UmthethoState kanye nomthetho

Isikhulu sikahulumeni wasekhaya ngubani? Amalungu kanye nezikhulu zendawo yokuzibusa

I-self-government yendawo (i-LSG) eRussia ixazulula izinkinga nezinkinga zokubaluleka kwendawo. Isakhiwo esikhethekile seminyango emeleyo isendaweni yokwenza izinqumo ezifanele. Izimiso zokudala lezo zindikimba zibekelwe imigomo yomthethosisekelo. Kodwa-ke, imithombo eyinhloko yamandla okuzimela wezindawo zendawo yizikhulu, izakhamuzi, izinyunyana zabasebenzi kanye namakholeji, okuvela kuwo izikhungo ezimele emisebenzini yazo .

Ukwaziswa okujwayelekile emzimbeni we-LSG

Isakhiwo sokuzimela kuhulumeni sakhiwa yizinhlangano eziningana ezimele, phakathi kwabo ukuphathwa, inhloko, iphini lesigungu, izikhungo zokulawula kanye nokugcinwa kwezimali, njll Ngokwe-charter ye-entity ethize, iziphathimandla zesifundazwe zingabelwa ukuxazulula imisebenzi ethile ngezinhloso zazo. Futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezindikimba ezigunyaziwe kanye nezikhulu zendawo yokuzimela yendawo - ubuchwepheshe bokuhlela kwabo kuyafana nezakhiwo eziningi zikamasipala. Kulolu hlu, kungenzeka ukukhomba inhloko yemfundo kanye nokuphathwa njengenhlangano ephezulu.

Unama-nuances ayo kanye nomyalelo wokusabalalisa amandla. Isibonelo, i-charter yesifunda kanye nokuhlala, okuyiyona ndawo yokuphathwa komasipala kamasipala, inganikeza ukukhuliswa kwamandla alo mzimba. Okusho ukuthi ukubunjwa kwesifunda sendawo kuzokwenziwa ngendlela yokuthi isikhungo sokuphatha sizophinde sinikezwe amandla ebandla elibusayo laleyo ndawo yokuhlala. Ezimweni ezinjalo, izindawo zokuhlala azinazo izikhungo zabo zokuphatha, futhi ikhanda labo lendawo liqaliswa emzimbeni kamasipala omele futhi liqhubeke lisebenza njengosihlalo walo. Njengoba kubonakala, imithethonqubo yendawo ingashintsha inqubo evamile, ngokusho ukuthi yiziphi izidumbu zombuso wombuso wendawo ozimele, izikhulu kanye nezikhungo zokuphatha ezakhiwe. Kodwa, isibonelo, inhlangano yokuphendula, ukusungulwa kwemigomo yehhovisi, ukulawulwa kanye nezinye izinkinga zenhlangano eyisisekelo kunqunywe umthetho kuphela ngezihloko zeRussian Federation.

Ukuphathwa kwendawo

Isixazululo esisheshayo sezinkinga zendawo ukuphathwa. Lo mzimba ulawula futhi unikezwe amandla anele okwenza imisebenzi ethile yombuso, edluliselwa eziphathimandla ngezimiso nemithetho yeRussian Federation. Kusukela kumbono wezomthetho, ukuphathwa kwendawo kuyigugu. Umuntu, okungukuthi, unikwe wonke amalungelo akhe. Ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile yamandla ayo, ukuphathwa kungabamba iqhaza ekubunjweni kwamandla ohulumeni basekhaya, izikhulu kanye nezindikimba ezibusayo. Kodwa-ke, ukubunjwa kolawulo lwendawo lwakhiwa ngumasipala, futhi ngesiphakamiso sekhanda.

Kanti, inhloko ingase iqokwe ngabamele abakhomishana wokuncintisana. Lokhu futhi, ngandlela-thile, isilwane esivumela ukuba sakhe isakhiwo sokuphatha sokuphatha. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezifundeni zikamasipala, omasipala kanye nezinhlangano ezakhiwe ngezinga likahulumeni, okungenani ingxenye enkulu yabameli bekhomishini izobekwa yiziphathimandla zikamasipala. Ingxenye yesibili yabameli bekhomishana yenziwa ngumphathi wezinga eliphakeme kunendaba ethize. Uma kungumbuzo wezinto ezisendaweni zasemadolobheni, khona-ke ingxenye eyodwa yekhomishana yokhetho iyobekwa yizindikimba kanye nezikhulu zendawo yokuzimela, futhi eyesibili - isikhungo sokuphatha sendawo yesifunda noma isifunda.

Yiziphi izikhundla ze-LSG?

