Ubuciko nokuzijabulisaIzincwadi

Isiqephu esisezincwadini yilokho? Ukuthuthukiswa kanye nezici zesakhiwo kulezi zincwadi

Umbono wamanje wezincwadi unikeza izincazelo eziningana zengqondo "isakhiwo". Ngokusho kuka-Ozhegov, isakhiwo esisezincwadini yi-oda nokuxhuma kwezenzakalo. Isichazamazwi sika-Ushakov siphakamisa ukuthi babheka isenzo sezenzo, ukulandelana kanye nokugqugquzela ukuthunyelwa okwenzekayo emsebenzini.

Ukusebenzisana nesakhiwo

Ezingxenyeni zanamuhla zaseRussia isakhiwo sinencazelo ehluke kakhulu. Isiqephu esisezincwadini siqondwa njengenkathi yezenzakalo, okuyinto engezansi lapho kubonakala khona ukulwa. I-Fabula yiyona mpikiswano esemqoka yobuciko.

Kodwa-ke, esikhathini esidlule kwakukhona futhi kuqhubeka nokukhona amanye amaphuzu okubuka kulo magazini. Abagxeka baseRussia phakathi nekhulu le-XIX, basekelwa yiVeselovsky noGorky, bacabangela ukwakheka kwesakhiwo, okungukuthi, ukuthi umbhali ubika kanjani okuqukethwe komsebenzi wakhe. Futhi isakhiwo esisezincwadini, ngokombono wabo, ukuthuthukiswa kwesenzo kanye nobuhlobo babalingiswa.

Le ncazelo iqondana ngokuqondile nalokhu kwisichazamazwi u-Ushakov, lapho isakhiwo kungokuqukethwe kwezenzakalo ekuxhumaneni kwabo okuhambisanayo.

Ekugcineni, kukhona iphuzu lesithathu lokubuka. Labo abambelela kulo, bakholelwa ukuthi umqondo "wenzalo" awunayo incazelo emele, futhi ekuhlaleni kwanele ngokwanele ukusebenzisa igama elithi "icebo", "ukwakheka" nesithi "icebo lecebo".

Izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi yokusebenza

Abahlaziyi bamanje bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zesakhiwo: umlando kanye nokugxila. Zihlukana komunye nomunye ngendlela yokuxhumana phakathi kwezenzakalo. Isici esiyinhloko, uma ngingasho kanjalo, yisikhathi. Uhlobo olungapheli luveza inkambo yalo yemvelo. Umgogodla - awusagxile ekuziphatheni, kepha engqondweni.

Isakhiwo esibucayi ezincwadini - abaphenyi, abavusa amadlingozi, amanoveli ezenhlalakahle nezengqondo, amadrama. Okungapheli kuvame ukutholakala kumememo, i-sagas, i-adventure isebenza.

Isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezici zayo

Endabeni yaloluhlobo lwezenzakalo, ubudlelwane obucacile obangela imbangela kanye nomphumela weziqephu zingalandelwa. Ukuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo kulolu hlobo lwezincwadi kuya ngokuqhubekayo futhi kunengqondo. Kulula ukuhlukanisa ukuqala kanye ne-denouement. Izenzo zangaphambilini yizimbangela zalokho okulandelayo, zonke izenzakalo zibonakala zidonsa ndawonye zibe node eyodwa. Umlobi uhlola ingxabano eyodwa.

Futhi umkhiqizo ungaba womabili futhi olinganiselwe-ubuhlobo obangela imbangela kanye nomphumela buhlala bucacile, ngaphezu kwalokho, noma yiziphi izintatheli zezindaba ezivela emphakathini ngenxa yemicimbi eseyenzile kakade. Zonke izingxenye zomphenyi, okuthakazelisayo noma indaba zakhiwe ngokuphikisana okucacile.

The Chronicle

Kungabalwa nendawo eyodwa, nakuba empeleni akuyona into ehlukile, kodwa isimiso esivela ngokuphelele sokwakhiwa. Lezi zinhlobo zeziqephu ezincwadini zingakwazi ukungena phakathi, kepha ngokuvamile inquma ukuthi iyodwa noma enye.

Ukushintsha kwezenzakalo emsebenzini, okwakhiwa ngokuvumelana nesimiso somlando, kuhlanganiswe nesikhathi. Kungase kungabi khona ukucaciswa, akukho ubuhlobo obunomqondo obunengqondo obuhle (noma okungenani lesi sixhumanisi asibonakali).

Inkulumo emisebenzini enjalo ingahamba ngeziqephu eziningi, okuvamile okuwukuthi kwenzeke ngokulandelana kwesikhathi. Umlando kulezi zincwadi imidwebo eminingi yokulwa nokuphikisana, lapho ukuphikisana kuphakama futhi kuphuma, abanye bashintsha abanye.

Ukubopha, ukuphelisa, ukuguqula

Emisebenzini isakhiwo sakhe esisekelwe ekungqubuzaneni, siyihlelo ngokulinganayo, ifomula. Kuyo, ungabona izingxenye ezikhona. Izinto ezakhiwe kulezi zincwadi zibandakanya ukuchayeka, izintambo, ukuxabana, isinyathelo esikhulayo, inkinga, isiphetho, ukwehlisa isenzo kanye nesenzo.

Yiqiniso, zonke lezi zinto azikho kuwo wonke umsebenzi. Ngokuvamile ungathola eziningana zazo, ngokwesibonelo, uchungechunge, ukuxabana, ukuthuthukiswa kwesenzo, inkinga, ukuqeda kanye nokuqeda. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya umsebenzi.

