Phakathi nokubusa Nicholas 2. uNicholas II: Biography, ezombusazwe

2 UNikolai Alexandrovich (6 Meyi 1868 - Julayi 17, 1918) - umbusi wokugcina waseRoma isiRashiya, owabusa kusukela ngo-1894 kuya ku-1917, indodana endala ka-Alexander 3, noMaria Feodorovna, khona ilungu zokuhlonipha we Petersburg Academy of Sciences. ESoviet historiographical isiko epithet ke yena wanikezwa "Bloody." Life 2 uNicholas wokubusa kwakhe zichazwa ngendlela lesi sihloko.

wokubusa Omfushane Nicholas 2

Phakathi nokubusa Nicholas 2 kwaba ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo kwezomnotho eRussia. Ngesikhathi ezweni elifanayo eNgophezukonke walahlekelwa empini Russian-Japanese ka 1904-1905., Yikuphi kwaba yezimbangela izenzakalo-mbuso ka-1905-1907., Ikakhulukazi kwemukelwa Manifesto ka-October 17, 1905, owawuthi ukuthi ivunyelwe ngokudalwa amaqembu ezombusazwe ezihlukahlukene, kanye kwakhiwa State Duma. On the Manifesto efanayo wethulwa nezokulima kabusha Stolypin. Ngo-1907, i-Russia waba ilungu Entente futhi oyiyo ehilelekile kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngo-August 1915, uNicholas Romanov 2 iba umlawuli ophakeme. Phakathi February Yenguquko Mashi 2, 1917 umbusi asiyeke. Yena nawo wonke umkhaya wakhe babulawa. Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia abagcotshwa kubo ngo-2000.

Ebuntwaneni, eminyakeni yokuqala

Lapho UNikolai Alexandrovich wayeneminyaka engamashumi 8 ubudala, waqala imfundo yakhe ekhaya. Isimiso sasihlanganisa jikelele imfundo izifundo ehlala njalo iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Bese - inkambo Sciences Ephakeme iminyaka emihlanu. Ngesisekelo ohlelweni walala esikoleni classical. Kodwa esikhundleni zesiGreki nesiLatin esizayo yinkosi yingcweti ezesayensi yezitshalo mineralogy, anatomy, ngokuphila kwezilwane kanye izitho zomzimba. izifundo Advanced babe izincwadi Russian, umlando kanye izilimi zakwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo imfundo ephakeme ifakiwe ekutadisheni umthetho, ezomnotho kanye ezindabeni zezempi (izinqubomgomo, umthetho, inkonzo Jikelele Abasebenzi, geography). UNikolai 2 lase futhi wahlanganyela uthango, Vaulting, umculo, imidwebo. 3 U-Alexander nomkakhe uMaria Fedorovna ngokwabo wakhetha inkosi yangesikhathi esizayo yakwa abeluleki nothisha. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona yezempi kahulumeni nezikhulu, ososayensi: N. H. Bunge, K. P. Pobedonostsev, NN Obruchev, MI Dragomirov, N. K. Girs, AR Drenteln.

umsebenzi Early

Kusukela ebuntwaneni, Ngokuzayo uMbusi uNicholas 2 wayenesithakazelo ezindabeni zezempi: yena kahle wayeyazi imithetho ezempi kanye namasiko phakathi izikhulu kanye amasosha akazange ukugwema eqaphela ngokwabo umeluleki yabo abavikela, okulula ukuyiphatha ekamu aqondisa kanye nezimali ngokuphazamisa wokuphila ibutho.

Ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa, inkosi esizayo ezilotshwe eziningana Guards regiments, futhi wenza induna 65th Infantry Regiment eMoscow. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-iminyaka emihlanu, uNicholas 2 (usuku ibhodi -. Iminyaka 1894-1917) waqokwa induna Life Guards Reserve Regiment, futhi kamuva, ngo-1875, i-Erivan Regiment. Izinga lokuqala lezempi (uLieutenant), umbusi wesikhathi esizayo kwaba ngo-December 1875, futhi senziwe 1880 a uLieutenant yesibili, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emine - ukuze uLieutenant.

Ukuze inkonzo yezempi asebenzayo UNikolai 2, kufika ngo-1884, futhi kusukela ngo-July 1887 wakhonza e- Preobrazhensky ibutho wafinyelela elisezingeni likakaputeni. Waba yinduna ngo-1891, futhi ngemva konyaka - a sombutho.

