Izithombe ze-Byzantine. Izithonjana zaseRussia naseByzantine

Kukholakala ukuthi isithonjana - ngomfanekiso kaNkulunkulu noma saint emhlabeni, ngubani umlamuleli futhi Umhlahlandlela phakathi nezwe lasemhlabeni ezingokomoya. Ukuthuthukiswa ukubhala izithombe uya kude ezikhathini zasendulo. Indlela yokuqala, ngokusho legend, kwaba isigxivizo kaKristu, eyabonakala ku ithawula (ubrus) lapho esula.

Icons WaseByzantium - lena izithombe wokuqala walondoloza, okuyinto uzamile wasithatha nezithombe zosanta, iNkosi uNkulunkulu, uMariya nendodana yakhe.

ngokubhala isithombe

I imifanekiso lokuqala WaseByzantium kweziningi ezisekhona ezangesikhathi VI leminyaka. Impela, kwakukhona amadala, kodwa, ngeshwa, akazange agcine. AmaKristu okuqala abangu evame ukushushiswa axotshana eziningi zemibhalo yesandla izithombe isikhathi nje ubhujiswe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakuba kubhekwa ukukhonza izithombe.

On isitayela lwembhalo lungentiwa liyokwahlulelwa ezinye yamatshe balondolozwa. Kwakuwuhambo elula olukhuni. isithonjana ngasinye kufanele abonise amandla kwengqondo nendlela ukujula.

Okwamanje, walondoloza imifanekiso eminingi WaseByzantium agcinwe eNtabeni YaseSinayi ngo lezindela eSt Katherine. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kubo:

• "Kristu Pantocrator".
• "Apostol Petr".
• "The Virgin sobukhosi."

isitayela yabo ngokubhala - encaustic - njengelinye lamazwe ethandwa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. engavamile yayo wukuthi isithombe kulotshiwe encaustic, ngisho kushisa. Le ndlela yokubhala kwenza kube elivunyelwa kakhulu ebonisa Umumo isithonjana. Kamuva inqubo ukuthi ngelinye tempera, njengoba kukholakala ukuthi wayengaphezu kuhambisana izimiso lokubhala.

Futhi yini iphuzu elithakazelisayo kakhulu wukuthi lezi imifanekiso emithathu ukumela izithombe ezibalulekile ezikhona kamuva kwakheka iconography. Esikhathini esizayo, isitayela sokuloba kancane kancane kuze kube yesintu ongokomfanekiso wabusa Awuchazwa isithonjana futhi ingokomoya lakhe. Ngo nenkathi komninovsky (iminyaka 1059-1204) ubuso izithombe babe abantu athe xaxa ukuthi aphinde, kodwa kwakusasele nengokomoya. Isibonelo esiyinhloko salokhu uVladimir isithonjana. Ekhulwini nesishiyagalombili, naphezu ukunqotshwa omkhulu waseConstantinople, entsha e iconography. Lokhu ezolile futhi monumentalism. Kamuva abadwebi waseByzantium aqhubeka ubheka esipelingi ubuso isithombe iyonke. Ekhulwini XIV imifanekiso okwakubaluleke ukudluliselwa wokukhanya kwaphezulu. Kuze bamba waseConstantinople abayekanga ukusesha kanye nokucwaninga kulesi siqondiso. yobuciko amasha kwabonakala.

WaseByzantium isithonjana Umdwebo ngesikhathi sakhe kwakufanele nomthelela kuwo wonke amazwe lapho ubuKristu.

Ukubhala imifanekiso eRussia

Izithombe siqala Russia ngokushesha ngemva kobhapathizo ka Rus. Kwakuwusuku imifanekiso WaseByzantium, ezalotshwa ngesicelo. Bamenyiwe futhi amakhosi ngiyoqeqeshwa. Ngakho, ngokokuqala ngqa kule iconography Russian ngamagama ashubile kuthonywa WaseByzantium.

