Isikebhe "iRikethe" kuma-hydrofoils: incazelo, izici zobuchwepheshe. Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi

Isikebhe esithi "Rocket" ngumkhumbi onamaphiko ngaphansi kwe-waterline. Ihlukaniswa njenge "P" futhi iklanyelwe inkonzo yesikhathi esisodwa yabagibeli abangu-64-66. Umthamo othize unqunywe ukuguqulwa kwemoto. I "rocket" inamamitha angama-27 * 5 * 4.5 m, inqanda ngo-1.1 m ngesikhathi, futhi i-1.8 m ngesikhathi sokungasebenzi. Esimweni esingenalutho ukufuduka komkhumbi kuneminyaka engu-18, esimweni esigcwele singama-25.3. Umkhumbi ungahamba ngesivinini esingaphezu kuka-70 km / h, kodwa i-normative - kusuka ku-60 kuya ku-65 km / h. Idizayini inikeza i-propeller eyodwa, futhi injini enkulu ifakwe ku-900-1000 amandla okuhamba ngamahhashi.

Kuyathakazelisa.

Isikebhe esithi "Rocket" akusona umkhiqizo owodwa, kodwa wonke uchungechunge olwethulwe ekukhiqizeni ngisho nangesikhathi seSoviet. Imiklamo lapho le mikhumbi eyakhiwe yayibizwa ngokuthi:

• 340 ME;
• 340;
• 340E.

Saqala ukwenza imikhumbi ngo-1957. Ukukhiqizwa kwabo kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaze kwaba phakathi kweminyaka engama-70. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izikebhe ezingaba ngu-300 zokuthuthwa komfula zaqaliswa. Owokuqala wabo wathola igama elingokomfanekiso elithi "Rocket-1". Ukwakhiwa kwakhe kwakuziqhenya ngokufanele ngesitshalo "Krasnoe Sormovo".

Isikebhe esithi "Rocket-1" senze uhambo lokuqala ngo-1957, saqala ngo-Agasti 25. Umzila wagijima phakathi kukaKazan noNizhny Novgorod. Ngokuphelele, umkhumbi unqobe ngamakhilomitha angama-420 emanzini emahoreni ayisikhombisa! Izici zobuchwepheshe ze-"Raketa" cutter zithinta umqondo wabakhileyo. Abantu abanenhlanhla baba yilabo bantu okwakuqala okokuqala emanzini bakwazi ukwenza lolu hambo oluthakazelisayo.

Okwamanje nekusasa

Kusukela isikebhe esithi "Rocket" (isivinini somkhumbi - kuze kube ngu-70 km / h) sibonise imingcele enhle kangaka, yathola ukuthandwa ngokushesha. Igama lomkhumbi kubantu cishe ngokushesha waba igama lomndeni. Lesi siko saphila kuze kube namuhla - namuhla wonke ama-rocket abizwa ngokuthi "imicibisholo", ekhumbuza umkhumbi waseSoviet wokudala.

Esikhathini seSoviet, umkhumbi "Rocket" wawungatholakali kuwo wonke umuntu. Imindeni ephephile ingakwazi ukuhamba ngezimpelasonto ezweni elithile elihle: abagibeli bezindiza bahambisa abagibeli babo emachwebeni amahle nezindawo ezingenakufinyeleleka kulabo abahamba ngomhlaba. Kodwa intengo ye-cruise bite efanayo. Isibonelo, izitimela zikagesi, ezingahle ziqhutshekwe ibanga elifanayo ukusuka edolobheni, zasibiza izikhathi eziningana. Noma kunjalo, kwakungeke kwenzeke ukucabanga ngokuphumula okungcono emanzini wonke umndeni, kunokuba isikebhe "Rocket".

Namuhla le mkhumbi isetshenziswa nsuku zonke. Isibonelo, kungabonakala emgodini wokugcina emfuleni eNizhny Novgorod. Usuku nosuku, izitsha eziqotho zithwala abagibeli phakathi kwamadolobha nokushayela izivakashi emigwaqeni yokuhamba.

