Ithelevishini: umlando wendalo nokuthuthukiswa. Umlando weThelevishini eRussia

Sithola kunzima ukucabanga ukuphila ngaphandle ithelevishini. Ngisho noma asifuni, namanje kuyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko lethu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, le okusunguliwe kancane eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-100. Ithelevishini, umlando nokuthuthukiswa eliyifanela ibe encane kangaka ngezindinganiso umlando kwesikhathi, liye kakhulu okushintshiwe sikhulumisana, ulwazi oluhlobene esimweni sethu namasiko.

okusungulile

Umlando ithelevishini okusungulile sithatha cishe iminyaka engu-100. Ngokungafani umsakazo, esatholakala kanyekanye abantu ababili ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, ithelevishini - uyinto eyinkimbinkimbi, zavela kancane kancane ubuchwepheshe. Izwe ngalinye has version ayo umlando kokutholakala ithelevishini, egxile iqhaza ososayensi yayo kule nqubo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ubuchwepheshe sidalwe ngesimo amaqembu wonke ukubhekana nezindaba enqophileko. Ngaphandle kokuya imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe, shayela onjiniyela main ezazihilelekile kulesi senzakalo.

Ngesikhathi impande kufanele Willoughby Smith, ngokunengqondo, ubani owavela umphumela Photoelectric e selenium. Esigabeni esilandelayo kuvulwa elihlobene ne igama usosayensi Russian Boris Rosing, ngubani enelungelo lobunikazi ngendlela kagesi ukuze uthumele izithombe. Futhi neqhaza ekutholakaleni eyenziwe P. Nipkow, Baird D., J .. Jenkins, I. Adamyan, L. Theremin, okuyinto ngayodwana emazweni ahlukahlukene ukudala omoya lokusakaza izithombe. Isigaba esilandelayo sokuthuthuka ubuchwepheshe elihlobene ne obhekwe ithelevishini electronic. M. futhi G. Dickman VB bhalisiwe Dala tube ukudlulisa isithombe. Kodwa-patent yokuqala ubuchwepheshe, okuyinto namuhla isetshenziswa namathelevishini, etholwe Borisom Rozingom ngo-1907. Ngokulandelayo, lonke Umthala lososayensi abasebenza ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe. Ngo-1931, ubunjiniyela V Zworykin ukudala Ike, okuyinto kubhekwa TV lokuqala. Ngesisekelo le okusungulile kudala F. Farnsuot kinescope. Ngakho umlando ukudalwa ithelevishini futhi kafushane ubukeka.

Ukuthi isebenza kanjani

Ngo-1928, ne kokuqala Broadcasting njalo iqala umlando wangempela ukuvela kuthelevishini. Ulysses Sanabria wokuqala ukusebenzisa amaza omsakazo ukudlulisa imifanekiso nomsindo. Umgomo we operation liqukethe ekhethekile ithelevishini kwelivi isithombe ipuleti photosensitive ku tube cathode ray. Kwaphela isikhathi eside emlandweni ithelevishini kwakuhambisana nezinga ngcono tube, lokhu kuye kwaholela ekwandeni ikhwalithi yesithombe nokwenyuka esibukweni ebusweni. Kodwa nge obhekwe digital okusakaza isimiso ishintshile manje ne CRT isithombe tube kwakungadingeki. Lisebenzisa indlela ehlukile ngokuphelele yokudlulisela izithombe. It is ikhodi eyisivikelo futhi kudluliswa nge iziteshi digital futhi ngohlelo lwe-inthanethi.

izinhlobo ithelevishini

Umlando omude ukuthuthukiswa ithelevishini kuye kwasho ukuthi kwakhiwa eziningi imibono yakhe. Okokuqala, ihlukaniswe yaba omnyama nomhlophe nombala. Ngaphambi kuka-1950, wonke ama-TV ezibonisa isithombe omnyama nomhlophe kuphela. Amabili umbala TV ejwayelekile: NTSC futhi SECAM - usebenza emhlabeni wonke kuze kube manje. TV futhi zingahlukaniswa zibe ezikhokhelwayo khulula. Ezweni ngalinye kukhona iqoqo iziteshi ungabukela nanoma yimuphi umnikazi we-TV. Kodwa kukhona iziteshi lapho isignali kungabonwa kuphela imali. amafomu Inkokhelo zingase zihluke, kodwa isabelo Umabonakude kancane kancane waqhubeka sibalo 30% wemakethe Imininingwane.

