Uyini wobugebengu? Izinhlobo zobulelesi. Imisebenzi ka zobulelesi

Nanoma iliphi izwe emhlabeni kuwuhlobo inhlangano emphakathini. Anakho eziningi izici ezibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini. Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu kuyisivikelo emphakathini, isimo nazo zonke izakhamuzi yezwe ekuhlaselweni okuhlukahlukene, okuyinto ingozi impilo nokuphila.

Ngokwazi lo msebenzi wenziwa kahle, incike ukuba khona uhlelo oluyimpumelelo zomthetho ohlinzekela umthwalo lobugebengu noma okulawula izenzo zonya.

Kuyini ekubeni necala lobugebengu

Ayikho izinyathelo ithonya ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa ngokuzenzakalelayo ezigebengwini. Ukuqaphela yabo kungenzeka kuphela inkambo evamile yebhizinisi, okuyinto ikuvumela ukusetha zonke izimo, ngesigameko esenzeke ilungelo ufanelekele nokwenza linesisekelo esifanele futhi esisemthethweni ukuphoqelelwa isenzo. iziphathimandla zomphakathi kuphela afeze imisebenzi efana. Lubekezelela igama inqubo lobugebengu. Ngokuvamile libizwa ngokuthi kanje: zobulelesi.

Ehunyushiwe, lokhu kusho umqondo "Icala elibhekene namacala." Kulesi sisekelo, kungenzeka ukuchaza: inqubo lobugebengu - kuyinto umsebenzi zikahulumeni kwenziwe ngendlela esemthethweni, okuyinto luhlose ukuqinisekisa ukuqaliswa komthetho lobugebengu ngokusebenzisa osebenza ngayo ubuso isigebengu. Zonke izilinganiso isicelo kumele abhalwe out in the Criminal Code.

Imisebenzi ka zobulelesi

Yezinjongo eziyinhloko, olutholakalayo isilingo, kubandakanya lokhu okulandelayo:

1. Ukuze asekele amalungelo nezifiso abantu abathatha iqhaza ekuqhubeni. Bonke ababambe iqhaza kufanele kube abawazi amalungelo abo futhi bakwazi ukuqaphela kubo. Lokhu kusebenza kokubili abamangalelwa esolwa. Ukuphulwa kwamalungelo ayikwazi ukulungisiswa okhunye nokhunye ukulalelwa komlandu.
2. Ungakwenza kanjani ukuxazulula ubugebengu ngokushesha futhi ngokuphelele. Kungaba kubhekwe ixazululwe kuphela uma kusungulwa ngokucacile zonke izenzakalo futhi abahlanganyeli kule ubugebengu. isivinini ukuvulwa kuqinisekisa ubuqiniso isijeziso, okuyinto iklanyelwe ukunikeza okunomthelela zemfundo hhayi kuphela abenzi bokubi kodwa futhi lonke umphakathi. Ubugebengu kungabuye babhekwa kudalulwe ngemva ngokuqiniseka ngiyoba siyize.
3. Ubunikazi balezi zigilamkhuba. Lokhu kufanele kusetjenzwe ngakho nemizimba zobulelesi. Lokho kungukuthi kuphela ngifuna izigebengu, kodwa futhi ukusungula icala noma ubani.
4. Ukuzisebenzisa kahle umthetho ukuthi lowo owenze wajeziswa nabangenakho okuhlangenwe nakho aziphazamiseki. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma icala lobugebengu lwenziwe ngokuqinile ngaphakathi komthetho. Uma kutholakala yikuphi ukuphulwa ukusetshenziswa amathuluzi zomthetho, le ndaba lungabuyiselwa kuze kuzoqhutshwa kahle uphenyo isinqumo phezu kwawo - ukukhansela.

Izimpawu zobulelesi

zobulelesi ingabizwa kuphela umsebenzi owenziwa ngokuqondene ukoniwa. It libhekene izici ezilandelayo:

• Imisebenzi uphenyo nekusombulula emacaleni obugebengu.
• Zonke izenzo engenziwa kuphela endabeni ethile.
• inqubo Criminal - umsebenzi owenziwa kuphela abantu abagunyaziwe noma imigwamanda.
• Yonke imisebenzi lwenziwa umyalelo eqinile esiqinile, okuyinto kulawulwa umthetho.
• Yonke imisebenzi zingaxazululwa kuphela uma izithakazelo esisemthethweni futhi amalungelo ezakhamizi.

umthetho Criminal futhi inqubo lobugebengu - imiqondo ehlukene. Inqubo imisebenzi amaqembu iqhaza, futhi ilungelo - umzimba umthetho, iziphi okuhloswe ngayo ukulawula lo msebenzi.

zinhlobo

Ukuthuthukiswa zomlando yomthetho waseRussia lobugebengu liqala ngala Kievan Rus, lapho lesikhumbuzo lokuqala ngakwesokudla - "Russian Iqiniso". Uma sikhuluma emlandweni wezwe, emazweni ahlukahlukene izinhlobo ezahlukene zobulelesi.