I-Metropolitan "Rocket"

Imikhumbi yemikhumbi yasheshe yacatshangwa njengezikimu lapho kuzodingeka khona ukwakha izimoto zamanzi kwi-capital enkulu eSoviet - eMoscow. Ngakho-ke, abahamba ngemikhumbi enhle ngaleso sikhathi bawaklama. Ngakho-ke, ngokushesha nje lapho i-"Rocket-1" yokuqala isungulwa, ngesikhathi esifushane kulo mkhumbi wawuyinhloko-dolobha. Ukuhamba kwakhe kokuqala kwenziwa ngo-1957 ezinyangeni zasehlobo, lapho idolobha lenza umkhosi ozinikezelwe abafundi kanye nentsha. Kwakuwumcimbi wamazwe omhlaba, lapho iziphathimandla zaziyobe zizobonisa konke okuhle okuseSoviet Union. Futhi imikhumbi emikhumbi yomfula, yebo, futhi.

Imikhumbi eminyene yama-hydrofoil yaqala ukusebenza ezindaweni zamanzi zaseMoscow kuphela ekuqaleni kweminyaka eyishumi eyalandela, lapho bazuza khona impumelelo efanelekile kuze kube ngu-2006. Futhi kusukela ngo-2007, iziphathimandla zenze uhlelo olukhulu, olwenzelwe ukubuyisela ukuthuthwa kwamanzi angaphakathi, ikakhulukazi, i-"Rocket" epaki. Kusukela ngo-2009, vula njalo imikhumbi emine:

• 102 (kuphela izindiza ze-VIP);
• 185;
• I-191 (yangaphambili ifakwe njenge-244th);
• 246.

Imithombo engakahleleki ithi ezinye imikhumbi ye-hydrofoil izovela maduzane nemiklamo evelele yaseSoviet - ngokushesha nje lapho iqeda umsebenzi ekubuyiselweni kwezimoto.

Izici ezijwayelekile

Umkhumbi we-hydrofoil umkhumbi onjalo wokushesha, osebenza ngomgomo wokusekela okunamandla. Umkhumbi unenhlanzi, futhi ngaphansi kwawo kukhona "amaphiko." Uma umkhumbi uhamba kancane noma umile, ibhalansi inikezwa amandla ase-Archimedean. Njengoba ukwanda kwejubane, kukhona ukuphakama ngaphezu kwamanzi ngamandla amaphiko aphulukisa. Isixazululo esinjalo sokwakha sivunyelwe ukunciphisa ukumelana kwamanzi, okuthinta isivinini.

Izinhlobo zokuthuthwa kwamanzi ngamaphiko zenza lokho okwakubonakala sengathi akunakwenzeka - ukuhamba ngokusheshisa okukhulu emithambo yamanzi yezwe. Manje ukuhamba kwaqala ukuthatha amahora, okwaholela ekunyuseni okusheshayo ekuthandweni kwezokuthutha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imikhumbi ingabizi kakhulu futhi isebenza impilo ende. Konke lokhu kuye kwaba yisisekelo sokuncintisana, ngenxa yokuthi kusukela ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa kwawo kuze kube yilolu suku "izinhlobo zokuhamba kwamanzi ezinamaphiko" zithinta kakhulu ezinye izindlela zokuhamba.

Ama-non-Rocket "Amafayela"

I "missile" ayizange ibe imoto kuphela yalolu hlobo. Kwakuwumkhankaso wokuqala walo mkhumbi, owawusayine emikhumbi yemikhumbi yomfula, futhi ngonyaka olandelayo umkhumbi we-Volga hydrofoil wagibela uhambo. Ngendlela, kuboniswe embukisweni waseBrussels, futhi ngaphandle kwesizathu: umkhumbi wakwazi ukuthola imali yegolide.

Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, i-"Meteor" yokuqala (esinye isifaniso "samaRobhethi") saqala, bese kuthi "i-Comet", eyaba ngowokuqala olwandle oluthile lwemikhumbi. Eminyakeni eyalandela, ukukhanya kubonwe yi "Seagulls" eminingi, "ama-Vortices" nama "Satellites". Ekugcineni, phezulu kokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi kule ndawo kungabizwa ngokuthi "i-Burevestnik" - umkhumbi we-turbine ogcwele igesi.

Ukuziqhenya Kwezwe LamaSoviet

ISoviet Union yayinesizinda esikhulu kunawo wonke emikhumbi ye-hydrofoil, futhi ngezindlela eziningi kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi ukukhululwa kwe "Rocket" kwakusungulwe kahle. Kodwa izwe alizange lisetshenziswe konke okwakhiqiza: iziteshi zokudayisa imikhumbi emazweni angaphandle zazisuswa. Ngokuphelele, "amaDokethi" athengiswa ezinhlangeni eziningana zamazwe ahlukene.

URostislav Alekseev wayehlanganyele ekuthuthukiseni imikhumbi ngamaphiko ngaphansi kwamanzi. "Rocket" - lokhu kungenye yezizathu ezibalulekile zokuziqhenya. Umkhumbi, owenzelwe imizila kuze kube yihhafu yamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane, ulungele ngokugcwele imali etshalwa kuyo futhi uhlala ukhangayo kuze kube namuhla.

Ukukhiqiza ngokujulile

Lapho izikebhe zeRedet zibonisa imingcele yazo enhle kakhulu, zafakazela ukuthi zithembeke futhi zacaca ukuthi zinezethemba elikhulu, uhulumeni wanquma ukukhiqiza ukukhiqizwa kwemikhumbi. Lo msebenzi wanikezwa isitshalo esithi "uLwandle", eFoodosia. Ngemva kwesikhashana kwakungenzeka ukusungula ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi emadolobheni alandelayo:

• Leningrad;
• IKhabarovsk;
• I-Nizhny Novgorod;
• I-Volgograd.

Ukukhiqizwa kwahlelwa futhi ensimini yaseGeorgia, edolobheni lasePoti.

Imikhiqizo eyenziwe yithunyelwa ku:

• I-Finland;
• I-Romania;
• I-Lithuania;
• I-China;
• EJalimane.

Futhi namuhla "amaDokethi" aya kwezinye zala mazwe. Imikhumbi eminingi kamuva yaguqulwa yaba yindawo yokudla, izindawo zokudlela, i-cafeterias.

Futhi njengoba kwakuhloswe?

Ngibheka ukuthi umkhumbi wawuphumelele kangakanani, kubonakala sengathi akunakwenzeka ukuthi uhulumeni uhlele. Kodwa ingabe kunjalo ngempela? Le phrojekthi yasungulwa ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kukaMnyango wezokuThuthukiswa komphakathi, okuxhaswa yizwe - lokhu kungenakuphikwa. Kodwa imibiko yomlando ifakazela ukuthi izikhulu zalezi zithombe azizange zixhumane nokulindela kwangempela kanye nethemba. Ngezici eziningi lokhu kwakungenxa yemvelo engeyona ejwayelekile yombono njengalokho - babesaba ukuthi kungenzeka ukushisa. Futhi yisikhathi lapho kulula kakhulu ukuhlala "kungaqondakali," okungeke kube yinkinga kuphela, kodwa kubangele ukuwa okuphelele.

