Ivolumu Ukwakhiwa isakhiwo. Definition of isakhiwo ivolumu

Ukwakhiwa ivolumu isakhiwo kuhlanganisa ubukhulu komhlaba nangaphezulu-emhlabathini izingxenye zalesi sihlahla. Ukuze sithole imingcele subsurface ethathwe uphawu ukubonisa phansi ohlanzekile phansi emhlabathini. Ngokulandelayo, sihlolisise, okungukuthi ivolumu kwakhiwa isakhiwo Kukholakala ukuthi leli nani.

Uhlolojikelele

Abaningi abangenalwazi ngokuya kubantu ekwakheni ngokuvamile ukudida imiqondo ethile. Akuwona wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi endaweni - zokuhlala kanye jikelele. Akuwona wonke umuntu uyazi into efana ivolumu isakhiwo lesi sakhiwo. Kwezinye izimo, ukuliqonda ngokunembile imigomo kungaba wusizo kakhulu.

isikhala ephilayo

Ngo emafulethini namahositela, kunqunywa njengoba isamba izindawo ngamagumbi ophilayo. Kulokhu, izingubo zokugqoka esakhelwe akubalwa. Akuvunyelwe indawo amakamelo e zokulala futhi emafulethini ku egumbini elingaphansi futhi phansi izibuya ophilayo.

endaweni okwedlulele

Lokhu value yinani lika ezindaweni zonke izakhiwo. Kulokhu esinazo emqondweni kanye Umbuso indawo, futhi amagumbi ephilayo, kanye kuphuma emakhishini, zokugqoka, emaphasishi esikoleni, izindlu zangasese, izindlu zangasese, izindlu zangasese, indawo yokubeka yasendlini, eshaweni, mezzanine. Ukuze zokulala e izibalo kunezelwa emahhovisi endaweni wezokwelapha kanye emagcekeni injongo kwamasiko kanye nomphakathi. I zokulala futhi emafulethini ehlobo isandiso (masimu, balcony, loggias) futhi walibheka emisebenzini ngokwehlukile. On endaweni jikelele endlini akubandakanyi emaphasishi esikoleni, Ezindaweni zokwamukela izivakashi, udladla Ezindaweni zokwamukela izivakashi, ezitebhisini kanye Ezindaweni zokwamukela izivakashi.

endaweni ngempumelelo

Izilinganiso zenziwa ngodonga ngabanye kanye odongeni evele. Ubukhulu niches ka 1.8 m ukuphakama zihlanganisa egumbini, lapho zitholakala. Kuyefana nasendleleni endaweni phansi, engaphansi izitebhisi mashi ngaphakathi efulethini (lapho ibanga phansi isakhiwo projecting 1.6 m noma ngaphezulu). Hhayi kunakwe isikhala elalihlala projecting kwesakhiwo izingxenye bafudumale izakhi esithandweni. It is hhayi kubhekwe indawo isikhala ngaphakathi emnyango.

endaweni Ubude kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni

Ukubala kuhlanganisa ukubaluleka etholakala ngayinye phansi. On endaweni jikelele zihlanganisa ubukhulu komhlaba, emhlabathini izingxenye, ephakeme izakhiwo lobuchwepheshe. nemingcele Technical zezitho komhlaba ukuphakama esingaphansi 1.8 m ngezansi egumbini elingaphansi, phansi kanye phansi kuqala nazo azinakiwe kunakwe.

Ukwakhiwa ivolumu isakhiwo: ukubaluleka kubhekwa njengento izingxenye ngenhla phansi

Ukubala wenziwa siphindaphindeka kwendawo kwesigaba enezingqimba circumscription sangaphandle ukwakhiwa ngokuvumelana esitezi sokuqala ngenhla egumbini kuphakeme (ngokugcwele) ukwakhiwa. Inani yokugcina kukalwa ebusweni engenhla ungqimba ukwahlukanisa phansi ekamelweni elisophahleni ukuhlanza phansi 1st. Lapho flat izakhiwo zophahla kulesi sibalo ivolumu kwakhiwa isakhiwo esithathwayo uphawu isilinganiso engxenyeni engenhla ophahleni.

Komhlaba ingxenye

Kanjani ukubala ivolumu kwakhiwa isakhiwo engxenyeni komhlaba na? Kulokhu, ukubuyabuyelela wenziwa Ubukhulu kwangaphandle ovundlile nentaba cross-Sectional ka ukwakhiwa ngokuvumelana esitezi sokuqala ngenhla base ibanga elinganisiwe kusukela ohlanzekile phansi phansi 1st kuya base eliphansi noma engaphansi. In the ukungabikho izindonga engaphansi izingxenye sendawo ivolumu ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo kunqunywa ebhekisela nentaba sangaphandle ukwakhiwa ngokuvumelana ezingeni ezedlulayo. Izilinganiso abazenzi ikhumbula ukushuba a usimende noma ebhekene ungqimba. Lapho kubalwa endaweni cross-Sectional indiza ovundlile imininingwane yezakhiwo, amehlo aphumele ngaphandle ngenhla izindonga niches okukhona kuzo, ngeke kubhekwe. Ngakho, ngokuvumelana kwezinkambiso ibalwa umthamo ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo. Isibonelo ifomula izingxenye komhlaba:

V3 = S3 x H1.

