-ke, izinhlanganisela eziningi zikhona ngokwemvelo ngendlela yama-oksijeni, ngakho-ke inqwaba ye-athomu yezinto ibalwa ngokuphathelene ne-oxygen (O). Yikuphi okungahambi kahle, ngoba kwakudingekile ekubaleni ukucabangela njalo isilinganiso esingu-O: H, esilingana no-16: 1. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwabonisa ukungalungi kwesilinganiso, empeleni kwakungu-15.88: 1 noma 16: 1.008. Izinguquko ezinjalo ziye zabangela ukuhlelwa kabusha kwe-athomu amaningi ngezinto eziningi. Kunqunywe ukushiya inani le-mass 16 ye-O, ne-H - 1.008. Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwesayensi kwaholela ekutholeni isimo se-oxygen ngokwayo. Kwakukhona ukuthi i-molecule ye-oksijini inama-isotopi amaningana anezinqwaba ezingu-18, 16, 17. Ngokwenyama, akuvumelekile ukusebenzisa i-unit enenani elilinganiselwe. Ngakho-ke, izilinganiso ezimbili zezinyosi ze-athomu zadalwa: ekhemistry nase-physics. Ngo-1961 kuphela, ososayensi bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi kudingekile ukwakha isilinganiso esisodwa, esisetshenziselwa namuhla ngokuthi "i-carbon unit". Ngenxa yalokho, ubukhulu be-atomic yesiqephu se- element bubuningi be-athomu ezinkolweni ze-carbon.

Izindlela zokubala

Ubuningi be-molecule yimuphi umkhiqizo uqukethe ubuningi bama-athomu abakha i-molecule enikeziwe. Ngakho-ke, isiphetho siwukuthi ubuningi be-molecule kufanele buboniswe emakunjini e-carbon, kanye nesisindo se-athomu, isb. Umthamo we-atomic esihlosiwe uzimisele ukucabangela isisindo somzimba esincane. Njengoba kuyaziwa, ngosizo lomthetho we-Avogadro, kungenzeka ukuthi unqume inani le-athomu ku-molecule. Ukwazi inani lama-athomu nobukhulu be-molecule, ungakwazi ukubala ubuningi be-athomu. Kunezinye izindlela eziningana zokukuchaza. Ngo-1858, i-Cannizzaro ihlongoze indlela lapho isi-atomic mass esinqunyelwe ngayo lezo zakhi ezikwazi ukwenza ama-gaseous compounds. Noma kunjalo, leli khono alinayo izinsimbi. Ngakho-ke, ukucacisa ubukhulu babo be-athomu, indlela yakhethwa ukuthi isebenzisa ukuxhomeka kokukhululeka kwe-athomu nokushisa kwempahla ehambelanayo. Kodwa zonke izindlela ezicatshangelwayo zinikeza kuphela amanani okulinganisa amasonto e-athomu.

Ubuningi obuqondile bama-athomu walesi sici sibalwa kanjani?

Njengoba kuboniswa izifundo zesayensi, kulezi zindinganiso zingalinganisa ngqo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga kuphela ukuqhathanisa le nanani ngokulinganayo. Okulingana ne-element kuyinto isilinganiso sobuningi be-atomic esiyingxenye ye-element kuya ku-valence yayo endaweni. Kusukela kulesi sondlo ubukhulu be-atomic obuhambisanayo bento ngayinye bubekwe.