Ngaphansi inqubo, uhlobo kusho ukudidiyelwa ndawonye kwezinqubo izimo ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ube njani ukuze kwecala, degree of ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ngabanye, kanye namasu maqondana nokuqoqwa, yokuqinisekisa kanye nokuhlola ulwazi wathola.

Ukuba khona uhlobo oluthile imithetho ngenxa ezinye ezicatshangwayo, ezifana nezomnotho, izici zezombangazwe, zenhlalo zenkolo kanye nabanye. On uhlobo inqubo kuthonywa izici ekuthuthukiseni isimo.

Manje umthetho lobugebengu samukelwa ukwaba elandelayo izinhlobo tinchubo:

1. Guilty. Okwamanje, le zilwane cishe akwenzeki uma kuphela ezinye izakhi zalo. Kwaba nobuntu inceku futhi amakhosi asendulo uthi, ngokwesibonelo, eRoma lasendulo, Kievan Rus. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona iqhaza lesilinganiselwa iziphathimandla zikahulumeni ekuqhubeni. Isisulu ekhaya kwakudingeka abuthe ubufakazi futhi uthole ubufakazi incriminating.
2. Investigation. Kwathi ngemva kwesikhashana, kanye kabanzi kunazo eMbusweni WaseRoma noMbuso Spain. ERussia, icala lobugebengu babevamile ngaphambi izinguquko ka-Alexander II. Abasolwa engalali cishe ngokuphelele wonke amalungelo zokuzivikela, ngezinye izikhathi engazi ukuthi umangalelwa.
3. Adversarial. Libhekisela amafomu zesimanje zokukhiqiza. Kulokhu, kanye izisulu eenkambisweni zobulelesi, nomsolwa ziyoba namalungelo alinganayo. Isimiso esiyisisekelo nale nqubo nalowo oyobhekwa.
4. Mixed. Ifomu yesimanje wobulungisa, okuyinto ejwayelekile kumazwe nge isimiso somthetho ezwekazini. It kungabonakala njengoba izindlela impikiswano futhi inqubo okuphenya. isinyathelo esinjalo kubuswa eRussia phambi Revolution. Kulesi hlobo ekuqhutshweni libhekene predominance izici sokukwazi ukuncintisana ezingeni lamazwe. ERussia yesimanje, esungulwe ngokunembile lolu hlobo imithetho.

Izigaba zomthetho

Noma yimuphi zobulelesi unezigaba eziningana ukuthi ulandele enye ngemva kwenye futhi eduze kuyasebenzisana. Zingase lungachazwa ezinye izici eziyinhloko:

1. Isigaba ngasinye has imigomo yayo kanye nezinhloso esekelwe okuyinto ukukhiqiza wenziwa ekubeni necala lobugebengu. Umsebenzi main - ukugcinwa semthethweni nobuqiniso izinqumo.
2. Esigabeni ngasinye has uhla yayo siqu iqhaza nezitho avelele tinchubo, isibonelo, uma kukhona ekuqhutshweni owandulela ukuqulwa kwecala, umshushisi inqubo lobugebengu sinikezwe igunya lakhe, futhi lapho besanda kwamacala ehholo endlu yakhe ebhekisele kuye umshushisi.
3. I-oda umsebenzi.
4. Izinsuku yonke imisebenzi zenqubo.
5. Izenzo kanye nobuhlobo.
6. Izinqumo imibhalo, isibonelo, ukudweba up icala futhi ulithumele umshushisi.

Inqubo zobulelesi has esigabeni, okungase ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu:

1. Jwayelekile.
2. Emangalisayo.

Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

• Ukuqaliswa zobulelesi.
• uphenyo.
• I wokulungiselela isigaba ngaphambi komhlangano.
• Iseshini enkantolo.
• Kuphethe isikhalo, uma ikhona, kufanele sifakwe.
• lomusho kuziwa phakathi force.

Izigaba okukhethekile zihlanganisa:

• Ephakeme.
• igunya Supervisory.
• Ukuvula icala kabusha ngokuqondene izimo ezintsha.