Ekhulwini XI kwakukhona isikole sokuqala ku Kyïv-Pechersk Lavra. Kwakuba abadwebi lokuqala owaziwa - ke Alipio futhi "umsebenzi" yakhe ilotshwe wesandla olulodwa Gregory. Kukholakala ukuthi ubuKristu wasuka Kiev ukuba kuhanjelwe amanye amadolobha ngesiRashiya. Ndawonye kanye naye futhi iconography.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, sisungule esikoleni esikhulu kakhulu Novgorod, Pskov, eMoscow. Ngamunye wabo ubumbe izici zayo siqu ekulotshweni. Ngalesi sikhathi, ingxenye ekuphileni kwansuku zonke ukusayinwa izithombe, imisebenzi zabhalwa. Singasho ukuthi kusukela nesithupha isitayela kwekhulu Russian yokuloba ngempela behlukile WaseByzantium, yathola uzibuse.

Uma sikhuluma izikole ikakhulukazi, izici isici Novgorod kwakungeyona inkimbinkimbi nangamafuphi, ukukhanya imibala kanye usayizi amafomu. Pskov esikoleni has sibalo olungalungile, okuyinto azilingani ngaphezulu, kodwa benawo imiva ezithile. Libhekene kancane Umbala belusizi nge predominance of aluhlaza, cherry amnyama ebomvu nge orange tint imibala. ngokuvamile imifanekiso Ingemuva aphuzi.

esikoleni BaseMoscow isithonjana Umdwebo kubhekwa phezulu isikhathi. It is kakhulu kuthonywa umsebenzi Feofana Greka, okuyinto ulilethele ngokusho kwezinye izinkolelo waseConstantinople. Eceleni uya umsebenzi Andrei Rublev, owadala izithonjana ezinhle kakhulu amasampula. Kulesi umsebenzi wasebenzisa ebhalwe ukuthi kwaba ejwayelekile BoMbuso WaseByzantium kwekhulu xv. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wawasebenzisa nesiqondiso Russian. Ekugcineni, kwacaca ukuthi izithombe ezimangalisayo isitayela.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi iconography Russian Nokho futhi waqhubeka nendlela yakhe, kodwa agcinwayo zonke izinhlobo ubhala imifanekiso ezazisemizini waseByzantium. Yiqiniso, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, basuke kancane siguqulwe, ngisho amasha. Lokhu kwakubangelwa ukuvela abangcwele entsha abagcotshwa, kanye ngendlela ekhethekile kulabo abaye baba zingabalulekile eByzantium.

Esikhathini XVII ekhulwini isithonjana-imidwebo eRussia beba more and kuyikhono kuka ongokomoya, kanye ekuzuzeni ngezinga elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili. Masters nayizisebenzi futhi ithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ukuze amathempeli mural. imifanekiso Russian zihlelwe futhi ziphikisana ekutheni emazweni amaningi-Orthodox. Eminyakeni elandelayo, leli art kuphela ngokusho amakhono.

Iconography eRussia phakathi eSoviet Union kwaba nokwehla, walahlekelwa ezinye izithombe asendulo. Nokho, manje kancane kancane kokuba savuka, amagama amasha abaculi abaphumelelayo kulo mkhakha.

Meaning of izithonjana UnguNina KaNkulunkulu ezimpilweni amakholwa

Virgin ubelokhu matasa indawo ekhethekile ubuKristu. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwalo, kwakunjengokungathi kuyisifo wasemuva nomvikeli zabantu abavamile, kanye emadolobheni, amazwe. Ngokusobala, lokhu kungani imifanekiso eminingi kangaka UnguNina KaNkulunkulu. Ngokusho yetinsita ngowokuqala izithombe kwalo ngesineke uLuka the Evangelist. imifanekiso Virgin babe amakholwa amandla akhethekile ngokuyisimangaliso. Futhi, ezinye izinhlu ibhalwa ngendlela ehlukile, kuyimpilo futhi ivikela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Uma sikhuluma onjani isithonjana UnguNina KaNkulunkulu kuka kuyasiza, ngalesosikhathi you azi ukuthi izinkinga ezahlukene kufanele sicele usizo futhi babe izithombe ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, umfanekiso Our Lady, ngokuthi "Nifuna elahlekile", kuyokusiza ikhanda, izifo iso, ukusindiswa ungaphakathi etshwaleni. Isithonjana "Kuyinto Ngiqinisile Sihlangane" kuzosiza ngesikhathi izifo ezihlukahlukene umzimba nomphefumulo, kanye kahle bathandaze kuye ekupheleni icala.