Inhloko ekhulunywe ngenhla yezokuphatha, inhloko yokwakheka komasipala kanye namaphini kufanele athunyelwe kubasebenzi abaqondile kulezi zakhiwo. Ngokuya ngesimo, bathola isethi ethile yamandla nokuthwala imithwalo yemfanelo ngaphakathi kwemingcele esungulwe ngumthetho. Kunoma yikuphi, isikhulu sikahulumeni sendawo singumuntu onesivumelwano noma umuntu okhethiwe onamandla okuphatha nokuphatha ukuxazulula izinkinga zendawo. Kwezinye izimo, isikhulu singabamba iqhaza ekubunjweni kwemizimba ye-LSG ngayinye. Njengoba sekushiwo, bangamelwa amalungu ekomishini lokuncintisana. Futhi kukhona isikhundla sephini esikhundleni se-LSG.

Amahhovisi okhethisa ama-presuppose ukhetho lomuntu endaweni ethile ngokuya komthetho wokhetho. Ukhetho lwenziwa kwinqubo yokuvota ngasese. Okunye okunye kule ndlela yokubamba okuthunyelwe kungukuqokwa komzimba omele noma ikhomishini yokuncintisana. Ngokuqondene nesivumelwano, ngokuvamile kulesi sakhiwo, izikhulu zendawo yokuzibusa yendawo yaseRussia ezithatha izikhundla zabaphathi bendawo yokuphatha indawo. Ubude benkontrakthi kunqunywe amandla kamasipala wendawo, kodwa isikhathi esingaphansi kweminyaka emibili.

Inhloko kamasipala

Lesi yisithuba esiphakeme esakhiweni sokwakhiwa komasipala, enikezwe uhlu lwawo lwamandla ngaphansi komthetho ngezihloko zeRussian Federation. Inhloko ingase ikhethwe ngohlaka lwamakhetho kamasipala ngabamele abamele ikhomishini yokuncintisana noma abameleli bezinye izinhlaka ze-LSG zendawo. Ezindaweni ezincane zangaphakathi ezibandakanya ingqalasizinda yasemadolobheni, isikhulu esiyinhloko sohulumeni basekhaya, empeleni, siyinhloko yabaphathi abamiswe ukuqoqwa kwezakhamizi. Uma ukhethwe ezingeni likaMasipala, inhloko ifakwe ekubunjweni kommeleli kamasipala futhi isebenza njengosihlalo wayo. Nokho, lo muntu akakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yenhloko yokuphatha kanye nosihlalo kamasipala ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi akuzona zonke izakhamizi ezingahle zikhethwe esikhundleni sikasihlalo ekwakhekeni komasipala. Kumele kube yisakhamuzi saseRussian Federation, ngesikhathi okhethweni ihlangabezana nezidingo zomthetho N 171. Uma ukhetho luqhutshelwa yikhomishini yokuncintisana, okungenani abakhethiweyo ababili kufanele babhalise. Futhi, izimo zomncintiswano zingabandakanya izidingo zamakhono ochwepheshe, okuzobe kuhlolwe isikhulu sikahulumeni wasekhaya esizokwazi ukuhlolwa. Umthetho ongaphansi kwenombolo N 171 uvumela ithuba lokufakazela ukukhethwa komuntu ozobhapathizwa ngokulandela indlela yokutholakala kwemfundo nolwazi, okukhethwa esikhundleni esimweni sikahulumeni wasekhaya.

Abaphathi be-LSG

Iphini ihhovisi elikhethiwe, elihlinzekwa ngezimo zokusebenzisa amandla okuqondisa. Igama lokukhethwa kulolu cala likhethwa ngumasipala wendawo, kodwa kufanele lihluke phakathi kweminyaka engu-3-5. Umthetho ngezihloko zeRussian Federation uhlinzeka ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ushintshe isikhathi sokusebenza kwamasekela, amandla ngisho nenqubo yokhetho. Kodwa lokhu kusebenza kubaphathi abakhethiwe. Futhi lapha kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa isimo salokhu okuthunyelwe zibe izinhlobo ezimbili. Njengomthetho, iphini likamasipala okhethwe yi-self-government wendawo, owenza umsebenzi ojwayelekile ngaphakathi kohlaka lomqulu. Kodwa futhi ingamelwa njengelungu lephhini lesigungu esimele umasipala, okuyinto engapheliyo isebenzisa amandla ayo.

Kumele kugcizelelwe ukuthi noma yimaphi amandla ephimishana aqinisekisiwe ngezinga elihlukile ngomthetho womasipala wendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi komthetho, ukuqinisekiswa kwezenhlalakahle kungasungulwa njengendlela yokwengeza - isibonelo, ehlobene nokuqedwa kwamandla. Ikakhulukazi ukwandiswa kweziqinisekiso kuphazamisa amacala uma amandla ohulumeni basekhaya aphela isikhathi esingaphansi. Njengenqubo yokufeza imisebenzi yabo, abaphathi bayalawulwa ukuba bagcine imigomo nemingcele echazwe emthethweni N 273-FZ. Ikakhulukazi lokhu kuphazamisa izinyathelo zokulwa nenkohlakalo.

