Isakhiwo ukwakha izindlu nezinye izakhiwo. Yini-ke nokuthi bona ihlukaniswa?

Ngo civil, umhlaba kanye nomthetho ezisemadolobheni Russian ayikho into efana "isakhiwo" ehlukile, "isakhiwo", "ukwakhiwa". Futhi lokhu kuholela izingxabano eziningi ngesikhathi kwakhiwa, kanye nokwamukelwa oshiwo ngenhla ingcebo imiqondo. Enye inkinga wokuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo izinjongo ukwakhiwa dolobha, futhi yini - akukho.

Isakhiwo. Kuyini lokhu?

Zobuchwepheshe zokulawula eside sezihlonziwe "isakhiwo" umqondo, "isakhiwo" kanye "ukwakhiwa". Yini igama lesakhiwo uchaza Kulungile 013-94 (National Ukwahlukanisa izimpahla fixed). Le projekthi yezakhiwo kanye nokwakhiwa, yakhelwe ukudala izimo ezithile ukuze kufakwe ibhokisi, umsebenzi, amasevisi amasiko nezenhlalo for labantu. Buildings kufanele babe nendima eyisisekelo (uphahla noma udonga), kanye nezokuxhumana kwangaphakathi ukuqinisekisa kwesikhathi evamile ukusebenza.

I ukuxhumana yangaphakathi zihlanganisa:

• uhlelo amanzi futhi indle;
• bafudumale system;
• ukukhanyisa uhlelo nakunethiwekhi wiring;
• izindlela ukupholisa esungulwe ngezindinganiso jikelele sanitary;
• zommbila kanye ngamakheshi (at isakhiwo eliphezulu liphumele).

Ukwakhiwa. Kuyini into yokwakha?

Ukwakhiwa - kuyinto nokwakha project, eklanyelwe ukudala izimo senqubo yokukhiqiza ngaphandle ukushintsha isihloko zomsebenzi, kodwa ukuqaliswa ezinye ezidingekayo izici lobuchwepheshe. ngaleyo ndlela Njalo esakhiweni esithile kuphela, okuyinto ingenye isakhiwo esikhulu, okwenza into eyodwa, futhi, ibizwa ngokuthi isakhiwo.

Kuyini lokhu isici, izibonelo ezilandelayo zibonisa:

• Ibhuloho (into eyodwa), kanye nezinto zalo: ibhuloho emphemeni asekelana superstructure - futhi isakhiwo;
• Amafutha kahle - futhi siqukethe bezinhlamvu umbhoshongo;
• Ngezinyawo - siqukethe engaphansi, emphemeni izisekelo, span izakhiwo kanye ezicijile.

Futhi, izintambo zikagesi, ikhebula imigqa, ahamba izinto ezifanayo ziwela ngaphansi kwencazelo "ukusungulwa". Kuyini lokhu uhlobo izakhiwo kafushane ingafingqwa: kungcono zonke eyakhelwe ukuhlangabezana impahla zabantu izidingo ezingokomzwelo nezingokomoya.

Ukwakheka. Kuyini lokhu?

Ngokomthetho Russian civil, civil isakhiwo umthetho - ke ihlanganisa nkulumo ihlanganisa imiqondo kwezakhiwo kanjalo nezinhlaka. Nge isakhiwo esinjalo, kungashiwo futhi ngamanye amagama - kungcono ukwakhiwa, yanamathela ezweni ngokomthetho. Lokho, kule nomthetho Russian kuwuhlobo izakhiwo - isakhiwo, okuyinto has izinhlobo ezimbili: ukwakha izindlu nezinye izakhiwo. Futhi abantu abaningi ngaphandle imfundo lobuchwepheshe, womathathu imiqondo le ziqondakala amqondo ofanayo.

imigomo ngezigaba

Umsebenzi oyinhloko le ngezigaba lula izixazululo engabizi design yabo, futhi ukwakhiwa eziyinkinga izakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo.

Isisekelo division of izakhiwo ku amakilasi zifeze izinjongo zazo nokuhlobana. La matshe:

• amazinga ukusebenza nezimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kuhle kwe-izakhiwo (indawo nevolumu, umhlobiso kwangaphakathi futhi yangaphandle, amapayipi, izindlela kagesi);
• amazinga umlilo ukumelana ukuqina izakhi ngabanye kwesakhiwo.

Ukuhlukaniswa amakilasi kwezakhiwo kanjalo nezinhlaka senzeka ngokuhlukile iqembu zinhlobo, efana inhloso yabo (izakhiwo zokuhlala, izakhiwo ubunjiniyela, izintambo zikagesi, amabhuloho nokunye) ngamunye.

Ukwahlukaniswa main

Ngu aphoyintimenti kungaba:

• ukushisa amandla isakhiwo - a izingongolo amandla umugqa nokusekelwa, nokunye;
• civil nezezimboni;
• isakhiwo lobuchwepheshe (isibonelo isakhiwo esinjalo kungaba edamini);
• traffic (ngezinyawo lapha akunakubangelwa, emgwaqweni omkhulu, ibhuloho futhi okuhlangana umgwaqo).

Ngokufanayo, isakhiwo uhlukaniswe:

• izindlu (senzelwe yokuhlala okwesikhashana noma unomphela);
• ukukhiqizwa - okuyinto iyisonto izinhlobo ezahlukene ukukhiqiza;
• zomphakathi - asetshenziswa ukuze kuhlaliswe izikhungo zokuphatha kanye nemisebenzi yezenhlalakahle.

ngezigaba Jikelele

Kuye impahla zazo zenziwa, zihlukaniswe zibe:

• izinkuni;
• aphathekako;
• itshe;
• ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu.

Ngu indlela yokwakhiwa kwalezi zikhungo zihlukaniswe zibe:

• Monolithic;
• amaqembu;
• emabhuloki ezintathu-ntathu.

Kuye geometry:

• iphuzu;
• bhalobasar onek;
• komugqa.

Kuye uhlobo izinto isicelo ingahlukaniswa kanje:

• ukunakekelwa njalo insiza nezakhiwo;
• ukusetshenziswa okwesikhashana.

Kuye ukubaluleka ihlukaniswe:

• yokusekela;
• eziyisisekelo.

Ubukhulu umthwalo:

• ezingeni eliphezulu;
• amazinga evamile;
• ezingeni esincishisiwe.

Kuye inani izibuya uhlukaniswe:

• ongaphakeme liphumele, okuyinto eyodwa noma ezimbili emabhilidini;
• Maphakathi nawo-kuyanda babe kusuka ezintathu kuya kweziyisihlanu emabhilidini;
• kwenani labafana ukushanela (izibuya 6-7);
• ezinezitezi eziningi (eziyisishiyagalombili kuya 29 emabhilidini);
• vysokoetazhnye (30 kuya ku-100).

Separated njengoba izinto idatha futhi ngokuhambisana degree of ukuqina, okusho ukuthi, ikhono ukusindisa timphawu tesakhiwo izinga adingekayo ukusebenza evamile yenqubo:

• idigri yokuqala (ezingaphezu kuka eyikhulu);
• besigaba sesibili (iminyaka engu-50 kuya ku-100);
• degree lwesithathu (20 kuya ku-50);
• degree wesine (eneminyaka engaphansi kwengu 20).

Kukhona Ukwahlukaniswa umlilo ukumelana, okuyinto ebangele endaweni esifushane:

• ukulahlekelwa ubuqotho;
• ukulahlekelwa ikhono umthwalo aphethe;
• ukulahlekelwa ukwahlukanisa.