KumiswaIndaba

Uphi Kalka (umfula)? Battle of the River Kalka

Rich nge izenzakalo ezinkulu zomlando Zaporozhye umhlaba. On omunye wabo sihlale. Lena impi yokuqala zamaqhawe Russian nge Tatar-amaMongol. Unyaka ka-Battle of eMfuleni Kalka - 1223 ngenyanga - Meyi. Ngeke kubhekwe indawo zaziwa kahle kakhulu lapho kwenzeka. Kuyaziwa kuphela zemihla ngemihla yini emfuleni Kalka.

Kodwa lapho kuyadingeka ukuze useshe mfula, ezindaweni ezinamadwala, lapho kwakukhona khona elwa ekamu Mstislav Romanovich, iSikhulu Kiev? Ziyofuna impendulo yalo mbuzo Zaporozhye mlando ezifana Arkhipkin futhi Shovkun. yi wocwaningo uye okutholakele nekucabangela zivezwe kafushane kulesi sihloko. Ngemva kokuyifunda, uzofunda lapho umfula Kalka ke, ngekusho kwalemibhalo abacwaningi.

incazelo emfushane izenzakalo ezandulela impi

izikhulu isiRashiya, njengoba besho emibhalweni yaminyaka wasiza Polovtsy emzabalazweni wabo ne AmaTatar, zathathwa ku Dnieper amabutho ayo ngesikhathi ezibukweni Protolche, kusukela Khortytsya Island. Ingungu yensimbi ekhaliswayo ngokushaywa okwamanje amabutho eyinhloko namaMongol regiments Russian wangena asemaqeleni, bephishekela abase bebaleka. ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalombili kamuva, bafika endaweni lapho umfula agelezé Kalka. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakunabamemezeli amabutho eyinhloko amaMongol. Kuyinto kule ndawo (emfuleni Kalka) umenyezelwe impi edumile.

Ukuhlaselwa ngokuzumayo amaMongol

Ngokwe Novgorod lesine futhi le Laurentian Chronicle, ayehlasela amaMongol ukuba Russia kwaba ezingalindelekile. Vele awazi ngesikhathi mlando Russian ukuthi izinkulungwane 30 abantu uGenghis Khan (amasosha Subedi-Baghaturia futhi Jebe Noyon) wazungeza yoLwandle iCaspian eningizimu, edolobheni echithiwe Shamakhi, wathatha Derbent.

Ukuhambisa ke kuya enyakatho-ntshonalanga, they akha lihlaselwa amabutho ahlangene Polovtsy futhi Alans. ibutho Polovtsian iphansi kwesandla sika-indodana yakhe Konchak Hana Yuriya, waphoqeleka ukuba siphumele Dnieper kanye oLwandle Azov. On ibhange kwesokudla ingxenye ewela kulo, phakathi kwelifa loonyana Kotyan, Polovtsian Khan. Enye ingxenye baphuthuma eCrimea, esifundeni empumalanga, lapho Tatar-amaMongol langena emva Polovtsy. inqaba Lapha, 1223, ngo-January, baye zonakale Surozh (namuhla Sudak).

Isinqumo amasu wezikhulu Russian

Ngawo lowo nyaka, e kwentwasahlobo, Mstislav isuswe galich ukusiza Kotyan baphuthuma. izikhulu Russian ngesikhathi isinyathelo Mstislav bahlangana Kiev iseluleko. Kwanqunywa ukuba ehlele Dnieper, ibhange kwesokudla komfula, wedlula ngesikhathi esifanayo ibhange kwesokunxele emfuleni, ezazigcwele ngalesi sikhathi yamanzi Vernal, okuyinto sebehlushwa kakhulu ukunyakaza. Khona-ke le mashi okusheshayo intuthuko yomiswe emaqeleni eningizimu ukufinyelela kushaft Polovtsian (ie Perekopa), okuyinto ukunikeza umhlaba impi babezizwe Tatar-amaMongol.

ukuhlangana

Kodwa ubuholi ohlangene ukuxabana izinduna wayengekho Kipchak namabutho Russian. Bathuthela eSifundazweni siqhingi Khortytsya ekhishwe inyumbazane. Spring imigwaqo imisiwe amabutho izikhulu enyakatho. Russ at Khortitsa, wahlangana emva AmaTatar ubulele yokugcina futhi zayiswa ibhange kwesokudla zibheke ezansi lapho kushona. Nokho, bakwazi ukufinyelela kuphela kuze kube Oleshi lapho kakade walinda Tatar-amaMongol.

Eningizimu, ezweni yomiswe ngokushesha, enika amabutho esitha ithuba ukuphuma eCrimea, bese ukuhambisa ngokusebenzisa asemaqeleni Polovtsian nasenyakatho amabutho main kahle ngaphambi kokufika amabutho Russian ngebhange kwesokudla Kalka. Loluhlelo yokutholwa wumkhandlu sezikhulu (ukulwa kwelinye izwe), yalokho wabhuntsha.