Oku-Isivivinyo esiteji

Isigaba sokuqala - ibhizinisi yokudlela. Ukuthola izikhalazo abasebenzi iziphathimandla zokuphenya noma ukuqinisekisa imibiko zobugebengu. Lesi sigaba lifushane, ngokuvamile isikhathi cishe izinsuku ezintathu. Kwezinye izimo, le nkathi singase siwathole.

Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona isinqumo noma cha owamisa zobulelesi. Kulesi sigaba enqubeni ehilelekile inombolo encane ngabanye.

Ngemva kwalokho, uphenyo lokuqala, okuyinto kwenziwe izinhlobo ezimbili - uphenyo kanye nophenyo. Esokuqala kuvame ukwenziwa uma isigebengu Iyaqhubeka ubugebengu ukuthi abe ingozi emphakathini.

Ikhomishana eyenziwa kwi amacala kahle elula lobugebengu. uphenyo owandulelayo isikhathi kuthatha cishe izinyanga ezimbili uma kunjalo sinzima, le nkathi singase siwathole. Kulesi sigaba izisulu eenkambisweni zobulelesi ukutshela zonke izimo nangazo zonke imininingwane, ukuhlinzeka ulwazi mayelana nofakazi ngubani bangakufakazela ukuba bawanake.

Ngenxa zonke izenzo kanye nemicimbi walungisa icala.

isivivinyo

Lesi sigaba iqala ukulungiselela uhlolo. Umsebenzi oyinhloko ukulungiselela umhlangano wenkantolo. Kulesigaba ijaji ngokuzimela noma ngesikhathi sokulalelwa yangaphambi avaliwe ukuhlola ezicashile zobulelesi. Uma ubheka ukuthi kunezizathu, kuzwa esimisiwe. Uma kukhona izinkinga ka zobulelesi, ijaji kungenzeka, okungenanjongo kwesivivinyo ukuthumela icala emuva ukuze kuqhutshwe uphenyo.

Ekulalelweni ku iqhaza kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ukuthi ezizibandakanyile enqubeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ummeli unelungelo nokubiza abofakazi.

Icala liyingxenye eyinhloko kwanoma iyiphi zobulelesi. It ihlukaniswe yaba izigaba eziningana:

1. izenzo Preparatory.
2. Uphenyo zokwahlulela. Izisulu e-Criminal Procedure Act, bekhuluma konke eqinisweni yobugebengu. Abamangalelwa futhi banelungelo ukukhuluma futhi anikeze ubufakazi.
3. Niqaphele ukuzivikela. Luqala ngokunikela yokuthi umshushisi endaweni kokuqhubeka lobugebengu nasemseni ubutjhutjhisi unxusa inkantolo ukuba sinikele isijeziso esithile. Ngemva kwakhe, izwi usegxeke wasemuva.
4. Izwi ummangalelwa. Kule ngxenye ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa ibe izwi lokugcina, ukuxolisa, ukuvuma noma akanacala.
5. Nokugwetshwa. Kungaba noma i ukukhululwa noma icala. Kwezinye izimo, inkantolo e kokuthethwa kwecala uyothatha isinqumo on ekunqanyulweni kwe zobulelesi.

Icala okungatheni kungase kuhlale isamba nanini isikhathi, kwezinye izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi, le nqubo ithatha iminyaka.

Icala Nobulungisa

Uma sikhuluma okushiwo kokuthethwa kwecala, kufanele nakanjani kucatshangelwe maqondana ubulungiswa, okungenye yezindlela ukusebenzisa namajaji. Lokhu kusho imisebenzi eNkantolo ukufunda futhi wenze isenzo ingxabano kwezomthetho, okumele kwenziwe ngokuqinile ngaphakathi komthetho.

Kuphela inkantolo elingenza ubulungiswa eRussia. amandla yeKambiso asetjenziswako ezihlukahlukene:

• zomthetho yoMthethosisekelo.
• Civil.
• Administration.
• Criminal.

It kuvela ukuthi inqubo kwezobugebengu ingenye amafomu. Nokho, akufanele kwenziwe isibaluli kuphela namajaji. Inkantolo lapha ngempela main, kodwa hhayi inhlangano kuphela uyifeza inqubo lobugebengu.