Ukuqala wokubusa

Washona ngemuva kokugula isikhathi eside, u-Alexander 1, 2 no-Nicholas ngosuku olufanayo wathola ibhodi eMoscow eneminyaka engu-26, ngo-October 20, 1894.

Phakathi isembatho sakhe wokugcotshwa emcimbini Meyi 18, 1896, kuye kwaba nentuthuko okukhulu Khodynka ensimini. Riots okwenzeka siphithiphithi nokuguqulwa bashonile kwathi abalimele izinkulungwane zabantu.

Khodynka kwakungenziwanga senzelwe imikhosi, njengoba base ukuqeqeshwa ibutho, njalo kwaba neblagoustroeno. Right eduze yasensimini kwaba udonga, wona uqobo laligcwele izimbobo eziningi. On the isikhathi ukugubha umgodi udonga embozwe amabhodi embozwe isihlabathi, wavala azungezwe ezitolo, amadokodo, nezibaya zezinhlobo tekukhipha vodka khulula kanye nemikhiqizo. Lapho abantu bakhangwa amahemuhemu mayelana ukusatshalaliswa imali nezipho, saphuthuma izakhiwo zigoqiwe onezitezi, esehlanganise emgodini, futhi abantu baqala, ngaphandle kokuba ukumelela: kakade wabaleka isixuku. Amaphoyisa, yakhukhulwa igagasi, ngisakwazi kwenza lutho. Kuphela ngemva kokuba sifikile ukusekelwa, isixuku kancane kancane kuzo, kokushiya indawo emzimbeni ezilimele kabi futhi inyathelwa abantu.

Iminyaka yokuqala wokubusa

Eminyakeni yokuqala wokubusa Nicholas 2 yokubala abantu jikelele labantu kanye kabusha yemali kwenziwa. Russia phakathi nokubusa le nkosi baba sesimweni nezokulima-zezimboni: ukwakha kwezitimela, amadolobha lakhula, kwakukhona amabhizinisi ezimbonini. UMbusi wathatha izinqumo okuhloswe ngaso sesimanje kwezehlalakuhle nomnotho Russia: the ruble lwemali igolide lwaqala, imithetho eziningana on umshuwalense abasebenzi ', eyenziwa nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo Stolypin, imithetho ukubekezelelana enkolweni nasezindabeni nemfundo esemazingeni aphansi.

tigameko letibalulekile

Phakathi nokubusa Nicholas 2 zaziphawuleka ngokungabi a okubi kakhulu okunamandla ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe yeRussia, kanye nesimo Inqubomgomo kunzima langaphandle (izindaba zempi Russian-Japanese ka 1904-1905, i-1905-1907 izinguquko ezenzeka ezweni lethu, kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, futhi ngo-1917 - Februwari Revolution) .

Russian-Japanese War, ezaqala ngo-1904, nakuba ayengafiki yabangela umonakalo omkhulu ukuze lizwe, kodwa kakhulu Inyakazisé igunya zenkosi. Ngemva ukushiyeka eziningi futhi ukulahleka Battle of Tsushima ngo-1905 yaphela inqotshwa kabuhlungu yemikhumbi yaseRussia.

Yenguquko 1905-1907.

Januwari 9, 1905 ukuvukela, lolo suku ubizwa ngokuthi i-Bloody Sunday. amabutho kahulumeni esingu ngesibonakaliso abasebenzi, zihlelekile, njengoba kukholelwa kanjalo ngokuvamile, Georgiem Gaponom, umpristi wejele ukuba sendleleni Petersburg. Ngenxa nokudutshulwa ziye zabulala abantu abangaphezu kwenkulungwane ababhikishi ezimpini imashi sokuthula ukuba Sasebusika ukuhambisa uhlu lwezikhalazo umbusi mayelana izidingo zabasebenzi.

Ngemva kwalokho, lelo tulo lasakazekela nakwamanye amadolobha amaningi aseRussia. izenzo ahlomile ezazisemizini Navy futhi Army. Ngakho, ngo-June 14, 1905 amatilosi ashaqe yempi "Potemkin", walethwa Odessa, lapho ngaleso sikhathi kwaba kutelekwa. Nokho, amatilosi akazange olokotha aye ogwini lwalesi ukusekela abasebenzi. "Potemkin" waya eRomania futhi owayezinikele iziphathimandla. ukusebenza eziningi ziphoqe inkosi ukusayina Manifesto of 17 Okthoba 1905 ngonyaka okunike izakhamizi yokulwela inkululeko civil.