Mstislav le Bold, galich isikhulu, ngaphandle kwesixwayiso yokukhuluma kwakhe enye, awela Kalka nge Polovtsy futhi waqala ukulwa ne amaTartar. Wagumbuqela ukuhlaselwa lesitha Cumans ahlehla.

Yokuzindla kuhlasela amatutu Mstislav Romanovich

Squads Mstislav Romanovich ngokushesha baphoqeleka ukwakha izinqaba emhlabeni ekamu yabo walwa off izinsuku ezintathu zokuhlasela isitha. Ehlome isikhali Melee (amakilabhu nangezimbazo) amasosha Russian inflicted ukulahlekelwa esindayo okumayelana namaMongol. Wabulawa, ngokukhethekile, Tossuk, eyizibulo uGenghis Khan (isithombe sokugcina eboniswe ngezansi), Batu uyise.

Ingxenye Kalka amaMongol uhlala

AmaTatar ngosuku lwesithathu lwempi akuphumelelanga Russian ahlinzekwa ukwenza ukuthula, kodwa bona ngokwabo eziphula ke. Ukwenza kungenzeka, ngokuvumelana nesivumelwano, amabutho Russian ukuya eRussia, bahlasela onogada, asinikeze Dnieper, futhi abashaya eziningi. Mstislav le Bold, awela nge izinsalela amabutho akhe, wayala ukuba ashise izikebhe. Ukushiya at Kalka endaweni ngaphandle kwekamu belwa ngempango ezinhle eCrimea, kanye nokors ogulayo walimaza AmaTatar ezintathu ehlambulula Tumen ephethwe enyakatho ngebhayisikili ibhange kwesokunxele River Dnieper.

Kalka - umfula, okuyinto babehlale ingxenye amabutho isiRashiya, abagoduka babalekele ehlathini bushelelezi, esingaweleki for nalawo agibela amahhashi. Ukuhlupheka ukulahlekelwa esindayo lapho behlangana ukumelana abanolaka, amaTatar zakwazi ukuthola Pereiaslav. Noma kunjalo, kungazelelwe yabuyela emuva, lapho baye eKiev, umgomo oyinhloko kwaba kwi emnyango.

Imibono mayelana lapho Kalka kwaba

Kuyinkolelo eyamukelwa abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi impi eMfuleni Kalka ezenzeka esikhathini okuthiwa Stone Grave. Itholakala IDonetsk esifundeni Ukraine, 5 amakhilomitha eningizimu Rozovka. Futhi, abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi Kalka - umfula, manje eyaziwa ngokuthi inflow Kalmius (Kalchyk emfuleni).

Kodwa kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi protrusion owawuvela eCrimea, futhi ngenkathi ezihambayo kuyo inyakatho, lwesiTatar-amaMongol kusukela Olesha zaphambukela asemaqeleni Polovtsian, bahlushwa kubo, ukuze kuhlaliswe impi amabutho Russian in a ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga emfuleni asemaqeleni. Cishe akunakwenzeka futhi ukuthi basenaso ibhange kwesokudla Dnieper phansi amabutho Russian sawela Olesha iyiswe kwesokunxele bese ngaphandle empahleni e asemaqeleni ngezinyawo izinhlelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziya amagama nemifula ehlukahlukene lasendulo yaholela ukuba umqondo wokuthi Kalka (emfuleni) kuyinto umbhalo wasendulo lenqaba amagama Kalkan-Su (Polovtsian), okusho ukuthi ukuhumusha "Amanzi Isihlangu". Yena Tatar ngokuthi Isolezwe Keynes, okusho "amanzi ihhashi".

Yuan, a Umlobi womlando Chinese le-13 leminyaka, wabhala ukuthi impi ne Tatar-Mongol amasosha Russian senzeka eduze komfula A-Do-gi. Esikhathini kuhunyushwa ke lisho ukuthi "ihhashi-ukuthambisa." Okungukuthi, kungenziwa bazitshela ukuthi Conca samanje ongaqondakali kakhulu Kalka emfuleni, okwenzeka impi edumile. A hill eliphumayo ibhange kwesokudla, amakhilomitha amabili kusukela Yulevki emzaneni - okufanayo "indawo kamyanisto".

Okutholakele esikisela ukuthi kungaba impi phezu Kalka eduze nedolobhana Yulevka

It kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba sicabange libe indawo engcono yokuphila ekamu Mstislav Romanovich. kusele izinqaba - phezulu egqumeni emnyango omncane amatshe entabeni atholakele. Mhlawumbe lokhu kubonisa ukuthi kule ndawo kwakukhona impi phezu komfula Kalka.

Kazi kuba entabeni ipheya emise, obude elingamamitha angu-40, ububanzi - 160 lapho libanzi khona kakhulu. "Gro sha" ixhunywe ezwekazini ngumuntu "umsila." ububanzi amamitha 8-10 kuphela. Kuyinto inhlonhlo elincane eningizimu nasempumalanga wageza ngasemanzini emfuleni Conca, nasentshonalanga futhi lizungezwe esingaweleki exhaphozini Gorodysskoy uvumelanise. Endaweni asebemnkantsh 'ubomvu ushayele kule ntaba Savur-Mohyla. Ngokuvamile eceleni kwakhe ukuthola arrowheads, izingcezu yensimbi ibuthuntu, kanti oyedwa bemba ogwini esiqinile yensimbi. At amamitha 12 kusukela ngezinyawo, ku emthambekeni eseningizimu lwenkemba Saur-Mohyla watholakala, kanye ambalwa imicibisholo kanye nethusi eliningi elingenakulinganiswa uphawu ngesithombe engonyama.

