Nuclear chain reaction. Imibandela wocwaningo lwezindaba zenuzi chain reaction

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto uthi mass - kuwuhlobo ekhethekile ye-eneji. Kule kusobala ukuthi kungenzeka ukuguqula mass zibe amandla nokuthi amandla angaguqulwa abe mass. On ezingeni intraatomic, ukusabela okunjalo zenzeke. Ikakhulukazi, ezinye mass nucleus yama-athomu aphenduke kahle ibe amandla. Lokhu kwenzeka ngezindlela eziningana. Okokuqala, umongo ungase ukuzobhidliza ku eziningana nuclei ezincane, lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi "wokugoqa". Okwesibili, izikhwebu ezincane kalula ukuxhuma ukuthola emikhulu - okunjena zamagama. Ngo yonke, ukusabela okunjalo akukhona okungavamile ukuba likhithike. Engingakusho nje ukuthi i-fusion yokusabela - umthombo yamandla ezikhungweni zokuphehla izinkanyezi. Kodwa ukusabela zokuwohloka esetshenziswa abantu ukuba Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi, njengoba abantu baye bafunda ukulawula lezi izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa yini isithixo yenuzi chain reaction? Indlela yokulawula ke?

Kwenzekani ku-nucleus ye-athomu

Nuclear chain reaction - inqubo egijima ukushayisana izinhlayiya aphansi noma nuclei nabanye nuclei. Kungani kuyinto "uchungechunge"? Lokhu iqoqo ezilandelanayo ukusabela olulodwa zenuzi. Ngenxa yalokho yale nqubo kukhona ushintsho quantum isimo nucleon kanye nokusungulwa e ikhenela, avele izinhlayiya ngisho entsha - imikhiqizo ukuthi bayavuma. Nuclear chain reaction, yemvelo ka okuvumela ukuhlola izindlela ukuxhumana we nuclei ne nuclei nezinhlayiyana - indlela eyinhloko ukwenziwa izakhi ezintsha kanye isotopes. Ukuze uqonde ukusabela chain, kumelwe siqale ukubhekana owodwa.

Yini edingekayo ukuze ukusabela

Ukuze lelisu inqubo enjalo, njengoba zenuzi chain reaction, kubalulekile makuqoqwe izinhlayiya (core kanye nucleon cores ezimbili) empambanweni ibanga engaba ukuxhumana namandla (cishe Fermi eyodwa). Uma amabanga makhulu, nokuxhumana izinhlayiya icala kwenzelwe nje Coulomb. Esikhathini i-imeyli engahlonziwe, kuhambisana nayo yonke imithetho: ukongiwa amandla, okwamanje umfutho, baryon kwenkokhelo. Nuclear chain reaction luchazwa ngegama izimpawu a, b, a, d. Symbol a lisho ukuqala core, b - the kuyizinhlayiyana sigameko, nge - a izinhlayiya entsha sasikhipha, kanye d isho core okuholela.

amandla ukuthi bayavuma

I chain reaction zenuzi ngeke mazenzeke kokubili ukumuncwa futhi ukukhululwa kwe amandla, okuyinto ilingana umehluko mass izinhlayiya emva ukuphendula futhi phambi kwalo. Amandla ugxile inquma amandla okungenani kinetic ukungqubuzana, okuthiwa embundwini imeyli engahlonziwe lapho kungaba ageleze ngokukhululeka. Lokhu embundwini incike izinhlayiya ukuthi iqhaza nokuxhumana, kanye izici zawo. Ngesikhathi besanda kuqala, zonke izinhlayiya basesimweni quantum isimo kusengaphambili.

ukusabela

Umthombo oyinhloko izinhlayiya icala ezibakhungathekisayo nucleus iyona namafutha kuyizinhlayiyana, okuvumela yokuntwela proton, ion esindayo futhi nuclei ukukhanya. Slow neutrons ekhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi. Ukuze kokungathembeki sigameko icala izinhlayiya ingasetshenziswa izinhlobo ezahlukene ukusabela yenuzi - kokubili zamagama futhi ibole. Amathuba kubo incike kwemigomo izinhlayiya ukuthi etholana phezulu. Kule okungenzeka lihlotshaniswa isici esinjalo, Ingxenye evundlile ukusabela - ukubaluleka kwendawo ephumelelayo okuyinto ephawula core njengoba okuqondiswe izinhlayiya kwesehlakalo eyisilinganiso se-okungenzeka izinhlayiya ngokufaka i-nucleus futhi basebenzisane. Uma ukusabela akuzi izinhlayiya nge nonzero spin value, esigabeni kuyinto encike ngqo kwi ukuma kwabo. Njengoba engemuva kwe-izinhlayiya engenayo kungukuthi ngamakhasimende nemiyalezo ngokuphelele, futhi ngendlela ucishe ehlelekile, zonke corpuscles kukhona athuthukisiwe. kwebalingisi quantitative we spin ngamakhasimende uchaza Vector nokwehlukana.