Amandla Abaphathi

Ngokuqondene namaphini, amandla awo aqondiswa ukuhlinzeka ngamathuba okumela izithakazelo zabakhileyo baseDuma. Njengengxenye yemisebenzi yabo, baqhuba ukwamukela abavoti, bahlele imihlangano nabameleli bomphakathi, izinyunyana zabasebenzi, izinhlangano zabasebenzi, njll Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphini limelela nomzimba wakhe we-LSG ngaphambi kokuvota ngaphakathi kwesifunda sakhe. Inhloko yokwakhiwa komasipala inegunya elingaphezulu. Okokuqala, liphinde lisho ibandla lomuntu ozimele, kodwa selivele lihlangene namanye omasipala kanye neziphathimandla. Angenza ngaphandle kokugunyazwa egameni lomasipala wakhe. Kanye nalokhu, amandla ezikhulu zamabandla ezizimele zendawo ezisezinhloko zamakhanda avumela ukusayinwa nokukhishwa kwamadokhumenti ngezenzo ezijwayelekile ezamukelwa yikhungo sikamasipala. Ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile, angaphinde akhiphe izenzo zakhe. Uma kunesidingo, inhloko yombuso wendawo nayo inelungelo lokubamba imihlangano engahleliwe yomkhandlu kamasipala ukuxazulula izinkinga ezingavamile ezingeni lendawo. Amandla ezinhloko zokuziphathisa kanye namaphini amisa ngesikhathi sokukhethwa kwezikhundla zabanye abantu.

Isibopho sezikhulu zikahulumeni basekhaya

Kokubili izakhiwo zokuphatha ze-LSG kanye nezikhulu ngabanye, uma behlukana nemigomo esungulwe ngumthetho kanye nezimiso, bangaba nezibopho ezihlukahlukene. Ngokuqondene nezizathu, zisekelwe emthethweni wezemfundo ethile, elawulwa umthetho phezu kwezifundo zeRussian Federation. Emkhakheni wezindinganiso zomthetho, isibonelo, inani lomasipala lingakhumbula isekela noma iqembu. Ngaphansi kwesimiso esifanayo, umthwalo wemithwalo yeziphathimandla kanye nezikhulu zendawo yokuzimela yendawo ngokuphathelene nezakhiwo zikahulumeni kuqinisekisiwe, kuphela kule nkinga ikhwalithi yokwenziwa kwemiyalelo eqondile evela eziphathamandla eziphezulu nayo ibalulekile. Ukuphulwa kwabo kungaba yisizathu sokuletha umthwalo wemfanelo ngaphakathi komthetho. Uma inkantolo efanele inquma ukuthi inhlangano emele, isibonelo, isamukele isenzo esiphikisana nemithetho yeRussia Federation noma umthetho wesendaweni, khona-ke inhloko ephakeme yezinsiza zokuphatha ingasichitha le mzimba. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imithwalo yemithwalo kanye nezikhulu zendawo yokuzibusa yendawo yilapho inqunywa kakhulu ngekhwalithi nokuziqaphela ekusebenziseni igunya. Kodwa kubalulekile futhi ukucabangela isikhathi esenziwe ngazo izinqumo mayelana nomthwalo wemfanelo. Isibonelo, emva kokukhishwa kwesenzo esingokomthetho esiphikisana nomthetho, inhlangano esemthethweni noma yombuso ozimele ingakwazi ukugwema inkokhelo uma kungakapheli izinyanga ezintathu idokhumenti libhujiswa.

Yiziphi izinkinga ohulumeni basekhaya abaxazulula?

Kuye kwaphawula kaningi ukuthi izikhulu nezinhlangano zokuzibusa zendawo zisebenza ekuxazululeni izinkinga zendawo. Noma kunjalo, isimo sabo singase sihluke kuye ngezici eziningi. Izingqinamba ezivame kakhulu zingabhekiselwa ekucatshangweni kwebhajethi, ukugunyazwa kwabo, ukuphatha kanye nokulawulwa kwezindleko. Ngendlela, kunomthwalo wemigwamanda kanye nezikhulu zendawo yokuzimela, ukuza lapho kulungiswa ukwehluleka kokuziphatha kwemisebenzi yezimali. Lapha kubalulekile ukuphawula ukusungulwa nokulungiswa kohlelo lokuqoqa intela, olunezici zalo ezihlukile ngokuya esifundeni.