Namuhla oLwandle Kakhovka, entshonalanga kwebhuloho ujantshi, olwenziwa Konka, umuntu angabona iqoqo elincane leziqhingi. Ziyakwazi izinsalela Kuchugury Omkhulu ukuthi Ugcwalise kwesigubhu.

Iminonjana edolobheni medieval walondoloza cishe bonke of them. Amagama ahlukile amnike kwimithombo ehlukahlukene. Lalibizwa ngokuthi ngesikhathi Battle of the Kalka kanjani Samys (igama Turk-Polovtsian), kanye labantu kule ndawo ngokuthi Slavic baseBulgaria. Found lapha, kanye eziningi isiliva izinhlamvu zemali zethusi lezinkathi ezihlukahlukene arrowheads, okhiye, izingidi, stirrups, izinsalela uchungechunge mail, webele zethusi isithombe (uphawu), intamo-indandatho, izinsalela ihhashi amahanisi nezinye izihloko of Kievan Rus.

Futhi wathola izinto ezempi kanye nezimpahla zasendlini: izinsalela arrowheads, imimese, sabres izikhathi Golden zidlamlilo. Konke lokhu kunikeza isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi edolobheni kwakuhlangene impi ukuthi senzeka Kalka.

BaseBulgaria emibhalweni yaminyaka

Ezindaweni Ugcwalise amahlozi ezingafinyeleleki Cavalry amaTartar, izinsalela amabutho Russian bahlangana. Lapho, emva zidlamlilo impi iyiswe enyakatho, kanye baseBulgaria, izakhamizi Samysa, bahlasela ekamu kwesokunxele amaMongol, futhi walibhubhisa. On indlela edolobheni Pereyaslav AmaTatar esisitholile izindaba zalesi esandleni sezithunywa.

Eqaphela ukuthi Kiev engathathi Tumen buthaka, temniki wanquma ukubuyela Kalka ukuziphindiselela kwakwakhiwa kugasela Ruses nisuse ngempango zabo ezinhle eCrimea. Encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla utshelwa ukuthi, elungisa, AmaTatar waya baseBulgaria (1223 Kalka River). Laba bantu ungeniswe ucwaningo lwamuva the iVolga Bulgars.

Namuhla Battle of the Kalka River (1223) lithathwa-mlando ngokuqhubekayo njengenkathi kwesimo endaweni amasu. Nokho, kwaba futhi impi lapho igazi scrapie ubuzalwane abantu ezihlukahlukene Rus lasendulo.

Point lokungcwatshwa

Ukuba khona amathuna kungase kubonise lapho umfula Kalka nalapho sasiyindawo esiqondile impi Polovtsy futhi Mstislav isusiwe. Endleleni eya Komishuvahu, 7 km kusuka Savur-mogili, nasemithambekeni eziningi humps, osiqalo sakhe asaziwa. Mhlawumbe kule amanga umkhondo ...

Tatar washisa izidumbu ngokwenkambiso. Izinsalela amaziko ezintathu ziye zalondolozwa kwisayithi, esemgwaqweni eduze. Lokhu emgodini enezindonga wokushiswa ububanzi 3 metres, ukujula zazo isesikhathini 4 amamitha. Kube emlotheni izingcezu ezimbalwa ngethusi. Mhlawumbe wabambeka emzimbeni we bopha we ibhande noma boom.

isiphetho

Ngakho, Battle of the River Kalka kwenzeka ngo 1223. Ngeshwa, okubonisa ngqo indawo mlando baye abakakwazi kunamuhla. Nokho, ukuqhathanisa emithonjeni ebhaliwe, ezikhalini, kanye indawo nezinsolo lapho kwakukhona impi, kunikeza isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi impi phezu Kalka - umcimbi elafika loMfula Conca ekamu, izinsalela okuyinto manje Zaporozhye esifundeni, eduze nedolobhana Yulevka.

Impi yaphela nge kokunqotshwa kwe Kalka amabutho Russian. Mstislav Wasinda isusiwe. Killed walimaza kule impi ikhangele, kuphela okweshumi kwezinhloko zamaviyo ngasinda. Futhi Tatar-amaMongol athatha indawo kuwo wonke umhlaba ukuba Chernigov-Seversky Novgorod. Fierce Abantu Subedeya futhi Jebe wayala lezi regiments. They belesela konke Russian futhi wabhubhisa endleleni yayo, ezibangela ukufa nembubhiso nxazonke. Abantu bacasha ehlathini ngenxa yokwesaba lezi ukuhlaselwa, ukuze silondoloze okungenani ezimpilweni zabo.

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