Isivumelwano Munich ngo-1938 - ukungathembeki komuntu oshade naye noma iphutha? indaba

Autumn usuku lokuhlala kwe-Adolf Hitler, isiJalimane Shansela Führerbau bahlangana tivakashi letihloniphekile. Umphumela akukhona eside kakhulu ezingxoxweni kwaba okubizwa ngokuthi Isivumelwano Munich (1938). Ukukhaphela noma iphutha - kwakuyini? Kuze kube manje, izazi-mlando ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene phikisana ngale ndaba, kanye nabamele zombusazwe izithakazelo isimo isayensi awafani, ngalinye zazo uThandeka esemi ngezinyawo. Izazi Western inzuzo ukuze ulithumele kwabanye uhlobo zokwengamela Daladier futhi Chamberlain. Nokho, abathembela bona ababe ngaphesheya zonke ngesilinganiso, futhi Hitler ekhohlisayo bekhohliswa kubo. Kodwa kwenzekani ngempela? Iyiphi indlela engcono kakhulu Munich Isivumelwano ngo-1938? Ukukhaphela noma iphutha? Noma ubugebengu?

Le nguqulo Sasentshonalanga seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili

Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, kodwa kunalokho kakade khona iminyaka yokugcina, emhlabeni kwezincwadi samasosha zomlando uvele kukhulunywa okokuqala izenzakalo eliyimfihlakalo ezandulela kuhlasela kaHitler. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sinombono izimfuneko declassify umbhalo ogcwele we inhlanganiso ze-non-ubudlova esisayinwe Molotov futhi Ribbentrop ngo-August 1939, injongo ngokucacile ngokwanele okuchaza zalezi zincwadi kwaba ukuthi ukwehlukana basola phakathi eJalimane lobuNazi nasemakamu USSR kukaStalin ngoba ukugqashuka kwempi yezwe yesibili. Ngokushesha, kwagxilwa ukwenza abantu bahleke nakakhulu. Oyinhloko cishe obala wamemezela indima kweSoviet Union kaHitler kwaba, kunalokho, iyisisulu esingenacala. Njengoba for nye amazwe ilungu impi, nabo kwakunjani kucace kule ndaba. France izisulu, bamangala ngemvume sokunikela Keitel, hit abawinile. EBrithani, njengakwamanye abajoyine ke ngo-1944 Melika, wahola impi yokulunga wenkhululeko kanye nentsandvo yelinyenti. Poland enganakekile zawa ngaphansi ukuhlaselwa we iRed Army kanye Wehrmacht, hit kusukela izinhlangothi ezimbili.

Yilokho nokuchazwa izenzakalo elakhiwa usuku Agasti 23, 1939. Kungani-ke naye? Ngoba uma ngokuhlakanipha yeka izivumelwano ngaphambi, inguqulo ubukeka ngokulingana, okunengqondo futhi icacile. Kwaba iphutha kaStalin. Nokho, namanje, yebo, uHitler. Ngakho, nje okuncane. Lonke hypothesis uqala sidilike, uma sikhumbula izigigaba zonyaka angaphambili, okungukuthi Isivumelwano Munich ngo-1938 Bokungathembeki noma amaphutha ke kwaba, kulesi simo akunandaba. Ezibalulekile nje amaqiniso.

isizinda eyasungulwa

Amaqiniso zazimi kanje: in the Sudetenland, eyayiyingxenye yeCzechoslovakia, amaJalimane wahlala - emithathu abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi nengxenye. Ngaphandle kwabo, kwakukhona abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu eziyishumi amaCzech namaRomany umugqa enamandla ebiyelweyo ukuzivikela, waphenduka maqondana eJalimane. Kepha eCzechoslovakia, izwe bebeye bafundisa le umkhakha, ikakhulukazi yezikhali, futhi kubhekwe ngezindlela eziningi, hhayi okungenani e-Europe, kuhlanganise amandla amabutho ahlomile. Futhi ezimweni ezinjalo azibona evumayo kakhulu Hitler wanquma ukwabela Sudetenland kanye konke okukuwo. Bese kuhlelwe ukuba abambe futhi lonke elinye eCzechoslovakia, nokho, ngakho angitshelanga muntu, lapho ngemvume Isivumelwano Munich ka-1938. Eqinisweni, it akazange acele wonke umuntu. Ngakho-ke konke kwenzakala.