Izinhlobo UnguNina KaNkulunkulu

Kungaphawulwa ukuthi isithombe Virgin ngamunye unencazelo ukuthi singazithatha kusukela hlobo lombhalo imifanekiso. Izinhlobo kwamiswa ngisho waseByzantium. Kulawa, evelele kakhulu kukhona.

Oranta (Mol)

Ngakho ethulwa ekuseni isithonjana Christian WaseByzantium we umama kaNkulunkulu, lapho uboniswa ngokugcwele sobude noma afika okhalweni ngezandla ephakanyiswe ukuthi bekumnyama tshu yoke indawo.Wahlukanisa izinhlangothi nezintende zezandla kwangaphandle, ngaphandle ingane. Lezi zithombe atholakele catacombs Roman, uhlobo iconographic zisabalele owavela emva kweminyaka engamakhulu 843. The main value - kucocisana lokulabhela UnguNina KaNkulunkulu.

Kukhona nguqulo ye umfanekiso Virgin nengane Kristu medallion isiyingi at esifubeni ezingeni. Ngo iconography Russian, ubizwa ngokuthi "Isibonakaliso". Okwakushiwo isithombe - kuba Epiphany.

imifanekiso Famous:

• "Yaroslavl".
• "Inkomishi ongashi" et al.

Hodigitria (Putevoditelnitsa)

Lolu hlobo isithonjana WaseByzantium we Umama likaNkulunkulu liye lasakazekela emhlabeni wonke yobuKristu ngemva kwekhulu VI. Ngokusho yetinsita okokuqala futhi wabhala Evangelist Luka. Ngemva kwesikhashana, isithonjana waba umlweli waseConstantinople. Lasekuqaleni lulahlekile phakathi nokuvimbezela yayo kuze kube phakade, kodwa kwakusasele eziningi uhlu.

Isithonjana okubonisa Virgin Mary ebambe usana olunguJesu ngezingalo zakhe. He is maphakathi kwengoma. Kristu uyababusisa ngesandla sakhe sokunene, kuyilapho kwesokunxele uphethe umqulu. Virgin isandla efanayo amaphuzu at kuye, sengathi ukukhombisa indlela efanele. Ukuthi lokhu okushiwo izithombe zalolu hlobo.

imifanekiso Famous:

• "Kazan '.
• "Tikhvin".
• "Iver" et al.

Eleusa (Nomusa)

Lezi mpawu futhi uvele woMbuso WaseByzantium, kodwa zisabalele eRussia. Lesi sitayela lokubhala eyavela kamuva nje, ekhulwini lesishiyagalolunye. Kuyinto efanayo kakhulu uhlobo Hodegetria, emnene kuphela ngaphezulu. Khona-ke ubuso umntwana UnguNina KaNkulunkulu e ukuxhumana nomunye. Isithombe selithamba ngaphezulu. Kukholakala ukuthi izithonjana lolu hlobo mayibonise uthando kukamama indodana yakhe, efana ubuhlobo babantu. Kwezinye izinguqulo lesi sithombe ibizwa ngokuthi "gona".

Icons yalolu hlobo:

• "UVladimir."
• "Pochaev".
• 'Ukuzifunela Lost "nabanye.

panachranta

Izithombe yalolu hlobo uvele BoMbuso WaseByzantium ekhulwini XI. Zifanekisela uMariya, ohlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi (sobukhosi) nengane ngihlezi ethangeni lakhe. Lezi mpawu zifanekisela Our Lady of ubukhulu bakhe.

Isithombe yalolu hlobo:

• "Ibusa".
• "Vsetsaritsa".
• "Umgede".
• "Cyprus" et al.

Image of the Virgin "Nesisa" ( "Jabula, uMlobokazi Nenevestnaya")

Isithonjana "Nesisa", oluveza ubuso Virgin Mary ngaphandle ngomntanakhe, babengamalungu uSeraphim of Sarov. Wama esitokisini sakhe, phambi isibani sakhe kancane njalo evutha, uwoyela kuyiphi wakugcoba ukuhlupheka, futhi baphulukiswa. umsuka wayo ngqo alwaziwa. Kukholakala ukuthi isithombe okuye kwabhalwa mayelana ekhulwini XVII. Nokho, abanye bacabanga ukuthi isithonjana phendla uSeraphim of Sarov, njengoba ayephethe obukhethekile UnguNina KaNkulunkulu. Akazange kanye wamsindisa ekuguleni, wavela kaningi emibonweni.