It lingahunyushwa baphetha ukuthi ekambisweni yobulungiswa ihlobene kanje:

• Uma sikhuluma imisebenzi isihloko isiqondiso kwezomthetho, ubulungisa buyini ngobubanzi okuningi kuka zobulelesi.
• Uma kuziwa kwezihloko, ubulungisa kule ndaba ekuqhutshweni phansi kunabaphostoli njengoba bazibandakanye hhayi kuphela enkantolo kodwa abaphenyi, abaphenyi, abashushisi kanye nezinye iziphathimandla.

I izimiso zaleyo nqubo

Noma yimuphi inqubo lobugebengu usekela umsebenzi walo ezimisweni ezithile:

1. Semthethweni. Inkantolo, kanye nezinye izitho womshini ngokunemba ziyadingeka ukulandela nezidingo Criminal Code. Nanoma yikuphi ukwephulwa awavunyelwe kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo kuhilelani osungulwe ngokomthetho. Ngo ngokuziphatha zobulelesi amalungelo abantu abahilelekile, kumelwe zihlonishwe.
2. Bangasephula umuntu. Esinye nesinye isakhamuzi unelungelo lokuvikelwa ukuphazamiseka emthethweni zakhe zangasese. Lokhu kuyiqiniso hhayi kuphela nokungena khona ngokungemthetho bayo ngasese, kodwa futhi izincwadi kanye ucingo izingxoxo. I komsolwa nesisulu Unelungelo ukuzivikela, okuyinto angafeza kokubili ngokuzimela futhi ngosizo lommeli. Bonke ababambiqhaza enqubeni unamalungelo ngokuphelele abantu bayalingana phambi komthetho.
3. Isimiso emphakathini. Ngqo Criminal Code ke ayicacisiwe, kodwa ingenye izisekelo kwesivivinyo. umphakathi sivezwe kula ukudalwa isimo, okubonisa ukuthi noma iliphi icala eliphathelene kwakufanele ajeziswe.
4. Inhlonipho nodumo isithunzi ngabanye. Izinhlinzeko eyinhloko isimiso babeka phansi uMthethosisekelo, ngakho-ke, kumele ngokuqinile waphawula. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sesivivinyo akuvumelekile ukusebenzisa izindlela zobudlova ukusungula Iqiniso ubugebengu.
5. Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo esintu kanye nenkululeko eenkambisweni zobulelesi.
6. Ubulungiswa can kuphela enkantolo. Uhlelo zokwahlulela esungulwe nguMthethosisekelo, kumiswa nezinye ezinjalo akuvunyelwe.
7. Ulimi olusetshenziswa enkantolo isimiso. Icala kumele kwenziwe ngolimi lwendabuko izakhamuzi iqhaza kuwo.
8. Nalowo oyobhekwa. Nakuba wecala womuntu is neshaya enkantolo, asikwazi ngokuthi unecala futhi sisebenzise ngayo nesijeziso sokufa. Futhi lokhu akuyona imibono siqu abantu nemizimba eziholela inqubo, kanye nesikhundla ozokunika okuyinto ungenza iziphetho main: kuyilapho kuyigazi elingenacala ayikwazi wazama futhi eshushiswa; akufanele labetibambile njengenhlangano osolwa ngokuthumba noma yisiphi isakhamuzi, kufanele kwenziwe ngesisekelo futhi ngokulandelana ukuthi kuhlinzekwe umthetho.
9. Isimiso wokuzibusa kwamakhotho, amajaji futhi amajaji azimele. Betebulungiswa ingenye izinhlobo ezihlukene igunya isimo, okuyinto lucwaningo ngesihloko kwaphela mThethosisekelo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izidumbu zomthetho esiphezulu nemisebenzi yabo zehluke namajaji, zingabantu ukuxhumana nomunye nakanjani. INkantolo kungalungisa amaphutha yesigungu igunya, ukufeza ukulawula ngokomthethosisekelo, ukuqapha semthethweni nobuqiniso ngezinqumo iziphathimandla zikahulumeni.

Uma lezi zimiso amaKristu ngokuqinile waphawula, ungaqiniseka ukuthi ubugebengu ziyoxazululwa izindlela ethembekile futhi wonke icala ngempela ukubhekana nesijeziso nje.

Ubufakazi futhi inqubo ubufakazi

Lezi imiqondo emibili atehlukaniseki, nakuba ezahlukene ngokwemvelo. Ubufakazi ihlanganisa nanoma iyiphi idatha etholwe ngezindlela ezisemthethweni. Kokuyicabangela, iziphathimandla kokuqhuba isethi uphenyo, kwakukhona ubugebengu noma cha. Futhi usethe degree of culpability komsolwa.