Ukusabela indlela

Kuyini yenuzi chain reaction? Njengoba sekushiwo, kuba ukulandelana ukusabela lula. Imininingwane kuyizinhlayiyana sigameko kanye nokuxhumana yayo ne core sincike mass, inkokhiso, a energy kinetic. Ukuxhumana kunqunywa degree of inkululeko nuclei, okuyinto bayajabula kakhulu lapho kungqubuzana izimoto. Ukuthola ukulawula zonke lezi izindlela ivumela inqubo efana elawulwa uchungechunge yenuzi ukuphendula.

ukusabela oqondile

Uma nezinhlayiya icala ohlangabezana nucleus target, nje oyithintayo, isikhathi ukushayisana namanje okudingeka izithathe ukuze ixazulule zenuzi engaba ibanga. Lokhu i-imeyli engahlonziwe libizwa oqondile. Sici ezivamile kubo bonke asabela ngayo lapho uhlobo emizameni yokuthuthukisa inombolo encane lamadigri enkululeko. Kule nqubo, ngemva ukushayisana kuyizinhlayiyana wokuqala amandla namanje sokunqoba ukukhangana zenuzi. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuxhumaneni ezinjalo, njengoba inelastic neutron kusakazeka, ukushaja exchange, futhi uqonde. Umnikelo izinqubo anjalo esikhathini isici ngokuthi "ingxenye Imininingwane engu-" ngempela kube muncu. Nokho, umugqa ukusatshalaliswa umkhiqizo odlula imeyli engahlonziwe ukunquma ematfuba ekushayweni engela isiqondiso ugongolo, izinombolo quantum selectivity ugcwale uthi futhi ukunquma isakhiwo sabo.

pre-yakhoibrium ekushayweni

Uma kuyizinhlayiyana akabashiyi emkhakheni nokubambisana yenuzi ngemva ukushayisana kuqala, kuyoba yini ahlanganyele kubangela ukushayisana ngokulandelana. Lokhu empeleni ncamashi nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-nuclear chain reaction. Ngenxa yalokho, esimweni esinjalo amandla kinetic izinhlayiya isakazwa phakathi izingxenye ingxenye ikhenela. Isimo kakhulu efanayo nucleus yenu kuyovumelana kancane kancane abe eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kangakanani. Kule nqubo ezinye nucleon noma lonke cluster (iqembu nucleons) amandla kungenziwa ugxile, kwanele ukuze ekushayweni a nucleon kusuka nucleus. Ngaphezu kwalokho ukuphumula kuyophumela ohlotsheni yakhoibrium kwezibalo kanye kumiswa i-nucleus kwakwakhe.

uchungechunge ukusabela

Kuyini yenuzi chain reaction? Lokhu ukulandelana zayo abamelwe. Okungukuthi amaningi elandelanayo ukusabela olulodwa yenuzi kubangelwa izinhlayiya icala avele njengoba imikhiqizo ukusabela izinyathelo zangaphambilini. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yenuzi chain reaction? Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqoqwa of nuclei esindayo, lapho ukuqoqwa izenzakalo eziningi wasungula etholwe odlule onakala neutrons.

Izici yenuzi chain reaction

Phakathi kwazo zonke zamakhemikhali ke wathola ububanzi distribution chain. Izinhlayiyana nokuxhumana ubuningi ukufeza indima radicals khulula noma ama-athomu. Kule nqubo, njengoba zenuzi chain reaction, lo mshini busebenze ukunikeza neutrons iyiphi Coulomb isithiyo futhi ajabulise nucleus phezu ukumuncwa. Uma medium livela kuyizinhlayiyana kudingekile, kudala uchungechunge kugucuka okwalandela, ezoqhubeka uchungechunge scission ngenxa yokulahlekelwa izinhlayiya yenethiwekhi.

yenethiwekhi Kungani elahlekile

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela izizathu ekulahlekelweni yenethiwekhi izinhlayiya okuqhubekayo uchungechunge ukusabela. Eyokuqala ukumuncwa izinhlayiya ngaphandle yesibili ekushayweni inqubo. Esesibili - kokushiya izinhlayiya okungaphansi kwenkululeko ketshezi esekela inqubo chain.

