"Leningrad": ukuhlaziywa kwenkondlo (Mandelstam). Ukuhlaziywa kwezinkondlo Mandelstam: "Ukuqwashisa," "Ubumnene busuku," "Ikhulu leminyaka," "Notre Dame"

I-Osip Mandelstam - omunye wabameleli abaqhakazile bezingqungquthela ze-Silver Age. Umnikelo wakhe ekuthuthukiseni izincwadi zesiRussia zekhulu lama-20 kunzima ukugcizelela, futhi isiphetho esibuhlungu asishiyi muntu ongenandaba.

Ngokwayo, ukuhlaziywa okuthakazelisayo nokuthakazelisayo kwenkondlo. I-Mandelstam yembula futhi emazweni akhe i-Acmeists, ubudlelwane bayo nezinkondlo kanye nesiqondiso somdwebo. Lesi sihloko sizocubungula imisebenzi edume kakhulu yomlobi: "Leningrad", "Insomnia", "Evening Gentle", "The Century" ne "Notre Dame".

Ulwazi lomuntu

Umlobi wesikhathi esizayo wazalwa ngo-1891 emndenini womthengisi waseWarsaw, owathi ngo-1897 wathuthela eSt. Petersburg. Lapha u-Osip Emilevich uqeda i-Tenishevskoe College. Emva kwalokho uya eParis, efunda izinkulumo eS Sorbonne, futhi afunde eNyuvesi yaseHeidelberg.

Ngo-1910, izinkondlo zakhe zanyatheliswa okokuqala encwadini ye-Apollo. Phakathi nonyaka, i-Mandelstam yaba yindawo yakhe yokubhala, ngenkathi ehambisana nemibono ye-Acmeists. Ngo-1913, umlobi ushicilela iqoqo lokuqala lezinkondlo - "itshe".

Ukuphila kwendlovu kuphelile ngo-1938, lapho ehlushwa futhi edingiswa e-Voronezh. UMandelstam washona ekamu lokuthunjwa futhi wangcwatshwa emathuneni amaningi.

Isiza ukudalula umhlaba wangaphakathi kanye nezici zokuhlaziywa kwembongi yombongi wenkondlo. I-Mandelstam kule ndaba ivulela umfundi umbono wakhe kulokho okwenzeka ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 eRussia, nokuthi yena ngokwakhe ubonile.

Izici zomculo we-Osip Mandelstam

Indlela yezinkondlo Mandelstam waqala eneminyaka engu-14, lapho izinkondlo zokuqala zibhalwa. Kusukela kulo mzuzu uqala isikhathi sokuqala sokudala, okubonakala ngokukhathazeka nokufuna injongo yokuphila. Ekuqaleni, i-Mandelstam yathandwa yimibono yabakwaSymbolists futhi yathinteka ezinkondlweni zayo emifanekisweni yomculo kanye ne-motifs. Kodwa-ke, ukujwayela ama-Acmeists kwakushintsha kakhulu imibono kanye nezwi lezingoma zenkondlo. Emisebenzini enjenge-"Nature - iRoma efanayo ..." iqala ukuhlangana nezithombe zokwakha, okuqinisekisa ukuhlaziywa kwenkondlo. I-Mandelshtam iyaqonda ukuthuthukiswa kwemiphakathi njengenqubo eqhubekayo futhi eqhubekayo, lapho amagugu amasiko (kufaka phakathi izakhiwo) abonisa izinguquko nemibono yabantu.

Ukuze uqonde futhi uqonde izici zezinkondlo ze-Mandelstam, omunye kufanele ahlaziye izinkondlo zakhe zohlelo.