kulingana kwemandla

Shansela German wasebenzisa yokuzenza ebizwa ngokuthi phakathi abadlali ikhadi Bluff. Wavele wathi wayekulungele ukusebenzisa ngebutho lempi, uma ngeke ayeke Sudetenland ngokuthula futhi ngokuzithandela. Eqinisweni, kungenzeka lokhu eJalimane lobuNazi wayengekho. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-German ukugqugquzela ezingaba kwaba 37 ukwehlukana ngokumelene 36 Czech, kodwa umngcele osentshonalanga oMbusi kuleli cala, wahlala ungazivikele. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi okuhlaselayo ngempumelelo zonke canons amasosha, umhlaseli udinga okungenani bokuphakama ezintathu-emhlanjini. A izinqaba Sudeten babe isithiyo sina. Ngakwenza lokhu uNeville Chamberlain? Noma intelligence British (lapho British ngokwabo Dumisa kakhulu othanda) isipho ekudleni isinkwa sakhe?

Ngaphezu eseduze silinganiso zezinombolo eCzechoslovakia ekupheleni kwekwindla ka-1938 ke ngaba nelungelo e izikhali. Izwe labetibambile isikhundla salo okuholela ku nokukhishwa izihloko ukuzivikela, futhi amathangi (kamuva ethunjwa amaJalimane) zaba iphesenti abalulekile ethangini amabutho aseJalimane ngo-June 1941.

yezingxoxo

States okuyinto ongene Isivumelwano Munich, behluleka ukufinyelela ebucayini. Kusukela Germany --Adolf Hitler, wase-Italy - Benito uMussolini. Lena uhlangothi. Namuhla sonke siyazi ukuthi namathathu banesifo esibi ngasekupheleni, babe kula mazwe imibuso undlovukayiphikiswa. Khona-ke, ngo-1938, futhi kwaba hhayi imfihlakalo. Futhi ngakolunye, emelela amabutho yeningi? Kusukela London wafika uNeville Chamberlain, futhi kusukela Paris - Edouard Daladier. Konke! abameleli Soviet kwakungenziwanga ababemcela, kepha lokhu akumangalisi. Strange elinye - awazange abamenyiwe, futhi umongameli eyayinabantu baseCzechoslovakia Edvard Benes. Ngempela, ngesikhathi elapha nami?

isikhundla lasePoland

Ngokungangabazeki, Okwesibili kweMpi Yezwe - ikhasi ebanga usizi kunazo zonke emlandweni Poland. Nokho, ngonyaka ngaphambi kokuwa kwakhe ngaphansi ukuhlaselwa we Wehrmacht kulelizwe ababehlala Awunandaba eqinisa imingcele yayo - wayeze wakwazi ukwandisa kubo! Ngokushesha ngemva umsebenzi Sudetenland amaJalimane, nabasePoland ukubeka phambili ugwayi katiki ePrague, okushiwo ngalo ngokuvamile okuphindaphindiwe Isivumelwano Munich. Kafushane ke kukwazi ukwakhiwa njengemfuneko ukukhulula Cieszyn esifundeni. Lindela impendulo futhi zazingashukunyiswa amabutho abo endaweni, lapho izakhamuzi ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisishiyagalombili babe nabasePoland yobuhlanga. Kamuva, Churchill ayeliqamba lezi zenzo "ukuhaha izimpisi."

