Battle ku iNeva emfuleni: Izimbangela Nemiphumela

Julayi 15, 1240 yabamba impi eyingqopha ku emfuleni iNeva. amabutho Russian iphansi kwesandla sika- Alexander Nevski, inqobe kwasani Owayengamele ibutho isiSwidi. Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, u-Alexander saseNevsky kwaba isidlaliso abadumile. Leli gama zonke Russian eyaziwa, futhi kuze kube namuhla.

prehistory

Battle ku uMfula iNeva e 1240 kungaqali angesabi. Kwakuthinta lwendulelwe imicimbi ebalulekile zezombusazwe kanye zomlando.

Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-13, abaseSweden, munye Novgorod, wenza forays njalo ngezizwe Finnish. Babiza uhambo lwabo ingajezisa, ogama Injongo yayiwukuba linqobe abantu ngaphezulu. Iningi abaseSweden wahlupheka izizwe isamba kanye Em. Lokhu kwaba imbangela izingxabano eside. UNkulunkulu uvikela esatshwe ekuhlaselweni kwakhe Finns, magange nibabhaphathize futhi wenze umbimbi.

Ngalesi akuzange kuwumise abahlaseli. Bona njalo kwenziwe kuphangwa okuzingela emasimini kanye uMfula iNeva, kanye ngqo endaweni Novgorod. Sweden kwenziwe buthaka izingxabano vnutriusobnymi, ngakho wafuna ukuheha amaqhawe amaningi izikhulu ngakuye. Abazange shun lokukholisa ekuzuzeni uhlangothi lwalo abalandeli be lokuthola kalula imali. Kwaphela isikhathi eside amabutho Finno-Karelian atheleka ezweni Swedish, futhi 1187 futhi wahlanganisa ngokuphelele Novgorod. Bayishisela Sigtuna - enhloko-dolobha yaseSweden lasendulo.

Le ngxabano eyathatha isikhathi eside. Ngalunye lwaso, futhi isi-Swedish kanye isiRashiya, uye wafuna ukumisa igunya labo phezu kwezwe Izhora, okwakubekelwa esemgwaqweni uMfula iNeva, futhi phezu Karelian Isthmus.

usuku Oyingqopha-mlando ngaphambi ukubona lezo zenzakalo ezimangalisayo adumile njengoba Battle ku uMfula iNeva, kwaba ukumenyezelwa Yenkolo Okwesibili eFinland uPapa Gregory IX ngo-December 1237. Ngo-June 1238 we-Danish King Waldemar II futhi iNkosi Order of the kuhlangene Hermann Balk bavumelana division of the state Estonia nokuqala ukusebenza yalwa Russia emazweni aseBaltic ngosizo abaseSweden. Yilokhu kuye kwavusa impi phezu komfula iNeva. Usuku, izenzakalo ukuthi zaziwa manje, kwaba ukuqala emlandweni Russia kanye nobudlelwane bayo ne uthi angomakhelwane. Fight uye wasibonisa ikhono wezwe lakithi dudula ibutho isitha esinamandla. Kufanele ikhumbule yokuthi impi ku uMfula iNeva okwenzeka ngesikhathi esinzima. emazweni Russian nje ungakaqali ukuze siphinde sithole ngemva kweminyaka amaMongol ahlasele futhi amandla amabutho aye kakhulu buthaka.

Battle emfuleni iNeva: umthombo

Ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana ukuthi izazi-mlando edlule eside ukuqoqa ngokoqobo bit by bit. Abacwaningi abaningi banesithakazelo izenzakalo ezifana Battle ku uMfula iNeva, usuku. Kafushane wachaza impi izincwadi zomlando. Yiqiniso, le mithombo iyivela kancane. Esinye sezipho ezinhle kakhulu eyaziwa kusengathiwa kuqala indaba Novgorod. Futhi, ulwazi lungatholakala Life ka-Aleksandru saseNevsky. Kusolwa ukuthi yabhalwa abantu bangesikhathi izenzakalo ngaphakathi Eighties kwekhulu XIII.

Uma sicabangela imithombo zaseScandinavia, ukuthi awanalo imininingwane enjalo izimpi eziyingqopha-mlando, efana Battle of uMfula iNeva kanye Battle of the Ice. Singagcina ngokubu- ukufunda ngalokho iqembu elincane Swedish wahlulwa kohlaka impi yenkolo Finnish.

Liphinde akwaziwa ngokuqinisekile, owayehola impi zaseScandinavia. Kususelwa imithombo isiRashiya, ososayensi bathi ngale ndlela ukuthi kwakuyizwi ngumkhwenyana weNkosi Birger Magnússon.

Kodwa Jarl Sweden wayengumuntu kuphela 1248, futhi ngesikhathi impi kwaba Ulf Fasi ngubani, cishe, futhi wahola mashi. Kulokhu, Birger kwakungasebenzeki abathintekayo, nakuba kukhona umbono okuphambene. Ngakho, imiphumela abavubukuli zibonisa ukuthi Birger alimala phambi ingxenye ikhanda phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Lokhu kuyahambelana ngolwazi Alexander saseNevsky alimala iso yenkosi.