Ngu isiginali ye-TV ukudluliswa indlela zingahlukaniswa zibe:

• ebalulekile, kulokhu, owamukelayo TV ithola isignali kusukela embhoshongweni ithelevishini, kuyindlela ejwayelekile ezivamile okusakaza;
• ikhebula, kulesi simo isiginali livela Lidlulisela phezu ikhebula ixhunywe ku-TV;
• SAT - isiginali ngobulili kusukela satellite ethunjwa antenna ekhethekile okuhambisa isithombe console ekhethekile uxhumeke ithelevishini;
• Inthanethi i-TV, kuleli cala, isiginali idluliselwa ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi.

Ngokwe-indlela ikhodi Imininingwane TV sehlukaniswe analog digital. Eyesibili has a izinga ephakeme kanye esephepheni kanye ne-transmission namazinga zakamuva.

umsebenzi TV

Sekuyisikhathi eside Ithelevishini kwaba buyinto ebaluleke kwezenhlalo, it has imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile. Ngenxa nobukhulu bayo enkulu kanye nekutfolakala ukuthembeka, ithelevishini iyona ebaluleke kakhulu izindlela yemithombo yezindaba. Lokho ithelevishini buyindlela ephumelelayo for zidlulisela ukwaziswa phakathi iningi labantu.

Ngakho, umlando ithelevishini kafushane kungase kuchazwe ukuthini igama elithi "ulwazi". Eyesibili sici ebaluleke kakhulu - Ukwakheka kwezitho umbono womphakathi, hhayi osopolitiki ize kanye nokukhangisa bamagange ngakho ukungena TV, lena isiteshi evumela umuntu ukukholisa ngokunemba we umbono othile kanye ukusebenza nokuziphatha kwakhe. TV futhi wenza umsebenzi kwezamasiko kanye nezemfundo. It osakaza amasiko kanye namagugu, zibhebhetheka amazinga evunyiwe emphakathini, linikeza nomuntu onokwazi, akudalile izenzakalo kanye izenzakalo zokuhlola kokuhlaziywa. TV futhi akwazi ukwenza umsebenzi Integrative, njengoba kungaletha ndawonye abantu emphakathini ethile. Njengazo zonke abezindaba, TV wenza umsebenzi sezemfundo: kusitshela ukuthi kukhona okuhle nokubi, icacisa izindinganiso zokuziphatha kanye namagugu. Futhi-ke, ithelevishini kuyinto i sici bezijabulisa, kuyasiza umuntu uphumule, ujabulele umbono telecast.

Izinhlobo lwezinhlelo ze-TV

Yonke umlando ithelevishini - kuyindlela ukuthola izakhiwo ezintsha izinhlelo zethelevishini. Iziteshi lwa isibukeli futhi ngenxa yalokho bephoqeleka ukuba adale izinhlobo ezintsha. okuqukethwe Modern ithelevishini zingahlukaniswa zibe lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• Ezokuzijabulisa. Ithelevishini, ngoba abantu abaningi iyindlela eyinhloko ezokungcebeleka, ngakho iziteshi zama ukunikeza ezihlukahlukene izinhlelo ukuzijabulisa amaqembu ahlukene ababukeli.
• ukudluliselwa Imininingwane. Indaba ithelevishini ixhunyaniswe ngokuyinhloko isidingo zokusakaza ulwazi, futhi namanje eziningi abantu uvule TV ukuzwa izindaba ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana izenzakalo ezingokoqobo nezikhona ngempela.
• Infotainment. Inhlanganisela imisebenzi emibili ebaluleke kakhulu ivumela nesithakazelo ngokwengeziwe isibalo izibukeli ngakhoke abakhiqizi ozama sihlanganise ifomethi ezimbili ohlotsheni oluthile izinhlelo.
• izinhlelo zemfundo. Lezi zinhlelo kuhloswe ngazo ushona kanye nekwelula yolwazi ku yiziphi izinkinga. Zinikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo izethameli, ukuvumela ukufunda okuthile okusha futhi sandise HORIZONS zabo.
• Socio-isebenze yokudlulisela. Lokhu okuqukethwe kuhloswe yekwatisa izilaleli, ehilela bona iyiphi imisebenzi okunenjongo emphakathini, ezifana lokhetho.

Ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa okusakaza emhlabeni

Ngo-1928 waqala ukusebenza esiteshini sethelevishini kuqala. Ulysses Sanabria owaqala ukudlulisa izithombe nemisindo kusukela amaza ka esiteshini somsakazo. Kodwa ukuqala ukusakazwa njalo kwakunzima ukuba Okukhulu Kwezomnotho. IMisa ithelevishini umlando ukusakazwa njalo waqala ngo-1934 eJalimane. Umsakazi German RRG okokuqala emlandweni kwaholela Berlin Olympics olusakazwa isiteshi se-TV. Ngo-1936, Broadcasting njalo usumisiwe UK. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, inkampani TV zenzeka e-United States ne-Soviet Union.

Ngo-1950, e-United States okokuqala wethulwa indinganiso entsha lombala ithelevishini, ngokuphazima kweso, lo mkhuba yathathwa kuwo wonke amazwe athuthukile. Ngo-1967, i-Europe iSoviet Union iqala siqu umbala ejwayelekile ithelevishini yayo. Kancane kancane bakha isiko ithelevishini, ukusebenza ngokwanele izinhlobo uhlelo kudala zomlando izinhlelo, kukhona uchwepheshe TV izintatheli abethuli. Engxenyeni kwekhulu lama-20 yesibili, ithelevishini busakazeke, ke sekuneminyaka cishe kuyo yonke imizi yakwa-Earth.

Umlando ithelevishini kungenziwa kafushane echazwa ngokuthi isifiso ukubusa umhlaba. TV njalo Ancintisana cinema, yaseshashalazini, ukuzijabulisa mass, kodwa yagcina endaweni yayo isiko wesimanje, hhayi ngokuwina kodwa hhayi ukulahlekelwa umdlalo.

TV kuziwa Russia

Umlando ithelevishini eRussia iqala ngasekupheleni nje uma eqhathaniswa naso kwamanye amazwe asethuthukile. Lokhu uvinjelwa seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, okuyinto wafaka ezinye, uphuthuma ngokwengeziwe, izinkinga esimweni. ukusakazwa avamile waqala ngo-1931, lapho yesakhi ugijima on wave ophansi. Okokuqala, uphuzwe namathelevishini mechanical 30 kuphela, kamuva amakhosi Russian sebeqala ukwenza abamukelayo ezenziwe ekhaya. Ngo-1933, uqala aduduze kokukhiqiza umsakazo "B-2" ukuthola yasekhaya ithelevishini reception. Ngo-1949, baqala ukukhiqiza serial yasekhaya KVN ithelevishini. Ngo-1951 yena wadala Central Ithelevishini Umsakazeli of the USSR. Ngo-1959, ucwaningo kwi kwethulwa umbala yezokusakaza lwenziwe. Ngo-1965, iSoviet Union iqala satellite walo wokuqala, ikuvumela ukuthi isakaze isignali ye-TV kulo lonke leli zwe.

ithelevishini Soviet

umlando Mass ithelevishini eRussia waqala ngo-1951, lapho kuqala ukusebenza studio emaphakathi. sina Uhulumeni waseSoviet asabela ngayo ukudalwa ithelevishini, eqaphela engafezeka ezinkulukazi okuthonya izingqondo sabantu. Ngakho-ke, inhlangano uhulumeni wasondela studio kahle, kwavula ezinye edishini thematic: i setepolitiki, izingane kanye nentsha, umculo, etemibhalo okukhulu. Ngemva konyaka kwavela Leningrad TV studio. Bobabili studio ithelevishini ngaphansi Ministry of Culture of the USSR.

Kuze 1965 ukusakaza kwenziwa kuphela eMoscow Leningrad. Engxenyeni 50s ithelevishini studios avele izifunda eziningi okwesibili, wathwebula izigcawu ngenxa studio emaphakathi. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-60-yalolucwaningo Broadcasting iqala ukusakaza ensimini aseYurophu, futhi kusukela ngo-1965 - kulo lonke lelo zwe. Kancane kancane, indlela amagama abekwe ngayo entsha: .. "Breaking News", "Uhlelo lokuqala," "Uhlelo eMoscow", "Sikhungo Uhlelo", njll Kunwetshwa time ukusakaza, iziteshi ezintsha avele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Is a division of izibalo, ukusakazwa idijithi yokuqala Central Studio, ukuya izinhlelo zendawo yesibili. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-80-yalolucwaningo avele republic ithelevishini studio. Central Ithelevishini sekuqala amaningi kuthatha ezifundeni ezahlukene.