"Leningrad"

Ukuhlaziywa kwenkondlo ethi "Leningrad" Mandelstam ingaqala ngencazelo yesakhiwo. Iqhawe elinomculo libuyela edolobheni ebuntwaneni bakhe - Leningrad. Lapha wathola ukubiza kwakhe, ukuthola abangane, abaningi babo abakwazi ukuhlangana nabo. Ukuxhumeka kwakhe nomuzi kunamandla kangangokuthi kufaniswa nokuzibopha kwegazi nezenyama: "emithanjeni, ezinganeni ezivuvukala." Lokhu kuxhumano nesikhala seLeningrad: "amanoni emilanjeni yamanzi yaseLeningrad," "i-yolk ixubene ne-tar enzima" (isichazamazwi esichaza isibhakabhaka esinamazulu nelanga elincane). Kodwa ezinamandla kunazo zonke izihlobo ezinobungane: "Namanje nginamakheli lapho ngizothola khona amazwi abantu abafile." Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuxhumeka kwegciwane le-lyric elinomdlandla kunamandla kangakanani, kukhona nalabo abangaqeda kalula - "izivakashi." Bafika ebusuku ngaphandle kokumema futhi bathatha izihlobo zabo nabo. Ukufika kwabo kufana nokufa, ngoba labo abaholayo abangeke babuyele.

Mayelana nesikhathi esimangalisayo sokukhathazeka kusho ukuhlaziywa kwenkondlo ethi "Leningrad" yi-Mandelstam. Umbhali uye wakhipha ngokuphelele i-alamu ekhulayo, ukuntuleka kwanoma yikuphi ukuvikelwa ekubambeni okungahambisani nokungabi nalutho kwekusasa.

"Iminyaka Eyinkulungwane"

Lena enye yemisebenzi evelele kakhulu futhi eyesabekayo uMelelstam abhala. Ukuhlaziywa kwenkondlo "Iminyaka yami, isilo sami ..." ngokuyinhloko kubonisa okuhlangenwe nakho okufanayo mayelana nokulahlekelwa komhlaba owaziwayo othulile, njengevesi elidlule.

U-Mandelstam uqhathanisa iminyaka yakhe nesilo esinonya nesingenasigqila, owaphule umgogodla we-oda elihle lomhlaba futhi akakwazi ukulungisa lokhu, ukugabuka ngokudabukisayo esikhathini esidlule. Isimbongi sithinteka ngokuzwakalayo yonke inhlekelele yalokho okwenzekayo futhi sizama ukuxhuma ama-vertebrae ngobuciko bakhe (okufaka umuntu umcibisholo), kodwa akekho isikhathi, futhi amandla omuntu oyedwa akwanele. Futhi "umakhi wegazi" uyaqhubeka nokugeleza kusuka amanxeba asezweni. Isithombe se-century-isilo asihlanganisi nje kuphela ukuphazamiseka, kodwa futhi nokungabi namandla: i-ridge ephukile imvimbela ukuba angatholi amandla, kodwa ihlala ibukeka "emathweni akhethi." Ngakho-ke, izenzakalo eziguquguqukayo kanye nokuguqulwa kwamandla aseMandelstam zibuhlungu, zinzima futhi zibuhlungu.

Ukuhlaziywa kwenkondlo "Ukushona"

Ingoma yesibili ye-Iliad i-Homer - "I Dream of Boeotia, noma Uhlu LwaseMikhumbi", echaza yonke imikhumbi nabalawuli abaya eTroy, isekelwe emsebenzini.

Ukuqala kwenkondlo yigama elithi "ukulala", okuchaza isimo somzimba weqhawe. Futhi ngokushesha imbongi ibhalisisa umfundi emlandweni wasendulo wesiGreki: "Homer. Umbhangqwana ophephile ... ". Ukudonsa imikhumbi ngokungapheli, ubusuku obungapheli, ukuhlukumeza nokungavumeli ukulala. Isithombe se-crane wedge siqinisa kuphela ukuphuza nokwehla kwesithuba nesikhathi iMelelstam ifuna ukugcizelela. Ukuhlaziywa kwenkondlo ethi "Ukushona" kubonisa ukugeleza kwesikhathi kanye nemicabango ye-lyric hero. Kusukela ekuchazweni kwemikhumbi, uqhubeka ekhumbula ngenhloso yempi yasendulo. Ibutho elikhulu lishukunyiswa uthando: "Uphi uhamba ngomkhumbi? Uma kungenjalo u-Elena, ukuthi nguTroy, amadoda ase-Achaean? .. nolwandle, noHomer - konke kuhamba ngothando. " Umugqa olandelayo ubuyela ekungokoqobo, kuze kube yindawo yangempela yeqhawe eliyingqayizivele: "Ubani okufanele ngilalele? U-Homer uthule. "

Uthando yiyona ndlela ehamba phambili engashintshi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube yilolu suku, u-Osip Mandelstam wachaza lo mbono kule nkondlo.

