Ukuzamazama komhlaba e Spitak ngo-1988

Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nesithupha edlule (7 Disemba 1988) Armenia lanyakazisa komhlaba eziqine Spitak, owawungumnyaka isigamu sehora yacekeleka phansi ngokuphelele, futhi nalo, kanye nemizana 58 ezungeze. imiphakathi athintekayo izinto Gyumri, Vanadzor, Stepanavan. ukuhluleka Small abathintekayo emadolobhaneni angu-20 futhi bangaphezu kuka-200 ezigodini elise ukuqhela lapho ukuzamazama kwaqala khona.

Ukuzamazama komhlaba

Endaweni efanayo ngaphambi kwenzeka ukuzamazama komhlaba - e 1679, 1840 nango-1931, kodwa akazange afinyelele, futhi 4 amaphuzu. Futhi ngo-1988, ehlobo lika-seismographs eqoshiwe ekushintshashintsheni esifundeni Spitak nasezindaweni ezizungezile 3.5 esikalini sikaRichter.

Ukuzamazama komhlaba kakhulu ofanayo Spitak, eyaqala ngo-7 Disemba ziqale ngomhlaka-10 amaphuzu kube yiyo eshayeka kanzima (uphawu eliphakeme amaphuzu 12). Ingxenye enkulu yezwe yayivame uthuthumele nomthamo-6 amaphuzu. Lisitshela Umlando ukundindizela yezwakala e Yerevan futhi Tbilisi.

Ochwepheshe ukuhlola ubukhulu inhlekelele, libike ukuthi ubungako bamandla ukhululeka ungqimba lomhlaba, kuyinto amabhomu eziyishumi e-athomu eHiroshima. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi igagasi kuqhuma, bayishaya indiva Earth, Lalotshwa ezintweni amazwekazi eziningana. Idatha embikweni "Ukuzamazama komhlaba. Spitak, 1988" libike ukuthi ebusweni jikelele igebe uyalingana 37 amakhilomitha, kanye amplitude ukufuduka zawo zazilotshiwe acishe afike 170 cm. ukudabuka iphutha endaweni uhlukanise izingqimba zomhlaba engamboziwe ngenkathi ingozi zokuzamazama komhlaba.

Izinga inhlekelele

Yiziphi idatha esemthethweni echaza kokuzamazama komhlaba? Spitak-1988 - kuyinto ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 30 efile kanye nabantu abangaphezu kuka-140 eziyinkulungwane abanokukhubazeka. Ukubhujiswa, umkhakha nengqalasizinda ngokuthinta, njengoba esidumazayo. Phakathi kwabo kukhona 600 km imigwaqo, 230 amabhizinisi zezimboni, nezikhungo zezokwelapha 410. Umsebenzi wamiswa ANPP.

Spitak komhlaba kwabangela umonakalo omkhulu omkhulu. I bezimali zomhlaba baziswa yayo cishe $ 15 bhiliyoni, futhi isibalo izisulu lidlule emhlabeni isilinganiso zonke izisulu zezinhlekelele zemvelo. Iziphathimandla Armenia ngesikhathi abakwazanga ukususa imiphumela le nhlekelele, futhi wonke ama-republic angu-Soviet Union kanye namanye amazwe amaningi angaphandle ehilelekile ukusebenza ngokushesha.

Ukuqedwa imiphumela: ubungane phakathi kwabantu nezisusa zezombusazwe

Disemba 7 ngesikhathi kuphahlazeka landizela odokotela abahlinzayo abangakwazi usebenza emkhakheni wezempi, futhi abatakuli abavela eRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho kubo, ngesikhathi indawo crash ongudokotela kusuka e-United States, iGreat Britain, eSwitzerland nase France. abanikeli Igazi nemithi enikeziwe China, Japan nase-Italy, weza zosizo zivela emazweni angaphezu kuka-100.

Disemba 10 endaweni yesehlakalo nhlekelele (ababe besaba emanxiweni esikhundleni edolobheni esichumayo) landizela inhloko ye-USSR uMikhail Gorbachev. Ngenxa ekusizeni abantu futhi ulawule inqubo yokufeza ukutakulwa, wanciphisa isikhathi esifushane nokuhambela kwakhe e-United States.

izinsuku ezimbili ngaphambi kokufika Gorbachev, 8 Disemba wathola zosizo ezivela Sochi. Endizeni kwenziwe konke okudingekile ukuze ulondoloze izimpilo zabantu futhi ... the amabhokisi. Lesi sakamuva akwanele.