New Russian TV

Nge kabusha ngokushintsha izindlela ifundiswe ithelevishini, kukhona kungenzeka inhlangano abasakazi ezimele. Umlando kokudaliweyo ngesakhiwo esisha ithelevishini iqala ukubonakala TV Inkampani "VID". Wakhe ukuhlela izintatheli abasha W. Leaf, A. Lyubimov, A. Rasbash, D. Zakharov. Umsakazeli iqala ukwakha ezihlukahlukene imikhiqizo athengise ngazo, anikele abasakazi entsha. Ngo-1989, iqala endalini iziteshi ekhona TV, inhlangano entsha: "Ostankino", RTR, "Petersburg - Isiteshi 5." Okusatshalalisiwe phakathi imvamisa main, nethelevishini encane uqale ukudubula kubo ezihlukahlukene izinhlelo. Ngo-1996, uqala ukwanda okusheshayo izinkampani ezintsha yezokusakaza bonke osayizi, kusukela ezinkulu, ezifana NTV futhi Ren-TV, kuya kulencane, izinga lendawo. Ukuhlukahluka okunjalo kuholela yokuthi emoyeni kunezinhlobo eziningi izinhlelo ezahlukene: kusukela ezombusazwe ukuthi ukuzijabulisa. Leli zwe inani elikhulayo ithelevishini ochwepheshe, ithelevishini iba indawo inzuzo kwezomnotho womsebenzi.

Kusukela 2006, uqala kube nomehluko ocacile phakathi ithelevishini yomphakathi kanye nezohwebo, phakathi lapho kukhona umncintiswano olukhulu ababukeli. Namuhla e-Russia zikhona izinkampani TV mayelana 3.200 ukuthi ukudala imikhiqizo wonke amaqembu ababukeli.

ithelevishini Commercial eRussia

Umlando ithelevishini Russian iphindwa indaba lonke lelo zwe. Ngakho-ke, lapho iSoviet Union bahlukana futhi kukhona isimo nge izimiso ezintsha kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe, TV waphoqeleka ukuthi ashintshe futhi. Ngakho, kukhona inzuzo TV, okuyinto, ngaphezu imisebenzi engenhla, ihlose ukukhipha izinzuzo zomnotho. Ithelevishini lokuhweba kuholela ukubukeka ukukhangisa, okuyinto umthombo wezezimali. Futhi kukhona ingxenye pay-TV, okuhlanganisa ikhebula, satellite internet TV.

ERussia, le nqubo kakhulu slow, iningi labantu ayikalungi ukukhokhela umkhiqizo ithelevishini kanye neziteshi yokuthengisa akukwazi ukunikeza eziningi okuqukethwe okuhlukile, okwakuyoholela ancintisane ithelevishini khulula. ukuthuthukiswa engeziwe yinkimbinkimbi pay-TV ilethe Inthanethi, lapho abaseRussia amahhala ukuthola cishe noma yiluphi ulwazi. Nokho, ungabona ukuthi kancane kancane zijwayele Russian izakhamuzi ezinsizakalweni ezifana ikhebula satellite ithelevishini, okwakusho esincane kuletha ekhaya inani elikhulu iziteshi.

Ngobukhulu ubunzima, kwakhiwa kodwa nethelevishini luyingxenye kwezohwebo, ongagcini nje ngokusebenzisa le ukudayiswa umkhiqizo wawo TV. Isibonelo, isibonelo, ezimele TV "Imvula", ongagcini ngokuthengisa ukubhalisa esiteshini sakho futhi ikhanga ababukeli eyingqayizivele uhlelo abalobi. Umlando egqolozele ithelevishini imali eNtshonalanga lungaphezu umlando baphumelele kakhulu. Nokho, e-Russia, kuze commercial TV uzama khona ngezithukuthuku abakhangisi, edonsa inqwaba ababukeli mahhala.