Izinhlobo ezimbili inqubo

Uma lo mshini okuzelwe yenethiwekhi kuphela kuyizinhlayiyana ngamunye isikhathi chain reaction, le nqubo ke kungenziwa ngokuthi unbranched. Ngeke kuholele ukukhululwa kwe amandla ngezinga elikhulu. Uma kukhona yenethiwekhi izinhlayiya eziningi, ibizwa ngokuthi yokusabela branched. Kuyini yenuzi chain reaction nge ekhelini? Omunye etholwe isenzo odlule izinhlayiya yesibili qhubekani kuqalile phambi iketanga, kodwa abanye kuzodala ukusabela entsha ezokwenza futhi azikhandle. Nge nale nqubo kuzothunyelwa ukuncintisana izinqubo eziholela zokugwema ukuphuka. Isimo okuholela ngeke zisenza sibe mkhuba ezithile ezibucayi kanye nakulowo onganakiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ngokuqhubeka ezingaphezu kuka ngamaketanga luyingxenye entsha, ukusabela self-ukwesekwa akunakwenzeka. Ngisho noma bajabule wakhe eyayenziwe ethula ku inombolo naphakathi oyifunayo izinhlayiya, inqubo isazoqhubeka fade ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (ngokuvamile ngokushesha impela). Uma inombolo ngamaketanga entsha ngeke idlule inani amakhefu, ukusabela chain uzoqala linwebekela impahla.

isimo esibucayi

A isifunda ezibucayi ahlukaniswa isimo zithi ndaba eziphambili self asekela chain reaction nesifunda lapho lesi simo akunakwenzeka nhlobo. Lokhu ipharamitha libhekene ukulingana phakathi sikhathi inani lezifunda zezinye entsha kanye nenombolo ye amakhefu kungenzeka. Njengoba ebukhoneni kuyizinhlayiyana-free yenethiwekhi isimo esibucayi iyona nto eyinhloko ohlwini ngokuthi "izimo wocwaningo lwezindaba zenuzi chain reaction." Impumelelo yale isimo kungenziwa kunqunywa ezicini eziningana kungenzeka. Kwehlukanisa esindayo isici nucleus is ezazivuswa neutron eyodwa kuphela. Ngenxa yalokho yale nqubo, njengoba ukusabela chain of ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo, kukhona neutrons ngaphezulu. Ngenxa yalokho, le nqubo ingase iveza branched yokusabela lapho abathwali futhi neutrons uyothatha isinyathelo. Esimweni lapho izinga neutron ithumba ngaphandle division noma kusukwe (ukulahlekelwa isilinganiso) uzobe ihlawulelwa ukukhiqizwa kabusha isivinini yenethiwekhi izinhlayiya, ukusabela chain luyoqhubeka imodi umile. Lokhu kwesibalo uchaza ukubuyabuyelela isici. Uma kwenzeka-ke ilingana ebunyeni ngenhla. Ngo amandla enuzi ngenxa isingeniso ka impendulo engeyinhle phakathi ngesilinganiso amandla ukukhululwa kanye ukubuyabuyelela isici kungenziwa igcwaliseke ukulawula ukusabela zenuzi. Uma lokhu isilinganiso mkhulu kwelilodwa ke uzosabela ukuthuthukisa exponentially. Engalawuliwe chain reaction yasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izikhali zenuzi.

Nuclear chain reaction emkhakheni energy

I reactivity we ophendulayo kunqunywa inani elikhulu izinqubo okwenzeka kuzoni yayo asebenzayo. Zonke kula mathonya zinqunywa Coefficient lokho okubizwa ngomlobokazi reactivity. Ithonya okushisa graphite izinduku, coolants noma i-uranium reactivity we ophendulayo namandla inqubo percolation ezifana zenuzi chain reaction, libhekene Coefficient lokushisa (for the Isibandisi, i-uranium, ye-graphite). Kukhona ukwencika izici ngokwamandla izinkomba barometric umusi nemingcele. Ukuze silondoloze imeyli engahlonziwe ku ophendulayo kudingekile ukuguqulela omunye isici kolunye. Ngenxa yalesi kubalulekile acabangele izimo ukugeleza wocwaningo lwezindaba zenuzi chain reaction - khona into elikwaziyo Kuhlukanisa kuphinde ukwaba ngokwabo ekonakaleni eziningi izinhlayiya aphansi lapho, ngenxa yalokho, kuzokwenza lonke cores division. Njengoba ngokuvamile into enjalo isetshenziswa nokwe-uranium-238, i-uranium-235, plutonium-239. Phakathi ukudlula iketango zenuzi ukuphendula isotopes salezi zici ngeke iba yingxenye yomhlabathi futhi yakha nezinye izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zamakhemikhali. Kule nqubo, it is sasikhipha okuthiwa "gamma" -rays, i olunzulu amandla ukukhululwa, akhiwa neutrons ezimbili noma ezintathu izenzo uyakwazi ukuqhubeka ukusabela. Hlukanisa emkhatsini neutrons kancane futhi okusheshayo, ngoba ukuze nucleus ye-athomu sika isihlakazeka, lalezi zinhlobo kufanele bahlasele isivinini ethile.