Ukuvezwa kulolu hlelo kuyinxenye ephezulu kakhulu. Umsebenti wayo ukuveza abanye abalingiswa kanye nemvelo yesenzo.

Isakhiwo sichaza umcimbi owodwa noma ngaphezulu ophazamisa isenzo esiyisisekelo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo kuzincwadi kuyaphikisana, isenzo esikhulayo, inhlekelele kuya ekugcineni. Kubuye kube yinhloko yomsebenzi, odlala indima ebalulekile ekudaluleni izinhlamvu zabalingiswa nasekuvezeni impikiswano. I-denouement inezela kokuthinta kokugcina indaba elandiswayo nabalingiswa bezinhlamvu.

Ezincwadini kwakukhona uhlelo oluthile lokwakha isakhiwo, ngokwengqondo kulungele ukubuka umbono wethonya kumfundi. Isici ngasinye esichazwe sinendawo yaso nencazelo.

Uma indaba ingahambisani nalolu hlelo, kubonakala sengathi ilukhuni, ayiqondakali, ayinangqondo. Ukuze umsebenzi ube mnandi, ngakho abafundi bazwelana nabalingiswa futhi baqonde ukuthi kwenzekani kubo, konke okukuyo kufanele kube nendawo yayo futhi kuthuthukiswe ngokuvumelana nale mithetho yengqondo.

Iziqephu zincwadi zaseRussia zasendulo

Izincwadi zakudala zaseRussia, ngokusho kukaDkt Likhachev, "yizincwadi zendaba eyodwa nendaba eyodwa." Umlando wezwe kanye nencazelo yokuphila komuntu yizona eziyinhloko, izisusa ezijulile kanye nezingqikithi zabalobi zalezo zikhathi.

Izakhiwo zezincwadi zasendulo zaseRussia zambulwa kithi empilweni, imiyalezo, ukuhamba (izincazelo zokuhamba), kubika. Amagama abalobi abaningi babo awaziwa. Ngokusho kwesikhathi sokungena eqenjini elidala laseRussia lemisebenzi ebhaliwe emakhulwini e-XI-XVII.

Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zanamuhla

Imizamo yokuhlukanisa nokuchaza izihloko ezisetshenzisiwe zenziwe kaningi. Encwadini yakhe ethi Four Cycles, uJorge Luis Borges wasikisela ukuthi ezincwadini zomhlaba kunezinhlobo zazo ezine kuphela:

  • Mayelana nokuseshwa;
  • Mayelana nokuzibulala kukaNkulunkulu;
  • Mayelana nokubuya okude;
  • Ukuhlaselwa nokuvikela umuzi oqinile.

UChristopher Bukker wachaza abayisikhombisa: "kusukela odakeni kuya esihlokweni" (noma ngokuphambene nalokho), adventure, "lapho futhi emuva" (lapha kuza "Hobbit" yaseTolkien), amahlaya, inhlekelele, uvuko nokunqoba phezu kwesilwane. UGeorges Polti walethe konke okuhlangenwe nakho kwezincwadi zomhlaba ekuhlanganisweni okungama-36, kanti uPikling uhlukanise izilinganiso ezingu-69 zazo.

Ngisho nezingoti zenye iphrofayli azishiye lo mbuzo azifani. Ngokusho kukaCarlos Gustav Jung, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esaziwayo eSwitzerland futhi umsunguli we-psychology yokuhlaziya, izihloko eziyinhloko zezincwadi ziyi-archetypal, futhi kukhona kuphela eziyisithupha zazo - isithunzi, i-animus, i-animus, umama, indoda endala nengane.

I-Poleter ye-Tale yomlando

Okungaphezu kwakho konke, mhlawumbe, "kwaqokomisa" abalobi bezinhlelo ze-Aarne-Thompson-Uther uhlelo - luyabona ukuthi kukhona khona izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-2500.

Nokho, inkulumo iphathelene nomlando. Lolu hlelo luhlu, inkomba yezihloko zezinganekwane ezaziwa ngesayensi ngesikhathi salo msebenzi omkhulu.

Ngenkathi yezenzakalo, kunencazelo eyodwa kuphela. Isakhiwo esisezincwadini zalolu hlelo lufana nalokhu: "Umlingane oshushisiwe uthathwa ehlathini futhi waphonswa lapho. Baba-yaga, noma uMorozko, noma uLeshy, noma izinyanga ezingu-12, noma ubusika abhekana nakho futhi abuvuza. Indodakazi kamama wami wesifazane ufuna nokuthola isipho, kodwa akadluli uvivinyo futhi abulawe. "

Eqinisweni, u-Aarne ngokwakhe wasungula izinhlobo ezingaphezu kweyinkulungwane zokuthuthukiswa kwezehlakalo kule ndaba, kodwa wavumela ithuba lokubukeka kwalabo abasha futhi wabashiya ohlwini lwabo lokuqala. Nguyena owokuqala ukungena emphakathini wesayense kanye nenkomba eyaziwa kakhulu. Kamuva, ososayensi abavela emazweni amaningi baye benza izengezo zabo.

Ngo-2004, kubonakala ukubuyekezwa kwencwadi, lapho izincazelo zezinhlobo ze-fairytale zibuyekeziwe futhi zenziwe ngokuqondile. Le nguqulo yenkomba yayiqukethe izinhlobo ezintsha ezingu-250.

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