Ngemva kokufa umdala isithonjana "Nesisa" waba washiyela Diveevo esigodlweni. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kulotshiwe eziningi uhlu, abanye baye ngokuyisimangaliso.

Lesi sithombe isithombe isigamu yobude. On ke sasibhalwa ngaphandle indodana Virgin sika, ngezingalo zakhe eligoqiwe futhi ikhanda lakhe kancane esitshekile. Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu izithombe mnene iningi Virgin, lapho kuboniswa khona ukuthi ukuzalwa kukaKristu, kodwa ngemva sekwenza wakhe ngokuthokoza kukaMoya oNgcwele. Isithonjana lensikazi uNina kaNkulunkulu. Yini esiza ke? Okubaluleke kakhulu isithombe kumantfombatana nebafati kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi kuya amathathu. Kukholakala ukuthi imikhuleko yakhe ziyodamba a usakhula nzima, gcina ubumsulwa bakhe sasekhaya nobumsulwa. Futhi, lolu uphawu kuyinto umsizi ngesikhathi akhulelwe izingane ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwabo.

Pochaev Isithonjana UnguNina KaNkulunkulu

Lena enye engengaphansi abadumile isithombe Virgin. Udume kakhulu ngezenzo akhe ayisimangaliso isikhathi eside futhi kakhulu ohlonishwayo phakathi kwamakholwa angama-Orthodox. isithonjana Pochaev sise oNgcwele Dormition Pochayiv Lavra, okuyinto indawo Orthodox lasendulo. Isithombe eyanikelwa sendawo Umninindawo casula Goyskoy e 1597. Ngaphambi kwalokho, yena ngiyitholile njengesipho esivela lesiGreki Metropolitan neophyte. Isithonjana ukuthi ababethi WaseByzantium incwadi isitayela tempera. Njengoba kwenziwa yini imiqulu esingaphansi 300 kamuva ayezoba ngokuyisimangaliso.

Pochaev isithonjana izikhathi eziningi ngisindisa Isigodlo kubahlaseli, ngaphezu, sekwenziwe okuningi sokuphulukiswa nalo. Njengoba umthandazo enyukela lesi sithombe, ngosizo Ukuhlasela angaphandle, ukwelapha izifo iso.

"Lusizi"

Isithonjana "Ukulila" - lesi sithombe the Virgin ngamehlo abadanileyo, okuyinto embozwe zamabhodlela. Lonke sithombe sibonisa usizi lukamama labalahlekile indodana. UnguNina KaNkulunkulu uvezwa wedwa, kukhona izithombe futhi Ingane.

Kukhona ukupela eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, eJerusalema Chapel Kristu Uze kuyinto isithonjana ubudala, elibonisa ukukhala Virgin. ERussia, isithombe eziyisimangaliso ethandwa "Intokozo Yabantu Bonke Ubani Nosizi", okuyinto idume ukuphulukiswa yayo.

Isithonjana "Ukulila" ungumsizi nomsindisi ngesikhathi ukushonelwa abathandekayo, ethandaza ngale ndlela kungasisiza kanjani ukuba siqinise ukholo nokuphila okuphakade.

Umsuka wegama Smolensk Isithonjana UnguNina KaNkulunkulu

Lesi sithombe e uhlobo yayo iconographic Hodegetria kungokwalabo, futhi isithonjana edume kunazo zonke. Akwaziwa kungaba wokuqala noma nje uhlu. ERussia Smolensk isithonjana wangena 1046. Wayenjengomfazi isibusiso uConstantine IX Monomakh sovey indodakazi umshado ka-Anna phambi Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich of Chernigov. Indodana Vsevolod, uVladimir Monomakh, wayehlushwa ngale ndlela isithonjana Smolensk, lapho igcinwe esontweni Assumption Our Lady, ayelakhe. Ngakho ngale ndlela, futhi lethiwa.