Ukungakwazi wezinguquko ngokwemvelo, inkosi yaphoqeka lokuqala kabusha ukuthi kungahambisani ngezinkolelo zayo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi isikhathi akuyona ezivuthiwe inkululeko yokukhuluma eRussia, umthethosisekelo, suffrage jikelele. Kodwa Nicholas 2 (izithombe okuyinto okusesihlokweni esithi) waphoqeleka ukuba asayine Manifesto ka-October 17, 1905, yaqala esebenzayo njengoba ukunyakaza komphakathi ushintsho lwezepolitiki.

Ukusungulwa kwe Duma State

Manifesto yenkosi ngo-1906, i-Duma State yasungulwa. Emlandweni Russia, umbusi wokuqala waqala ukubusa ebukhoneni kummeleli umzimba akhethwe sabantu. Okungukuthi, eRussia kancane kancane abe ohlanga eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. Nokho, naphezu kwalezi zinguquko, uMbusi phakathi nokubusa Nicholas 2 kwakusadingeka amandla omkhulu: wanyathelisa ngesimo imithetho isimemezelo, uqoka ongqongqoshe undunankulu, bayolandisa kuye kuphela, wayeyinhloko inkantolo, ibutho kanye usanta kweBandla, kuchazwa inqubomgomo angaphandle Yiqiniso wezwe lakithi.

Inguquko lokuqala 1905-1907 wabonisa inhlekelele enkulu eyayikhona ngaleso sikhathi esimweni Russian.

Nicholas 2 Personality

Kusukela umbono ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe, ubuntu bakhe, main nezimfanelo ezakhayo, ubukghoni nokubhalelwa base kunalokho ngokubikezela izinto ezididayo nezingathembekile okubangelwa ngezinye izikhathi impikiswano. Ngokusho kwabaningi babo, uNicholas 2 libhekene izici ezibalulekile ezifana ubuthakathaka. Nokho, kunobufakazi obuningi bokuthi uMbusi belwela liqalise imibono yabo kanye nokuqaliswa, ngezinye izikhathi sikhashana phambi inkani (kanye kuphela, ngesikhathi ukusayinwa Manifesto ka-October 17, 1905, waphoqeleka ukuba bazithobe yomunye ngeke).

Ngokungafani noyise, u-Alexander 3, uNicholas 2 (isithombe sakhe, bheka ngezansi) akazange adale umbono wobuntu eqinile. Nokho, ngokuvumelana abaseduzane naye abantu ayenakho ukuzibamba ezehlukile, ngezinye izikhathi esichazwa ngokuthi nandaba isiphetho ngabantu kanye namazwe (isibonelo, nge equanimity, ushaya imvelo lelitimele, wahlangana izindaba yokuwa ePort Arthur futhi ukunqotshwa ibutho Russian Yokuqala Umhlaba impi).

Ukwenza nezindaba zomphakathi, Tsar Nicholas 2 yabonisa "ukukhuthala kwelivamile", kanye ukucophelela nokunemba (ngakho wayengenaso unobhala, futhi yonke ukuphrinta izinhlamvu wabeka isandla sakhe). Nakuba ngokuvamile ukuphathwa amandla enkulu namanje "umthwalo osindayo" kuye. Ngokusho ababephila ngesikhathi, esikhundleni uMbusi waseRussia uNicholas kwadingeka 2 olukhuni inkumbulo, observation and ubudlelwane ayenobungane, nesizotha futhi indoda ebucayi. Ngaphezu kwakho konke wayazisa ngenkathi imikhuba yabo, ukuthula, impilo enhle, futhi ngokukhethekile inhlalakahle yomndeni wayo siqu.

2 Nicholas nomkhaya wakhe

Ukondla umkhaya wakhe bakhonza kumbusi. Alexandra wayengumka hhayi kuphela wakhe kodwa futhi kumeluleki, umngane kuye. lomshado wabo owawuse November 14, 1894. Okuthandayo, imibono nemikhuba abashadayo kuvame musa luqondane, kubangelwe Emasiko, ngoba iNdlovukazi owawuyinkosazana German. Nokho, lokhu akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa sivumelwano umndeni. Lo mbhangqwana kwadingeka izingane ezinhlanu: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia nangokuthi Alexei.

idrama bobukhosi umndeni kwabangelwa ukugula u-Alexei owayehlushwa hemophilia (incoagulability igazi). Kuyinto lesi sifo imbangela endlini yenkosi Grigoriya Rasputina, ezazidume ngokutshala nesiphiwo sokuphulukisa nombono. Wayevame wasiza Alexei ukuba sibhekane ngokuphumelelayo neziqubu ukugula.

IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala

1914 kwaba yisikhathi soshintsho e isiphetho Nicholas 2. Kulapho kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. UMbusi wayengafuni le mpi, ezama kuze kube ngomzuzu wokugcina ukugwema izingozi. Kodwa ngo-July 19 (1 Agasti) 1914 eJalimane namanje wanquma ukuya empini neRussia.

Ngo-August 1915, eziphawuleka ngokulandelana kwezithiyo lempi, uNicholas 2, indaba iBhodi okuyinto vele eduze sokugcina, ecabanga indima umkhuzi induna yebutho Russian. Yaqala eyabelwe Duke Nicholas (junior). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi Sire kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile bavakashela dolobha kokuchitha isikhathi esiningi e Mogilev izinga eNkulu Chief.

IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala waqinisa izinkinga zangaphakathi yeRussia. The main ibangelwa izilonda umkhankaso eside futhi kwabonakala inkosi kanye nabasizi bakhe. Ukubuka kwaba ukuthi "uthola ukuvukela umbuso" e uhulumeni waseRussia. Umyalo lempi yezwe ephethwe yilo mbusi ekuqaleni kuka-1917 wadala uhlelo lwezindaba okuhlaselayo jikelele lapho ehlobo lika-1917 kwakuhlelwe ukuqeda le ngxabano.

Renunciation Nicholas 2

Nokho, ekupheleni ngoNhlolanja kulo nyaka, ukuphazamiseka Kwagqashuka Petrograd, okuyinto, ngenxa ukungabikho yiqembu eliphikisayo elinamandla, futhi iziphathimandla ziye zakhula kwezinsuku ezimbalwa emibhikishweni yezombangazwe mass ngokumelene nenkosi lwamakhosi futhi uhulumeni. Okokuqala UNikolai 2 kuhlelwe ngempoqo ukufeza oda enhloko-dolobha, kodwa, njengoba beye waqonda esikalini imibhikisho kweqiniso, badela leli cebo, owesaba ukuchithwa kwegazi okwengeziwe ukuthi kungabangela. Ezinye esiphakeme izikhulu, osopolitiki kanye namalungu nethimba inkosi sika wamnxusa ukuba ukuthi ukucindezela izibhelu ushintsho oludingekayo zikahulumeni, abdication Nicholas 2 livela esihlalweni sobukhosi.

Ngemva zibona ubuhlungu Mashi 2, 1917 ku Pskov, ngesikhathi evakashele isitimela yasebukhosini, uNicholas 2 wanquma ngemvume nesenzo abdication livela esihlalweni sobukhosi, kwiBhodi, umfowabo, iNkosana Mikhail Alexandrovich. Nokho, le ndoda yenqaba ukwamukela umqhele. ngaleyo ndlela Renunciation Nicholas 2 kwasho ukuphela Dynasty.

I zinyanga zokugcina zokuphila

2 Nicholas nomkhaya wakhe baboshwa ngoMashi 9 kwalowo nyaka. Okokuqala izinyanga ezinhlanu ababekuso Tsarskoye Selo, ngaphansi kwesivikelo, futhi ngo-August 1917 bathunyelwa Tobolsk. Khona-ke, ngo-Ephreli 1918, amaBolshevik wathutha Nicholas nomkhaya wakhe Ekaterinburg. Lapha, ngobusuku Julayi 17, 1918, enkabeni yedolobha, egumbini elingaphansi kwendlu Ipatiev, lapho iziboshwa babesejele, uMbusi uNicholas 2, izingane ezinhlanu, unkosikazi wakhe kanye abanye babangane bami abaseduze yenkosi, kuhlanganise udokotela womkhaya Botkin nezinceku, waziqeda; ngaphandle kwenkokhiso noma isivivinyo badutshulwe. Abantu abayishumi nanye abulawa.

Ngo-2000, yisinqumo yeSonto 2 Nikolay Romanov nomkhaya wakhe babematasa abagcotshwa, futhi esikhundleni endlini Ipatiev kwakwakhiwe sesonto lobu-Orthodox.