Ukuhlaziywa kwenkondlo "Ithenda lasebusuku"

Le nkondlo ichaza elinye lamapikniksi emaphethelweni aseMedithera, lapho i-Mandelstam eyayihambele khona njalo ngesikhathi esifundweni sayo eS Sorbonne. Lo msebenzi ubonakala ngokucacile ngokumelene nokwedlula yonke indalo yenkondlo ngenjabulo yakhe, injabulo kanye nokukhanya okungahleliwe okubomvu. Isimbongi senza njengothando, senza isithombe esihle sezwe, sigcwele imisindo, iphunga nemibala ekhanyayo. Umlobi oneminyaka engu-9 ubudala ujabule, uzizwa inkululeko nokungenamkhawulo kwamathuba akhe, umhlaba wonke uvula ngaphambi kwakhe. Umbongi uveza ngokucacile umbono wakhe, akukho ukwesaba nokwesaba kokungena enkingeni (okubonakala ngemuva kwesikhathi).

Ngemva kokubuyela eRussia, uMandelstam akasoze abhala imigqa enjabulo. Ukuhlaziywa kwenkondlo ethi "Ukuhlwa Kwebusuku" kwembula umphefumulo ojabulayo, umlobi, ulambile inkululeko nokuphila.

«Notre Dame»

Inkondlo ethi "Notre Dame", njengale yangaphambili, isekelwe ekubonweni ukuthi isifundo sehlile eFrance. I-Mandelstam yahamba okuningi phakathi nalesi sikhathi futhi yahlatshwa umxhwele umbono weChristian Dame Cathedral. Kulokhu lesikhumbuzo sokwakha ukuthi inkondlo inikezelwe. Okumangalisa ngokumangalisayo futhi echaza ngokuzwakalayo uMandelstam wokwakha. Ukuhlaziywa kwenkondlo ethi "Notre Dame" yembula ubuhle be-cathedral, uma kuqhathaniswa nesidalwa esiphilayo: "Imisipha yesiphambano iyindawo elula." Umlobi uyethusa futhi uyamhlonipha ngumbonisi, ugcwele ubuhle nobukhulu besakhiwo futhi kancane kancane uyamqaphela njengento enhle kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Umzila wokuqala uMandelstam ubhekisela emlandweni wokudalwa koMkhandlu: "Lapho ijaji lamaRoma lahlulela khona abantu abangaziwa." Isihloko samaRoma asakhulayo siyadingeka ukuze sibonise ukuhlobana phakathi kwezakhiwo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamasiko kanye nomlando wabantu.

Uyamhlonipha futhi uyamangala ngamakhono abakhi bamandulo base Mandelstam. Ukuhlaziywa kwenkondlo ethi "Notre Dame" kungancishiswa ukuze kuchazwe ukuhlukana lapho wonke umsebenzi owakhiwe khona: "umcibisholo okhanyayo" - "isisindo samadonga okulayisha", "amandla aseGibhithe" - "amahloni angamaKristu", "oki" - "umhlanga". Ngokuhlanganiswa kwemizwa ephikisanayo, izinto ezihlukile kanye nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zesithombe, ubuhle bobubili besikhungo sezinkondlo kanye nezinkondlo zesibongo sefihliwe.

Isiphetho

Ngakho-ke, ukudalula isikhundla somlobi, ukuqonda umphefumulo, umbono wezwe kanye nesimo sengqondo sombongi uzokusiza ukuhlaziywa okulula kwenkondlo. Ngokuqinisekile, i-Mandelstam enye yezinkondlo ezithakazelisayo kakhulu nezingavamile ze-Silver Age, umsebenzi wayo othanda, oheha futhi othakazelisayo.