Ezama ukwenza konke okusemandleni, umkhandi wemikhumbi waseSoviet uRostislav Alekseev wazibekela umsebenzi omkhulu - ukuklama nokwakha umkhumbi futhi angabonisi muntu, kodwa ngokushesha ku Khrushchev yena ngokwakhe, okungukuthi, ngokudlula zonke izikhulu eziphansi. Lolu hlelo olubi lwaba nethuba lokuphumelela futhi lwasetshenziswa ehlobo lika-1957. Umkhumbi "kuwo wonke amaphiko" ugijimela eMfuleni iMoskva futhi awuhambisani nesinye isikhathi, kodwa lapho uNobhala Jikelele ayevame ukuhlala khona. U-Alekseev wamemela ngokwakhe uNikita Khrushchev ebhodini. Ngakho ukubhukuda kwaqala, okwavumela umkhumbi ukuba ube yindabuko. Ngisho noma kunjalo, umuntu oyinhloko wezwe wazisa ukuhlonishwa komphakathi obangelwa umkhumbi oqaqayo. Futhi uNobhala Jikelele ngokwakhe wahlatshwa umxhwele yijubane. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho kwazalwa khona inkulumo ethi: "Sanele ukugibela emifuleni ngezinkabi! Sizokwakha! ».

Indaba ayipheli lapho

Yebo, "amaDokethi" ayethandwa kakhulu, bekungukuziqhenya kwesizwe, babethandwa, bebazi, bawahlonipha, babakhokhelwa imali. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imikhumbi yaba kancane. Yiqiniso, okokuqala bahlelwa, kodwa lapho i-Secular Union ihamba "ngaphansi komthambeka", yayingeyona imikhumbi. Ukugqoka kwezobuchwepheshe nokuziphatha kokuhamba komfula kwanda kuphela. Ngesinye isikhathi, kwakubonakala sengathi akukho nezekusasa kulezi zimoto, okungenani hhayi emashumini eminyaka ezayo.

Futhi lapha eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, umkhankaso uhlelo olwenzelwe ukuvuselela imikhumbi emihle kakhulu yeSoviet Union - "amaRobethi". Futhi kanye nabo kwakunqunyelwe ukutshala imali ku "Comet" kanye "namaMeteors". Naphezu kwezomnotho okunzima kakhulu ezweni, uhulumeni wakwazi ukunikeza imali ngemisebenzi yokwenza ngcono izithuthi kanye nokuvuselela imikhumbi ngezidingo zesikhathi samanje. Uhlelo olukhethekile lwenzelwe ukusekela imikhumbi ngamaphiko ngaphansi kwamanzi. Okubaluleke kakhulu ngonyaka ka-2016, lapho umkhumbi "i-Comet 120M" ukukhombisa ukuthi imizamo eyenziwe ayizange ichithe.

Kodwa ingabe i-"Rocket" kuqala?

Manje, bambalwa abantu abakhumbula lokhu, kepha "iDwala" akuwona umzamo wokuqala wokudala ukuthutha kwaloluhlobo. Ngisho nangaphambi kokusungulwa, okusikisela ukuthi ungakwazi ukufeza amazinga ahamba phambili wejubane, uma ungaphansi kwesigxobo somkhumbi ukubeka amaphiko. Ngokokuqala ngqa umbono womkhumbi onjalo wazalwa ngekhulu le-XIX!

Kungani ungenzi lutho oluzwakalayo ngaphambi kokuba u-Alexeyev akwenze? Okokuqala, kwasetshenziswa imishini ye-steam, amandla ayo kunciphisa. Babengenalo okwanele ukuthuthukisa ijubane lapho amaphiko azoba usizo ngempela. Ngakho-ke, ngalesosikhathi, konke kwaphela ekucabangeni nasekucabangeni "ukuthi kungaba kanjani." Kodwa-ke, lezi zikhathi zaziyizikhathi ezithakazelisayo: umphakathi uhlale ubona zonke izinhlobo ezintsha zezakhiwo kanye nesakhiwo esithile , imikhumbi ibeka amarekhodi, kodwa izinyanga zadlula - futhi zase zishaywa imikhumbi emisha. Lo mjaho wawubonakala ungapheli. Kubantu umkhumbi wokuqala, onamaphiko ngaphansi kwamanzi, wabizwa ngokuthi "i-frog". Nakuba wathuthela ngokushesha, kodwa wagxuma phezu kwamanzi futhi wayengaqiniseki neze.