Kamuva isithonjana wenza izimangaliso eziningi ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, 1239 kungasho ukufa ngoba Smolensk. A zidlamlilo omkhulu Batu ke esemhlabeni isiRashiya, eza emzini. Imithandazo izakhamuzi, kanye Mercury feat iqhawe whom Virgin wabonakala embonweni, Smolensk wasinda.

Isithonjana okuvame ukuhamba kuyo. Ngo 1398 ke walethwa eMoscow futhi ibekwe Cathedral of the Annunciation, lapho wahlala kuze 1456. Kulo nyaka okuye kwabhalwa off uhlu wakhe washiya eMoscow, futhi original elithunyelwa emuva Smolensk. Ngemva kwalokho, isithombe sekuwuphawu bobunye bezwe Russian.

By the way, isithonjana yokuqala Virgin (WaseByzantium) lalahleka emva 1940. Esikhathini 20s ke ngomthetho ashaqe Museum, ngemva kwalokho isiphelo sayo alwaziwa. Manje kweNyuka Cathedral nesinye isithonjana, okuyinto umqulu. Wawuthi ngo-1602.

Isithonjana Serafima Sarovskogo

Serafim Sarovsky - isiRashiya umenzi wezimangaliso, ngubani wasungula zabesifazane Diveevo sezindela futhi kamuva waba ngumsizi wabaningi yayo. uphawu kaNkulunkulu waphawulwa kusukela zisencane, ngemva kokuwa umbhoshongo insimbi kokululama kusuka isifo ngemva kokuthandaza ngaphambi isithonjana uNina kaNkulunkulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ongcwele futhi kwaba umbono. USeraphim njalo strived for monasticism, ngakho ngo-1778 wayemuhle njengoba imfundamakhwela kuya Sarov Isigodlo, futhi ngo-1786 waba indela khona.

Isikhathi esining impela kubonakala uSeraphim izingelosi, kanye ngisho waba nombono naseNkosini uJesu Kristu. Esikhathini esizayo, i-unkom 'idlayodwa ongcwele balifuna zazinolwazi pustynnozhitelstva. Futhi wenza feat Insika-yokuhlala ayinkulungwane izinsuku. nezigigaba Iningi sikhathi yaqhubeka ingaziwa. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile Serafim Sarovsky ayebuyele eziphambekweni Sarov Isigodlo, ngoba akakwazanga ukuhamba ngenxa yokugula izinyawo. Lapho, esitokisini sakhe esidala, waqhubeka nokuthandaza phambi isithonjana uNina kaNkulunkulu "Nesisa".

Kuthiwa ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile Virgin wamtshela ukuba akayeke zatvornichat futhi baqala ukuba aphulukise nemiphefumulo yabantu. Wathola isipho clairvoyance nezimangaliso. Ngokusobala, lokhu yingakho namuhla icon Serafima Sarovskogo inani lo Ikholwa ka kakhulu. UMfundisi zaziwazi ekufeni kwakhe futhi layilungisa ke. Ngisho lapho ekhuluma ngezingane zakhe ezingokomoya ngalo. Bamthola ukukhuleka phambi isithonjana UnguNina KaNkulunkulu, eyayikanye nayo zonke izinsuku zokuhamba kwakhe. Ngemva kokufa uSeraphim izimangaliso eziningi ayezenza at ethuneni lakhe, ngo-1903 yena waba abagcotshwa.

Isithonjana Serafima Sarovskogo kubalulekile kulabo abasebunzimeni ukudumala. Umthandazo ubuye kusiza enkingeni. Noma we komzimba kanye nezifo ezingokomoya uMfundisi isithonjana kuzosiza. Kukhona umthetho womthandazo Serafima Sarovskogo.

Isithonjana Sergiya Radonezhskogo

Sergiy Radonezhsky - lokhu ingenye abangcwele bahlonipha kakhulu eRussia. Nguye owasungula ngoZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu Lavra. Waba lokuqala wesigodlo yayo. Zintathu Monastery isimiso yayiqine kakhulu, njengoba ehlonipha uSergiyu yayifana kakhulu impilo Izigodlo. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ngenxa ukunganeliseki ubuzalwane kwakudingeka ahambe. Kwenye indawo yena wasungula Kirzhachskiy Annunciation Monastery. Wachitha khona isikhathi esifushane njengoba wacelwa ukuba ubuyele Holy Trinity Monastery. Masinyane wahamba KuNkulunkulu 1392.

Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke isithonjana hagiographical ka Sergiya Radonezhskogo eyenziwe 1420s. Kwanje KuZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu Lavra. Lokhu ikhava efekethisiwe, okukhombisa ekhombisa St uSergiyu, nasemaceleni nesishiyagalolunye okuyizimpawu zokuphila kwakhe.

Kuze kube manje, akukho omunye Radonezh isithonjana. Futhi kukhona isithombe e kweNyuka Cathedral eMoscow. Kuhlawumbiselwa ezivela phesheya xv-XVI eminyaka. Museum of. Andrei Rublev, kukhona nesinye isithonjana kwesikhathi.

Ukubona Radonezh kuyinto umsizi ngesikhathi izifo ezingokwenyama nezingokomoya, kanye ngesikhathi izinkinga zansuku zonke. Bheka saint, uma isidingo ukuze kuvikelwe izingane ekusebenzeni kunethonya elibi, nokuthi zazingekho ukwehluleka esifundweni. Umthandazo phambi kwesithombe St. uSergiyu kuyasiza kwabazidlayo izenzo zabo. Radonezh Isithonjana kakhulu ihlonishwe phakathi amakholwa wobuKrestu.

Ukubona iSt Peter futhi Fevronia

Umlando wokuphila sikaPetru Fevronia of Murom kubonisa ukuthi ungaba ozinikele nothembekile eNkosini, ngisho izibopho zomkhaya. Ukuphila kwayo komkhaya kwaqala nge yokuthi umyeni wakhe wesikhathi esizayo Fevronija yalapheka yoqweqwe notwayi nezilonda emzimbeni wakhe. Ngenxa yalesi, yamcela ukuba amthathe emva kokwelashwa. Yiqiniso, i-Prince akafunanga yokushada nendodakazi yakulowo mkhaya ubuthi ingcula amaxoxo, kodwa Fevronija ubuyilindele. Prince isifo liqale, futhi ngisho nangalesosikhathi wayeshade naye. Baqala sokubusa kanye futhi ube nedumela ehlonipha yakhe.

Yiqiniso, ibhodi akubanga kuqondile. Baxoshwa edolobheni, bese bacela ukubuya. Khona ayebusa kuze kuba uthatha umhlalaphansi, bese baba indela. Lo mbhangqwana wacela ukuba angcwatshwe ibhokisi enodonga mncane, Nokho, umyalo yawo yayingaphelele ababulawa. Ngakho-ke, kabili yagijimela emasontweni ahlukahlukene, kodwa namanje yaphela ngokuyisimangaliso ndawonye.

Isithonjana Fevronia noPetru iyona engumxhasi umshado wamaKristu. isithombe Hagiographic zabangcwele, okuthiwa lungolwasengxenyeni ngonyaka 1618, manje Murom, e-Historical Museum of Art. Futhi, izithonjana abangcwele ingatholakala Ngaphanga amanye amabandla. Ngokwesibonelo, e Moscow Ascension ethempelini lunesithombe nezinhlayiya ze-izinsalela.

Icons-abagcini

ERussia, ngesikhathi kwakunomuntu uhlobo indlela - it is wokulinganisa. Ngokokuqala ngqá leli isithonjana ukuthi ngesineke ngoba indodana Ivana Groznogo. Ukuze ezisekhona endaweni ethile amabili walondoloza ngale ndlela. Kwakuwusuku umqaphi isithonjana - kukholakala ukuthi izithombe kosanta kwakungasekelwe abashisekeli izinsana kuze kube sekupheleni ezimpilweni zabo. Namuhla, lo mkhuba ukubuyiswa. Kakade umuntu angabona oda for ingane ngale ndlela. Manje jikelele kukhona ezithile izithonjana ukuze usetshenziselwe imicimbi ehlukahlukene. Lokhu, isibonelo, imifanekiso okuzisholo, umshado, umkhaya, nabanye. Ukuze esimweni ngasinye, ungathenga ngokufanele.