Izitediyami Spitak izikole baba Indiza, izibhedlela, amakhaza futhi baphume amaphuzu kanyekanye.

Izimbangela nhlekelele nezindlela

Izizathu okubangelwa nomonakalo omkhulu ngenxa into ezifana ukuzamazama e Spitak ochwepheshe shayela ukuhlolwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi ongaphelele kunyakaza zokuzamazama komhlaba esifundeni, bokwenza ekulungiseleleni iziqondiso kanye izinga abampofu ukunakekelwa ngezokwelashwa kanye nokwakhiwa kwemisebenzi.

Ngokuphawulekayo, ukuHlangana badela wonke amandla akhe, imali nabasebenzi, ukuze kusizwe izisulu kwenhlekelele Spitak: republic kuphela kwafika izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezingaphezu kuka-45 eziyinkulungwane. Amashumi ezinkulungwane amaphasela kusukela kulo lonke elaseSoviet Union befika emzini kanye nasemadolobhaneni azungezile njengoba usizo lokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle.

Kodwa ngisho mnandi Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngonyaka 1987-1988 emazweni Armenia ngokoqobo ngaphansi nezibhamu isibhamu axoshwe Azerbaijanis, amaSulumane Russian. Abantu ikhanda nezimoto zabo ochotshoziwe, washaywa wabulawa, ibiyelwe kuze ku noshimula zingawuhawukeli ngenkathi futhi abesifazane noma izingane. Encwadini, umlobi Sanubar Sarally "ebiwe umlando. Genocide "akhawunti ngawakho lezo zenzakalo. Umlobi uthi Armenia ngokwabo shayela le nhlekelele isijeziso Spitak UNkulunkulu Ukhuluma misdeeds yabo.

izakhamizi Azerbaijani futhi iqhaza ngezikhathi zezinhlekelele sokwethula Spitak futhi emizini ezungeze likaphethiloli, ubuchwepheshe kanye imithi. Nokho, i-Armenia, yalile usizo lwabo.

Spitak komhlaba lapho isibe inkomba wezangaPhandle ngesikhathi, eqinisweni, waqinisekisa anobuhlobo ubungane phakathi kwezizwe wase-USSR.

Ekukhunjulwa kusukela 1988

Ukuzamazama komhlaba e Spitak wanika umfutho ngowokuqala ukudalwa inhlangano ukubikezela, zokuvimbela nokuqedwa ngezimo ezisheshayo odabuka yemvelo. Ngakho, ngemva kwezinyanga eziyishumi nambili, ngo-1989, kwathiwa uzwakalise ekuqaleni umsebenzi weKhomishana esikalini eziphuthumayo isimo, eyaziwa ngo-1991 Ministry of Izimo Eziphuthumayo ye Russian Federation.

Spitak ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba - ke buphikisana kodwa senzakalo esibuhlungu yezwe. Kuye kwaba cishe engu-27 edlule njengoba le nhlekelele, kodwa futhi ngokusebenzisa amashumi eminyaka, Armenia namanje ZaseJamaica Ziyavuseleleka. Ukuze 2005, kwakunabamemezeli abacishe babe ngu-9000 imindeni ngubani zazihlala emabhalekisini kungekho Izinsiza.

Ngo kukhunjulwa izisulu zenhlekelele

Usuku 7 Disemba - Usuku zokulilela lababuleweyo ukuphahlazeka, yamemezela nguhulumeni. Ukuze Armenia luwusuku yezimvula. Ngo-December 1989, kwesinkuntshane Union wakhipha uhlamvu emithathu ruble wokukhumbula Spitak komhlaba. iminyaka engu-20 kamuva, ngo-2008, edolobheni elincane Gyumri labetibambile kuvulwa lesikhumbuzo, ayakhiwe ngu umphakathi. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "izisulu abangenacala, izinhliziyo besisa 'futhi sanikezelwa zonke izisulu abaye bahlupheka e Spitak 12.07.1988.