Ezinye izindaba zihlobene nokulahlwa kwempahla enomkhakha othile. Iziphathimandla zasendaweni nazo zibhekana nezinkinga zokuhlela amanethiwekhi okuxhumana nobunjiniyela - igesi, ukushisa, amanzi, njll. Imisebenzi yendlela yomgwaqo iphinde ibe nohlaka lukahulumeni wasekhaya - okungenani ezindaweni ezingezansi zemizila. Ngokwezikhulu eziqashiwe noma ezikhethiwe, uhulumeni wasekhaya noma olunye uhlaka lokuphatha, amakhomishana kufanele aqaphe isimo nesimo semigwaqo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yokuphatha.

Umhlangano wezakhamizi njengethuluzi lokuzibusa

Izakhamuzi ezijwayelekile zingathatha ingxenye ekhuthele emisebenzini yokuzibusa, hhayi nje kuphela ngokhetho. Ngaphakathi kohlaka lomthetho, ifomathi yemibuthano yomphakathi inikezwa, engabanjwa ngamacala amaningana. Isibonelo, isizathu seqoqo elinjalo kungaba yinkinga yokulungisa imingcele yokuhlala, okubandakanya indawo ethile. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulu uma umbuzo uphakanyiswa mayelana nokuguqulwa kwesifunda noma isifunda kusuka kwesakhiwo esisodwa kuya kwesinye. Futhi, lapho kuhlala khona abantu abangaphezu kwezingu-100, ukukhishwa kwe-settlement, uma ngabe kube nokuhlala kabusha kwezakhamizi, kungabuye kuxazululwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhlangano awudingi ukuba namandla emthethweni. Intando yomhlangano ingabanjelwa isikhulu esinqunyiwe sikahulumeni wasekhaya - kungaba yisekela elifanayo elizobonisa isinqumo esivumelanisiwe emhlanganweni olandelayo weDuma. Uma kuhloswe ukunikeza isimo sezomthetho kwisinqumo esithathwe ngokuqoqa ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwabaxhumanisi, umthetho ubeka njengesimo sokuthi ingxenye engaphezu kwengxenye yamalungu enhlangano kufanele ibe nelungelo lokuvota njengabahlali bendawo ehleliwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leso sinqumo siyofaneleka uma ngabe abangaphezu kwengxenye yabahlanganyeli emhlanganweni bavota.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula kanye nolunye uhlobo lokuthatha izinqumo - ezingeni lendawo, ithuluzi elinjenge-referendum lingasetshenziswa kakhulu. Ukuze kusebenze, kuyadingeka nokuba nenani elanele labakhileyo bendawo, ababe nesimo sokuvota ngesikhathi esifanayo. Izinqumo ngokwazo akufanele ziphikisana nemithetho, kanye nomqulu wamanje wokwakheka komasipala. Futhi, futhi, ukukhetha ukwenza isinyathelo ngephini akukhiphi.

Isiphetho

Imithetho ichaza ngokucacile izindinganiso nezinqubo zokuqaliswa kokuzibusa, kanye nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sayo. Kodwa kunendawo yokulungisa imithetho ngayinye esekelwe ezimweni zendawo kanye nezimo zamanje. Ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezinjalo, izimiso zenziwa, zihlanganiswe ngokugcwele nemizimba yendawo yokuzibusa, ngokuqinisekile igcizelele kuMthethosisekelo nemithetho esebenzayo. Amathuba omuntu ngamunye ekusetshenzisweni kwemisebenzi yokuphatha, isibonelo, angabonakaliswa ngokubeka isikhathi esibekiwe sokuthi isikhulu sikahulumeni wasekhaya sikhethwe - lokhu kungaba iminyaka emibili neminyaka emihlanu. Ukukhethwa kwenkathi ethize kuzothathwa ngombuso wengxenye yomnotho, inqubomgomo yabasebenzi, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano ezizimele, ngisho nasezingeni lezomthetho, izimo ezikhethekile zokuhlelwa kohulumeni ozimele zibekiwe. Imithetho enjalo isebenza, ikakhulukazi, emadolobheni wesayensi, izindawo ezivaliwe zokuphatha kanye nezindawo, izindawo zomngcele, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulungiswa komqulu ofanayo kulawo mahlakalo akusho nje ukuthi indlela ejwayelekile yokwenza inhlangano ngokwayo yokwakhiwa kwemizimba kanye nezikhulu ngendlela yokwakhiwa komasipala, kodwa futhi Izinhlinzeko ezivela embonweni wokwenza isu lomsebenzi wezomnotho. Kodwa-ke, kunezilinganiso ezijwayelekile zokugunyazwa zikahulumeni kamasipala, ezihlanganisa izindawo ezithile.

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