Isimiso adversarial. Isimiso kokulingana zenqubo amaqembu

Umthetho oyisisekelo we Russian Federation ngazimemezela ukulingana amalungelo nenkululeko yezakhamizi zakuleliya lizwe njengoba, kungakhathaliseki ubulili, inkolo, ubuhlanga, ubuzwe, isivumokholo noma imvelaphi. UMthethosisekelo uqinisekisa ukulingana kwabo bonke phambi komthetho, ngaphandle kokukhetha, kanti isimiso sezinqubo adversarial. Lezi postulates bathole ukuthuthukiswa kanye phambili imithetho yenqubo ekulo ekuqhutshweni civil kanye nomthetho wezobugebengu.

Lesi sihloko sizophendula le mibuzo kuyini isimiso ukuncintisana kanye nokulingana zonke phambi kwenkantolo, futhi yini luwumgogodla imikhakha inqubo.

Incazelo jikelele we

Naphezu umehluko emkhatsini we-civil kanye zobulelesi, isimiso ukulingana amaqembu sihlinzekela incazelo umfaniswano umthetho itholakala lokuthi ukuthi abantu ababamba iqhaza ohlolweni sinamathuba afanayo ukusebenzisa izindlela kuvunyelwe ukuvikela isikhundla salo ukuze avikele icala labo. Inkantolo iyingxenye ukuthi liyadingeka ukuqapha nokulandela isimiso eyashiwo, siphoqelekile ukuqinisekisa izimo ngokulingana amaqembu e kwebulungisa kanye senzelwe ukuze uthole iqiniso okuyilonalona endabeni ethile.

Isimiso adversarial kusikisela ukuthi izinhlangothi kumele basebenzise amalungelo abo ukuze ukuxazulula ingxabano ukuze zihambelane nabo. Initiative lomuntu ngamunye ngesikhathi ukucabangela okufanayo. Wonke umuntu bebodwa noma umelwe kufanele asebenzise wonke arsenal kanye nesethi izenzo ukuze bazivikele, zingaba ngokwabo ulwazi lomthetho futhi amasu, izicelo isicelo, ukwamukela ubufakazi nokunye.

Inkantolo kunoma isiphi isimo ukuba inhloso nokungakhethi futhi engathathi isinyathelo ohlangothini lothile.

Ukulingana kutinchubo civil

Case ukuvikela amalungelo ezakhamizi kanye nabantu zomthetho ezihlobene nabantu, izingxabano kwezomnotho kanye commercial, zidingidwa inkantolo ukulamula umbango futhi yinkantolo yomthetho jikelele.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlobo ingxabano inqubo amakhodi ezidinga ukuba inhlonipho nokulingana kwezinhlangano ekukwazini kwabo ukuncintisana.

Umqondo isimiso

Ngu ukulingana ngomthetho civil zenqubo uyaqonda isethi alinganayo amalungelo ukuthi amaqembu angase abe ngokuhamba kwesivivinyo, okungukuthi ummangali futhi ummangalelwa kungaba ngokulinganayo iqhaza ekuhlolweni ubufakazi, ukuhambisa uhlu lwezikhalazo, ukunikeza izincazelo, lokubiza ofakazi, ukubamba iqhaza mpikiswano zonke ukuthi zifune ukuqondiswa ukususwa inkantolo.

Kulokhu, umuntu onesandla zomthetho akanalo ilungelo kabi amathuba, ukuze singathwesi amalungelo elinye eqembu. izicelo Endless for lihlehle, amakhefu ekulingweni okuhloswe ngaso ilibele inqubo, inkantolo kungabhekwa njengokwenzeka ayinabulungisa, futhi ukwanelisa kubo ingase kunqatshelwe. Izenzo ezinjalo zalowo mahluleli akunakusho ukuthi wayemthanda kakhulu uhlangothi futhi kuhlukumeza amalungelo omunye. INkantolo noma kunjalo ukhonza kuphela njengoba ohlangothini ukulamula umbango futhi umlamuli ezimele.

Umthetho uthi inkantolo ngeke ukwazi ukwenza nganoma iyiphi indlela ukuthi amaqembu wabona ukuthi kwenza umuntu obambe iqhaza kwi-nqubo inzuzo phezu kwezinye. Ngokusho lokhu kuyinsakavukela, ijaji ayikwazi ngamazwi, ufakazelwe yilabo abazibiza, izitatimende qina ayingabaza ukungakhethi yabo.

Abalingisi afakwa isethi efanayo amalungelo

Umuntu ngamunye zingasebenzisa thize yezenzo: ukwenza ekusekeleni izingxabano zawo ukudalula ubufakazi. Inkantolo kufanele ukuqhuba inqubo ngendlela yokuthi isikhathi esabelwe isikhundla ukuvulwa, izinhlangothi babelingana. Yiqiniso, isidingo banamathele ngokuqinile imithetho, ngoba Isivivinyo unikezwa isikhashana, ngokuhambisana esimisweni izimo, futhi isikhulumi ukuqedwa, wagibela ngaphandle amaningi, uquketheni lowo ingxabano, hhayi ukusilela amalungelo akhe.