ithelevishini digital

Yonke umlando TV ixhunyiwe ukuthuthukiswa intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe. Kuthinta ukudluliswa image ushintsho ubuchwepheshe futhi abangele ukubukeka izinhlobo ezintsha ithelevishini. Ngakho, nge ukuvela ubuchwepheshe digital livela kanye iziteshi okuhambisanayo. Kunezinhlobo eziningana digital isignali ukudluliswa ikhebula, satellite kanye eliwumhlaba. Ubuchwepheshe bamuva ikuvumela amathelevishini nge isiqophi semithombo ekhethekile ukuqinisekisa belingana analog kusiginali yedijithali. ubuchwepheshe Digital kwenza kube nokwenzeka ngokushesha kunoma ibanga ukusakaza ephezulu definition vidiyo. Kuye uhlobo ukuqonda, kukhona amazinga eziningana zamazwe ngamazwe: European, Japanese futhi American. Izinzuzo esemqoka ithelevishini digital zimi kanje phambi Analogue:

• ukuphazamiseka ukunqandwa uma uhambisa isibonakaliso;
• ukwandisa izinhlelo idluliselwa okufanayo imvamisa ububanzi;
• ngcono ikhwalithi yesithombe ngocansi endaweni nomsindo;
• kungenzeka ukuxhumana nezethameli, angakwazi ukukhetha isikhathi ukubukwa ukubukeza uhlelo, oda okuqukethwe okuthile;
• kungenzeka ukudluliswa ulwazi olwengeziwe, ngaphezu izinhlelo zethelevishini.

Namuhla, emhlabeni wonke ngokushesha esikhundleni omoya analog kuya yedijithali. Russia liphinde laphasisa uhlelo of esikhundleni analog ukuba kusakata ngetinombolo kubahlali, namuhla zonke iziteshi ezinkulu ukusakaza ezimbili izinhlobo amasignali, kodwa ngeke kancane kancane wehlise inombolo yeziteshi analog. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lapho zonke izibukeli uzosusa namathelevishini emizini yabo yesimanje, analog ithelevishini ayohluleka.

okwenzeka namuhla ukuthuthukiswa ithelevishini emhlabeni

Nge ukuthuthukiswa umlando Inthanethi ithelevishini siyashintsha Vector yayo. Namuhla, njalo inethiwekhi ezinkulu zikamabonakude kudala inguqulo ye-electronic isiteshi, lapho ungabona TV bukhoma, ushiya amazwana wenze ezinye izicelo. Ithelevishini siyashintsha imodeli nokuxhumana nezethameli, manje iziteshi njalo ukulwela ukubandakanya izilaleli zokuxhumana. Futhi ngokusobala, lokhu ukuthambekela kuzoba kuphela zikhule. Izibukeli kakade unekhono ushiya amazwana ukuvota, ukubuza imibuzo ukuze amaqhawe izinhlelo. Ngokusobala ngokushesha angalahlekelwa amalungu ayo igridi ukuhlobana yezokusakaza, umbukeli ngamunye uyomenzela igridi ngesicelo. Isibukeli yesimanje uya eba umthengi, futhi izithakazelo zakhe uzoqhubeka ukucacisa kolwazi ngefomu ithelevishini. Umkhuba wokulala TV ukuhlanganiswa zobuchwepheshe cishe ngeke ukwandisa. TV ngeke nje kube umamukeli we-TV, kodwa futhi idivayisi Amatebhe.

Amathemba sokuthuthukiswa ithelevishini eRussia

Izinto zesimanje umlando yasekhaya ithelevishini ihamba siye ohlangothini olufanayo njengoba emhlabeni wonke. Ngo-2004, i-Russia yaqale afinyelelwe indlela fiber-optic yokudlulisela amasignali ithelevishini. wavula Ngakho enkathini entsha TV ye-intanethi. Namuhla, i-ithelevishini nesipiliyoni nengcindezi enamandla zobuchwepheshe ukuheha ababukeli, abesifazane abasha ikakhulukazi. Ngakho-ke kusobala ukuthi umlando ithelevishini eRussia ozokhula ukuncintisana kanye netjhebiswano Inthanethi. Namuhla, 99% wamakhaya imbozwe nokusakaza ngethelevishini, kodwa lo mkhuba sihlelelwe adikibale TV, ikakhulukazi imindeni abasha esifundeni dolobha. Ngokusobala, le ezihlukahlukene ezikhona iziteshi TV ukunqabela kancane ngenxa adluliselwe kwi-Inthanethi, kuzokhuphula lunye izinkampani, bazolokhu kuyoba ukwehlukana abasakazi kanye nezinkampani zokukhiqiza.