Ubufakazi ecaleni lobugebengu - lena umsebenzi izikhulu zikahulumeni kanye komphakathi, okuhloswe ngazo ukuqoqwa, yokuqinisekisa nokuhlola ubufakazi ukusungula zonke izimo ibalulekile sokulungiswa nelinganako kwesivivinyo.

inqubo Ubufakazi ngokuvamile siqukethe izingxenye eziningana:

• Oqokiwe izinguqulo.
• Iqoqa ulwazi.
• Ihlola bonakaliso.
• Ukuhlolwa ubufakazi.
• iziphetho avumelekile.

Ubufakazi eenkambisweni zobulelesi kwenziwe cishe zonke izigaba ekambisweni. Ubufakazi etholwe izindlela ezingekho emthethweni, azisetshenziswa enkantolo njengoba amaqiniso obungenakuphikwa. Abakwazi kumelwe ibe isisekelo sokukholelwa amacala.

Ubufakazi kungenziwa labizwa kuye ikhwalithi imithombo yokwaziswa. Uma sicabanga kubo maqondana ummangalelwa, zingabantu:

• Accusatory.
• Exculpatory.

Ukuqhathanisa ulwazi namandla etholwe kungaba avelele:

• ubufakazi kokuqala.
• Izisetshenziswa ezilethwayo.

Maqondana amaqiniso ubugebengu:

• Straight.
• Ongaqondile.

Lo mshini kumiswa ubufakazi kungaba:

• Real.
• Siqu.

Umkhuba zokwahlulela luhlolo forensic esimisiwe njalo eenkambisweni zobulelesi. Umphenyi, ngubani icala lobugebengu unelungelo lokuqoka ubuchwepheshe, kodwa lesi sibopho akanayo. Kunezindlela eziningi lapho lo mseshi wayeye kufanele liqoke luhlolo forensic:

1. Uma kunobufakazi eqinisekisa ukufa noma yokulimaza.
2. Ubufakazi ingqondo ezingabazekayo umsolwa noma isisulu.
3. Uma eqinisweni akukho ulwazi engu-umhlanganyeli, lapho lezi idatha kubalulekile.
4. Ubuchwepheshe liyadingeka uma lokhu kudingekile ukuze kutholakale imbangela yokufa kwakhe.
5. Uma ufuna ukuthola ubukhulu umonakalo oye wabangela ukuba impilo.

izenzo Civil ekuqhubeni

Eenkambisweni zobulelesi, kubhekwa njengento izimangalo ezivela abazihlelele nokusuka zomthetho. Isimangalo ukunxeshezelwa umonakalo zokuziphatha noma impahla ukuthi kwabangelwa ngesikhathi ubugebengu, umshushisi angasebenza.

Lapho ummangali ukufaka isimangalo, ke ushwele wentela isimo. Nihlola isenzo civil Kwenziwa ngokuhamba zobulelesi ngendlela semthethweni.

Sue eenkambisweni zobulelesi noma kunini kusuka icala Ukuqalwa kuze kube sekupheleni kwesivivinyo. Ibonisa kungaba ngencwadi noma ngomlomo. Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, yesimangalo kungenziwa akusebenzi, kuleso simo isicelo - ukuhluleka - is afakwe olandelwayo Isivivinyo, nokukhiqizwa kwezincwadi ke inqanyulwa.

Ukuze noma isiphi isimangalo kuzonqunywa:

1. Lapho isinqumo has ekuboshweni, inkantolo, ikhumbula ubufakazi elisekela kanye nobukhulu isimangalo, kungaba ukwanelisa ngokugcwele noma ngokwengxenye.
2. Uma kungekho izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi isenzo civil ingathathwa ngesikhathi esiteji owandulela ukuqulwa kwecala, inkantolo inelungelo lokunquma sinqumo wokuma kwabo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uzoshiywa ngempoqo isimangalo kungamukelwa.

Imithombo zobulelesi

Nanoma iyiphi inqubo eyenziwa imisebenzi yayo isekelwe kuphela imithetho elandelayo:

1. RF uMthethosisekelo.
2. I-Criminal Procedure Act.
3. Ikhodi Criminal Procedure.
4. UMthetho Federal "Ngo nokuvalelwa kwakhe kwenye indawo kommangalelwa abasolwa."
5. Umthetho "On the Procuracy we Russian Federation."
6. FZ "On the Isimo yabaHluleli".
7. Umthetho "On umsebenzi op nokusesha."

Kuphela ngokuthembela umthetho, kuyafaneleka ukuphenya icala lobugebengu bese bakhiphe isahlulelo futhi khulula abangenacala.