Isinqumo senkantolo ziyokwenziwa kuphela ngemva ezinqubeni

INkantolo akakwazi ukwahlulela umphumela enkantolo ngaphambi kwempi, naphezu kwamaqiniso elisobala ayikwazi ngokuzimela asebenzise imithetho umthetho, ezifana ukudlula inkathi komkhawulo, uma amaqembu akazange memezela it. Noma yisiphi isenzo yijaji ngale indlela yekutiphatsa kanye nomthetho, kungenziwa badlulisela icala amaqembu kuze kufike Ukufaneleka IBhodi noma umongameli inkantolo. Uma amaqembu fanele phi khonondo ezwini lesinqumo fair sokungezwani, bangakwazi inselelo umahluleli akusho, kodwa kufanele liveze ubufakazi obunamandla ukwephulwa abasebenzi zokwahlulela, bazisise akuyona okungenasisekelo, bese zibhalwa, noma eqoshiwe yalo amaqiniso.

Optionality abadlali

Abantu iqhaza endabeni anelungelo bachithe umthetho wabo zenqubo neziqinile. Abakwazi balwele amalungelo abo, ngenkuthalo ezinomthelela nesenzakalo, Yiqiniso kanye nokususwa inqubo civil, ukuze ubuyisele amalungelo abo i-. Izimiso optionality kanye nokuncintisana abalobi abaningi abacabanga eliyisisekelo kutinchubo civil. Bona ukuchaza indlela nesenzakalo, ukuthuthukiswa kanye ekupheleni icala civil iyonke.

Isimiso adversarial kutinchubo civil

Icala inikeza ubufakazi kubahlanganyeli inqubo izingxabano zabo kanye umiphi endabeni zonke izindlela kuvunyelwa umthetho. Njengoba umthwalo wokuveza ubufakazi kubeka ohlangothini enkantolo, umphumela futhi incike indlela efanele abakhethiweyo bakwa Ukuvikelwa, babambe iqhaza elibonakalayo ukubuthana ubufakazi, esifike ngesikhathi, nokuhlolwa lesifanele yezenzo wesitha.

Isimiso adversarial e inqubo civil inikeza ukuthi ukuze maseko ehlangothini lwesibili izinyathelo ezithathwe. Umuntu abathintekayo kuleli cala, kumele pre bajwayelane okuqukethwe kwabo. Duty ukunikeza ubufakazi okubhaliwe hhayi kuphela enkantolo kodwa amanye amaqembu ukuba pervoosnovnoy ingxabano. Kuphela kokwazi isikhundla kokuqukethwe abaphikisi sika, ungakhetha amacebo ezingase kusengaphambili impumelelo kunjalo.

Uma abahlanganyeli musa zithathwe ngokugcwele ngokunenzuzo amalungelo abo, abawenza ingozi nemiphumela enqabayo. Noma yimuphi limenyezelwe isimangalo kufanele sibuyekezwe ezinyangeni ezintathu kusukela ngosuku ukwelashwa, ngakho-ke kuhle ukuba aphule umthetho futhi asidingi isicelo sokuletha abanye nokubiza abofakazi eyengeziwe kanye nokuthathwa ubufakazi usuku lokugcina ngaphambi kokuphela kwesikhathi. INkantolo, kokucubungula mthetho, futhi ilungelo senqabe bhekisa it isimiso adversarial kanye inadmissibility yokuhlukumeza amalungelo zenqubo.

Sebenzisa isimiso adversarial enkantolo - akusho ukuvula inkantolo ibe Duel endaweni noma Duel phakathi abameli kanye abameli. essence yayo - impikiswano phakathi kwezinhlangano ezimbili phambi kwenkantolo. zomthetho - hhayi umdlalo kodwa ngendlela ukufeza iqiniso zomthetho, futhi ukuqonda ukulingana isimiso adversarial kuyadingeka ngokomongo komthetho. Jabulela amalungelo abo liyadingeka uyacabangela, kuhambisana amalungelo nokuhlonipha abaphikisi kwabalindi bakhe.

Izinqubo ezibhekene nokujeziswa kwezephulamthetho: okuqukethwe isimiso adversarial

RF uMthethosisekelo Ingxenye 3 Art. 123 enquma ukuthi inqubo zokwahlulela ekuqhutshweni kusekelwe mncintiswano kanye nokulingana. Ukunikeza isimiso esiyisisekelo, umthetho eyinhloko yezwe asichazi futhi ayidaluli okuqukethwe yayo eqondile.

Isimiso yenqubo adversarial siqukethe izimo ezintathu saziso:

• inqubo ngokuhlukana imisebenzi;
• ukulingana amaqembu;
• ukungakhethi wenkantolo.