Battle ku uMfula iNeva: Usuku

izenzakalo zomlando ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XVI, engakaze ezilotshwe imithombo ethile esemthethweni. Isikhathi esining impela, izazi-mlando azikwazi ukunquma usuku oluqondile noma ngisho isikhathi eseduze lapho kwakukhona impi ethile. Kodwa lokhu akusebenzi esehlakalweni esinjalo sibaluleke, impi phezu komfula iNeva. Ngayiphi ngonyaka kwenzekile? Ukuze lombuzo mlando wazi impendulo ngqo. Le mpi kuthiwa lwabhalwa Julayi 15, 1240.

Imicimbi ngaphambi impi

Akekho impi kungaqali angesabi. Futhi kwakukhona uchungechunge lwezenzakalo esaholela isikhashana ezinzima, impi phezu komfula iNeva. Unyaka lapho kwenzeka, abaseSweden waqala nimunye Novgorod. Ehlobo lika imikhumbi yabo bafike endaweni somfula iNeva. AbaseSweden balwa kanye nabangani babo wafikela ogwini, futhi bamisa khona. Kwenzeka endaweni lapho Izhora agelezela iNeva.

Ukwakheka kwezinhloko zamaviyo kwaba disparate. Lalinama abaseSweden, Novgorod, isiNorway, abameleli Finnish zezizwe, yebo, ababhishobhi bamaKatolika. Imingcele yamazwe Novgorod abangu evikelwe ngaphansi kwesivikelo zasolwandle. izhoryane wakhe enikeziwe ngomlomo uMfula iNeva nhlangothi zombili eGulf of Finland. Kwakuwusuku omdala ukuvikelwa Pelgusy entathakusa Julayi usuku bese wathola ukuthi imikhumbi Swedish ususondele. Lokhu amakhuriya washesha ukwazisa Prince Alexander.

Livonian ukushaywa abaseSweden eRussia kwaqala ngo-August, esisikisela ukuthi uthathe ukulinda ubone isikhundla, kanye ngokushesha nombani Prince Alexander ukuphendula. Ngemva kokuthola lezi zindaba zokuthi isitha iseduze, wanquma ukwenza bebodwa, ngaphandle kosizo uyise. Alexander Yaroslavovich eyenziwe ukulwa nge nethimba elincane. Battle ku uMfula iNeva kwayithuba kokwesikhulu abasha ukuzibonakalisa njengendlela umkhuzi. Ngakho-ke, abaningi kwezinhloko zamaviyo akazange abe nesikhathi ukuba bahambe naye. Alexander wakhuluma nangesinye Ladoga futhi izidlamlilo ze nabanaye endleleni.

Ngokusho amasiko ke ekhona, wonke squad babuthana Hagia Sophia, okuyinto wabusiswa-Archbishop Spyridon. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Alexander uthe kokuqaliswa ikheli, izingcaphuno zazo namuhla eyaziwa: "Akukhona e ngamandla kaNkulunkulu, kodwa iqiniso!"

I lamabutho wathutha olunqamula eduze Volkhov iChibi Ladoga uqobo. Kusuka lapho, waphendukela umlomo Izhora. Iningi ibutho lalinabashumayeli zamahhashi, kodwa kwaba njengesosha elihamba phansi. Ukugcina isikhathi sokuhamba, le ngxenye squad futhi baqhubekela ngamahhashi.

Kwezikhathi impi

Le mpi saqala ngo-July 15, 1940. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ibutho Russian, ngaphezu retinue kwesikhulu, abangu-okungenani omunye izinkampani ezintathu Novgorod ojenene esihle ladozhane.

Esikhathini "Ukuphila" ukhuluma amagama amasosha ayisithupha izenzo zobuqhawe ngesikhathi sempi.

UGavrilo Olekseich wasukuma ukuze umkhumbi isitha, lapho kokuba ephonswe ukuba abalimele, kodwa naphezu kwalokhu esanda bagibela futhi laliqhubeka nokulwa. Sbyslav Yakunovich ukuthi elokhe ngembazo, kodwa noma waziphonsa phakathi shí eMpini. Hhayi ngaphansi ngesibindi alwa Huntsman Alexander uJakobe Polochanin. INceku Sawa waphula angena ekamu lesitha netende exhunyiwe abaseSweden. Misha ka Novgorod wathatha ekulweni ayimigundatshani sacwilisa imikhumbi emithathu isitha. Ratmir inceku Alexander Yaroslavovchia, walwa ngobuqhawe nge abaseSweden ambalwa, futhi ngemva kwalokho walimala futhi wafa empini.