Nidlala nobani, "ukujabulisa" Hitler

Ingqikithi yalo Isivumelwano Munich ilula: iBrithani neFrance ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba eCzechoslovakia athambise isandla indawo evelele ukuze kushwelezwe Hitler. Chamberlain, ukufika e-London, wanikina idokhumenti ngemvume futhi wathembisa ukuthula okuhlala njalo. Ngokwazi ukuthi wayeqotho, isintu okunokwethenjelwa lwaziwa, kodwa kokuqagela ngalokhu kungenzeka. Iqiniso lokuthi jikelele ezinyakazayo Vector proclivities lezempi waseJalimane wathunywa ukuba eMpumalanga, futhi ngokuvamile aneliseke osopolitiki entshonalanga. Ithemba iphunga inzuzo, umholi amaNazi ukuzola, kungaba ukuzikhohlisa kakhulu ngisho nangabantu Chamberlain futhi Daladier. enza imigilingwane enjengeye Polish akazange akwenze ube namahloni umongameli French futhi undunankulu waseBrithani, kanye Hitler akazange unamathisele ukubaluleka kubo, wazi ukuthi kunoma yisiphi isimo lapho uzothola hhayi kuphela Těšín esifundeni. Kepha Benito uMussolini, wafika Munich nje "nezinye ukwesekwa".

Imiphumela

Germany lifinyelele umgomo walo. AmaJalimane got izimboni zobuchwepheshe nge imishini kanye ongoti, base impahla eluhlaza, umngcele evulekile, elingenalo izinqaba kuyabiza, futhi inani elikhulu imikhiqizo ukuzivikela ngomumo eyenziwe - kusukela ngezibhamu (izigidi) amathangi, hhayi lamadolobha esimanjemanje kakhulu, yebo, kodwa futhi ku Wehrmacht beseseGibithe besendlini hhayi kangcono.

ubuswa imizwelo yokushisekela izwe ePoland. Neqiniso zezimboni yezwe (ikakhulukazi Metallurgical) kanyekanye kukhuphuke ngo-cishe isigamu, futhi lokhu yafinyelelwa ngaphandle ukulahlekelwa.

ECzechoslovakia walahlekelwa eziningi. Futhi manje, akucaci ukuthi kungani Benes baziphathe ngokwethembeka futhi enganikanga ukuze bazivikele. Kodwa kukhona othile, futhi kwaba lutho. Hitler mathupha wayezazisa oluqinisayo Sudeten, beqaphela ukuthi ukuhlasela kungaba gembula. Field Marshal Keitel equliswa eNuremberg, bathi Wehrmacht ayengayisebenzisa uwine ibutho eyayinabantu baseCzechoslovakia ngo-1938 ngesikhathi isimo samanje bese. Futhi uma wangenela endabeni emazweni wesithathu (France, Britain, iSoviet Union), empini zaziyophela ngokushesha ukunqoba eJalimane. Kodwa konke lokhu akuzange kwenzeke ...

Okwakushiwo manipulations lanamuhla

Ngakho yayiyini Munich Sivumelwano ka-1938? "Ukukhaphela, noma iphutha?" - lo mbuzo kwaba akubalulekile kangako manje, cishe ngemva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa emashumini, uma hhayi ezinye izici ezingokomthetho. Ngemva kwempi, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe setiphetsiwe elawula izimiso amadivayisi European kanye nephasi loke. Nakuba eSoviet Union khona, akekho wangena ikhanda lakhe ukubukeza imiphumela izingqungquthela Yalta futhi Potsdam, kodwa ngemva 1991 kwakukhona ingxabano kwezomthetho ongaziwa. Omunye izivumelwano, abahlanganyeli ayeka, esikhundleni sakhe sathathwa i-Russia ezimele, futhi simelane nesilingo ambonise abanye besho, mhlawumbe, "abangane entshonalanga" yethu kuhlulekile. Lapha-ke ngakhumbula mayelana Izijobelelo imfihlo unyaka ka-1939 kanye nezinye insidiousness Iosifa Stalina. Kodwa mayelana 1938 Munich ukhohlwe. Mhlawumbe absentmindedly ...