Eceleni imisebenzi yayo ngamunye

isimiso adversarial libhekene division of imisebenzi zenqubo. Eceleni kwamandla ayo ngalinye. Okwamanje, njengoba nje kwecala uzathatha inqubo tinchubo, banalo ukulingana nenqubo, okungukuthi isingaba namalungelo afanayo kwengoma. uhlangothi ekubeni necala lobugebengu basolwa ubuso lomshushisi, isisulu, umshushisi yangasese futhi ummangali civil ngakolunye uhlangothi kanti ukuvikela ubuso babasolwa, ummangalelwa ummeleli yabo, ummeli kanye ummangalelwa civil, ngakolunye. Abahlanganyeli eenkambisweni zobulelesi kungaba ngokulinganayo ujabulele ilungelo ukwethula ubufakazi ekutadisheni kwabo, izicelo lokusebenza.

Kungakhathaliseki yokuthi omunye amaqembu kungenziwa ijeziswe, kanye nezinye anezinye iqoqo amalungelo owakhiwa nezimfuneko accusatory eklanyelwe isephula-mthetho enamandla, kokubili bangathembela ukuphathwa ngokulingana phezu ingxenye esengamele.

Inkantolo inomsebenzi we isinqumo sokugcina, futhi bahlukana ukuzivikela kanye nokushushiswa imisebenzi. INkantolo kumele kubekwe timo nenqubo, amaqembu angase ngokulinganayo ukujabulela amalungelo abo zenqubo. Abantu egameni isimo abathintekayo ngesikhathi kushushiswa abantu kungqubuzana nomthetho, kumele kuhambisane izithakazelo kwakhe kwenye indawo kommangalelwa ummangalelwa njengoba umuntu futhi isakhamuzi, esekelwe oyobhekwa.

zobulelesi nokulingana izingalo

zobulelesi ngokuyisisekelo sihluke civil kokubili izinhloso zayo, kuhloswe ngazo ukuthi kutholakale futhi ejezisa umuntu iphule umthetho, futhi isimo esemthethweni amaqembu. Uma eqinisweni, futhi esinye isigaba amalungelo seqembu banezinhloso okuphambene, ukuthi ukulingana izikhali sici kunalokho ngokuba nobudlelwane komthetho we-civil, kunokucela zobulelesi, kusukela kulolu hlangothi ungumuntu ukuthi kuyinto yisigwebo umthetho, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi - isimo, wamnxusa ukuba ajezise ngokukhetha izinhlawulo. umthamo isilinganiso kunemibandela kakhulu: kwelinye icala, indoda, kanti kwesinye - wonke ama-apharathasi ngesimo emizimbeni yophenyo, uphenyo, kushushiswa.

Ilungelo lokuvikelwa, usizo lwezomthetho professional ummangalelwa noma ummangalelwa isiqinisekiso inhlonipho yamalungelo yakhe futhi kufezekiswe ukulingana izikhali ngoba umshushisi imelelwa professional amaphoyisa aqapha abanomsebenzi imfundo ezifanele. Ezimweni lapho umuntu akakwazi ngasizathu simbe ukuqasha ummeli, kumelwe sihlinzeke iseluleko khulula.

Enye ingxenye yesigaba sokubhekela ukulingana amaqembu Kusolwa isimiso nalowo oyobhekwa. Wathi umqondo kuhlanganisa iqoqo imithetho zomthetho, okushiwo okuyinto ukuqinisekisa ukuthi nje inqubo eyasungulwa umthetho kungase kutholakale enecala umsolwa noma ummangalelwa, futhi lokhu iwayini akuyona uqinisekise lesi sigwebo, zonke lomuntfu kucatjangwa abangenacala.

Ngesisekelo nezinhlinzeko zalesi umthetho, inkantolo ubophekile ukuba ahlole kunjalo kushushiswa ubanikeze kokuhlola kwamambala. Akekho umuntu ozokulimaza, maqondana nalapho leli cala, akufanele abe ukufakazela akanacala, kunalokho, kuba umsebenzi uphenyo kanye nophenyo emizimbeni. Bonke ubufakazi kufanele etholwe izindlela semthethweni. Uma ekhishwe ngobudlova noma izinsongo, umshushisi akunakubhekisela kubo. Futhi ekugcineni, esinye naletintfo main: zonke ukungabaza mayelana wecala kufanele zichazwe esivuna ummangalelwa.

enkantolo ukungakhethi

Isigaba, ngaphandle okuyinto ukuqaliswa isimiso wokuncintisana akunakwenzeka. Ukwakheka inkantolo kumele aqinisekise ukusicabangela fair nengakhethi icala lobugebengu liye, zonke isenzo inkantolo kufanele iqondiswe ukuhlolwa esizimele ubufakazi zilethwa amaqembu. Uma umshushisi ayisekeli icala, inkantolo ngeke uqhubeke ayo Isivivinyo.

isiphetho

maqondana inviolable ngoba ngomthetho, eyasungulwa imithetho kahulumeni kanye nguMthethosisekelo wakuleli ezindabeni zokulingana kanye nokuncintisana enkantolo, kuyosisiza ukuba sigweme amaphutha komthetho futhi kuhilelani ukunqunywa isinqumo nje nomthetho. Isimiso adversarial, optionality nokulingana amaqembu - ekuqaleni eliyisisekelo kwesivivinyo.