Le mpi yathatha kusukela ekuseni kwaze kwahlwa. Lapho ilanga lishona nabaphikisi kwesokunxele. UNkulunkulu uvikela, ngoba siqaphela ukuthi lahluleka angawethusi, lihambe liye imikhumbi wayo osele wawela ogwini olungaphesheya.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ibutho Russian abawaxoshanga isitha. Isizathu salokhu asaziwa. Mhlawumbe ethintekile knight ngokwezifiso alimelene ngesikhathi sekhefu yokungcwaba amasosha abo. Mhlawumbe u-Alexander akasibonanga isidingo baqede idlanzana asele ka abaseSweden futhi engafuni ukuba engozini nebutho lakhe.

Russian lixuku ukulahlekelwa zaba XX amaqhawe ihloniphekile futhi iletha lapha kufanele ubangeza leliqembu labaqaphi bokuzibeka. Phakathi kwabashonile kubalwa abaseSweden okuningi. Izazi-mlando ukukhuluma inqwaba, uma kungekhona amakhulu masosha afile.

Imiphumela

Battle ku uMfula iNeva, usuku lapho uzokhunjulwa eminyaka, bavunyelwe ukuvimbela ubungozi ukuqala Sweden kanye Order eRussia esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. ibutho-Alexander esiwujuqu wayeka ehlasela futhi we Ladoga futhi Novgorod.

Nokho, boyars Novgorod wesabela ukuthi igunya lika-Alexander ukhule phezu kwabo. Baqala ukwakha amaqhinga ahlukahlukene kwesikhulu abasha, ngenxa nokumphoqelela ukuya uyise Yaroslav. Nokho, maduzane nje, bamcela ukubuyela ukuqhubeka ekulweni le Livonian Order, esahlanganisa Pskov.

Imemori empini

Ukuze ngeke akukhohlwe izenzakalo ezikude ku iNeva, kodwa uhlangulisa inzalo ka-Alexander wafuna abhebhezela inkumbulo yabo. Ngakho, izikhumbuzo omkhulukazi yezakhiwo zadalwa, obuyisele izikhathi eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umfanekiso Aleksandra Nevskogo ithole ukubonakaliswa kwayo ku zemali nezitembu zezikhumbuzo.

Alexander saseNevsky Lavra

Lesi sakhiwo Monolithic lamiswao ngu-Peter mina e 1710. Alexander saseNevsky Monastery lakhiwa e emlonyeni Black River Petersburg. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngephutha wacabanga ukuthi impi zenzeka kule ndawo. I noMphefumleli futhi umdali Laura baba Domenico Trezzini. Ngemva kwalokho, umsebenzi waqhubeka nezinye abaklami.

Ngo-1724 izinsalela zihanjiswe lapha Alexander Yaroslavovych. Manje insimu ka wezindela kuyinto epaki kahulumeni kazwelonke. The Ensemble kuhlanganisa amasonto amaningana, emnyuziyamu, amathuna, izitolo. Lona wangcwaba abantu abadumile ezifana Mikhail Lomonosov, u-Alexander Suvorov, uNikolai Karamzin, Mikhail Glinka, Thobekile Mussorgsky, uPyotr Tchaikovsky, Fyodor Dostoevsky.

Aleksandra Nevskogo Church Ust-Izhora

Lesi sakhiwo ukuze badunyiswe ngokunqoba empini 1240. Usuku ukwakhiwa - 1711. Isonto izikhathi eziningana kanzima eshile kabusha. Ekupheleni ethempelini itshe besonto amabutho XVIII leminyaka Yakhiwa yensimbi isimo ezisebenza nombhoshongo insimbi.

Ngo-1934 ibandla savalwa futhi isikhathi eside esetshenziswa njengoba izimpahla. Phakathi Leningrad ukuvinjelwa ethempelini umbhoshongo yasha kusukela wakhonza njengephayona lokuma for wezikhali-German.

Ngo-1990, kwaqala umsebenzi ukubuyiselwa isonto futhi lanikezelwa eminyakeni embalwa kamuva. Lapho eya ethempelini lalapho yamathuna amancane indlwana yesikhumbuzo nge umfanekiso Aleksandra Nevskogo.

Ukuphrinta zemali kanye izitembu

Ngezikhathi, isithombe Aleksandra Yaroslavovicha isetshenziswa zokunyathelisa. Ngakho, uhlamvu lwemali esiyisikhumbuzo ne ngomfanekiso wakhe wadedelwa ngo-1995. Iminyaka wejubili ngemva kwempi etholakalayo nezinhlobo ezibalulekile ezingakabonakali Sinesithakazelo esikhulu philatelists.

okufushane isikrini

Ngo-2008, umlobi wadedelwa ifilimu "U-Alexander. Lo iNeva Battle" ku sokuqasha. Likhuluma ngamaphathi ekuqaleni kokubusa kwesikhulu abasha eNovgorod. Ekupheleni ifilimu eyayembuleka impi izigcawu Battle iNeva.

Le filimu Ifaka abalingisi ezifana Anton Pampushny, Svetlana futhi Bakulin Igor Botwin. Umqondisi - Igor Kalenov.