Izimoto eziphakeme kakhulu: kwakungakanani?

Ngo-1941 eNizhny Novgorod (okwakubizwa ngalezo zinsuku ngokuthi iGorky) eSikhungo Sezimboni, kwavikelwa isingeniso, esinikezwe umshayeli wamaphiko ngaphansi kwamanzi. Umbhali wale phrojekthi kwakunguRostislav Alekseev - lowo ofanayo "esikhathini esizayo" ozohambisa uKrushchev eMoscow.

Imidwebo yaboniswa yisitsha sekhomishini esihle kakhulu ngezinkomba eziphakeme kakhulu. Kwadingeka kusebenze ngesimiso esingakaze senziwe ngaphambi. Ezweni ngaleso sikhathi, kwakungekho into efana nayo. Ukusho ukuthi ngubani oshaywe yinkantolo - usho, futhi isigamu asikwazi ukuveza injabulo yabo nokumangala.

Amathuba kanye ne-conservatism

Ukuzivikela komsebenzi wokukhulumisana kwaba kuhle kakhulu ku-Alexeyev futhi kwamgqugquzela ukuba enze umbiko, lapho ahlongoze khona ukufeza lo msebenzi. Le dokhumenti yathunyelwa ku-Navy, futhi maduzane impendulo yilezi: amacebo awaphumelelanga, ayamukeleki futhi awuthandanga abaklami abakhulu.

Amalume omdala aseSoviet Navy awazange adlale amathoyizi! Baye basayina inkulumo enhle kakhulu engumnumzane osemncane ekugcineni: "Uhamba ngaphambi kwesikhathi."

Lapho ukubekezela kunqoba ukungakholwa

Abanye babeyozinikela endaweni yaseRostislav: kwakukhona impi, kwakungenayo imali, isimo sasiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi yini eyasongela ikusasa eliseduze futhi kwakungenakwenzeka ngokuphelele ukucabanga. Kodwa lochwepheshe osemusha wayengafuni ukuyeka. Kuphela unyaka odlule kusukela encwadini yokuzihoxisa, futhi manje u-Alekseev useqalile ukuxhumana noKrylov, umklami omkhulu wefektri onguchwepheshe bokuthutha kwamanzi. Lo muntu ohlakaniphile, okwazi ukubuka ikusasa, wabona imidwebo yelinjiniyela entsha ithuba lokuphumelela futhi wayefuna ukuwabheka. Kwabe sekulandelwa iminyaka embalwa eminyanisweni yempi futhi ngokushesha ngemva kwayo. Abaningi abathandabuzayo baxolisa lo msebenzi, onjiniyela basebenza kulo, hhayi ukuphumula. Futhi ngo-1957, ekugcineni, kwaba yimpumelelo yangempela.

Umkhumbi omusha uhlolwe ngokushesha, futhi ngemva kwalokho bahamba baya enhloko-dolobha, ngesikhathi esifanayo - phakathi nomkhosi wamazwe omhlaba, okwakuzobe kuhambele inhloko yombuso. Ngamahora angu-14 nje umkhumbi wafika endaweni, kuyilapho izikebhe eziqhathaniswa ngalezi zikhathi zaqeda leli banga ngezinsuku ezintathu. Yebo, mayelana nokuthi indaba yavela kanjani, usuvele uyayazi.

Ingabe u-Alekseev walindele ukunqoba okunjalo? Mhlawumbe yebo. Nakuba kwakunzima ukuqagela mayelana nesilinganiso kusengaphambili. Ingabe manje silinde ukubuyiswa kwama-"Rockets" abuyekeziwe kumibhobho yamanzi yezwe lakithi? Yebo, yebo. Lo mkhumbi ube yindabuko ebalulekile yomlando neyezwe, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo imoto enhle kakhulu, esebenza ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.