S3 - endaweni Sectional endaweni engaphansi ovundlile (engaphansi) ku ukubaluleka kukalwa ezingeni esitezi sokuqala ngenhla cap. H1 - ukuphakama kusuka phezulu kokuqendwa phansi phansi 1st.

izakhi zezakhiwo

Kwezinye izimo kubalulekile ukubala ivolumu kwakhiwa isakhiwo, esakhiwa izingxenye ngabanye. Ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuya ukumisa, ukuphakama ezakhiwe. Kulokhu, wafingqa wonke amavolumu ukwakhiwa. Ngokuzimisela Ubukhulu ingxenye ethile ka-isakhiwo delimiting isikhala wabhekisela zone odongeni, lapho ahlula uhambisana in isakhiwo noma ukuphakama. Ukuze phansi ekamelweni elisophahleni izibalo sebenzisa kwesigaba mpo kwi yangaphandle izindonga circumscription ukukhonza guardrail ku obuphelele ukwakhiwa. Izilinganiso abazenzi kuze kube indiza engenhla ukushisa nangokuvikela ungqimba impahla noma phansi ekamelweni elisophahleni (ngokungabi bikho elisophahleni) ukufulela. Ukwakhiwa amavolumu vestibules, bay amafasitela, verandas, Loggia, nemipheme amavesi edlulisela (ngaphandle imininingwane yezakhiwo) izakhi isakhiwo, Skylights futhi Dome ngokufanele ngaphezu indiza ophahleni, afakiwe nase-sibalo jikelele. Hhayi kunakwe lapho ukulinganisa ukubaluleka driveways, kovulandi, balcony ongaphandle, isikhala kuyakhiwa.

Umthamo ukwakhiwa kwemisebenzi, ethi: ulwazi olujwayelekile

I-calculus Kwenziwa yizilinganiso yomusa, umklamo, usayizi, eyasungulwa yokusungula uhlelo. Amayunithi nesilinganiso lapho kunqunywe umthamo wokwakha, kumele kusetshenziswe imingcele etholwe amazinga elilinganisiwe. Banikwa e kuzingxenye eziphathelene tehrazdelah snip. Umsebenzi wokwakha Kunconywa okumelwe kuhlolwe ngokuhambisana amashadi ejwayelekile, amatafula kanye imidwebo. Lezi izinto enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba ngeso lengqondo course futhi ukulandelana izibalo. Ekuhloleni amatafula zisetshenziswa, okuyinto acabangele ngokucacile womsebenzi. Ukwakhiwa kwemisebenzi alotshwe thize. Kufanele uqale nge isisekelo engaphansi izindonga. Ngemva kwalokho, inani yokwemba. Eceleni Kunconywa kokuhlaziywa ingxenye komhlaba isakhiwo, kanye izindawo okungezona zokuhlala kanye yokuhlala.

Inkambo inqubo

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ekubalweni ivolumu kwenziwa ngendlela ethize. Phakathi nenqubo kufanele ulandele ukulandelana elandelayo:

• Ukujwayelaniswa ngezinto yephrojekthi okuwenza aqondane i kulula ukuyisebenzisa ngendlela enengqondo.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokulungisa amafomu tabular.
• Ukuhlanganiswa amatafula asizayo izibalo mayelana izakhi ejwayelekile, izingxenye kanye nezinhlaka zawo.
• Ukubalwa yobuningi bomsebenzi nephrojekthi Ukucaciswa.
• Ukuhlolwa for timphawu tesakhiwo nalokho engamboziwe incazelo.

izincomo

Ukusebenzisa ezinye izinto asekelayo, ungakwazi kakhulu lula umsebenzi. Kunconywa:

• Lungiselela kusenesikhatsi etafuleni asizayo equkethe izilinganiso isilungele izingxenye zesakhiwo ejwayelekile futhi esiqhubekayo, izingxenye isakhiwo, izinhlobo zamasevisi.
• amafomu ukusetshenziswa enkulu yama amabhajethi sendawo nge uhlu imisebenzi ezinkulu izakhi ukwakhiwa, nemingcele izindleko kanye ukubethela iyunithi amanani.
• Ukuze ubale ngale ndlela, imiphumela yalomsebenti odlule singasetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo.
• ukusetshenziswa Maximum etholakala engxenyeni project of the sebhithi in imikhiqizo ejwayelekile futhi endaweni (ewusizo, jikelele, nokunye. D.).

Gazette ngokuya nemisebenzi yokwakhiwa ngokuvamile aqukethe izibalo zezinhlobo ezithile zomsebenzi kanye timphawu tesakhiwo. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi lezi zinto kanye ye-amaqembu amakhanda awafani nomunye.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe,

Ukubala inani umsebenzi, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, wenziwa endaweni SNP isethi amayunithi. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa m ³ PC., T, m ^2, nokunye. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi elithi "amavolumu kulinganiselwa ukuthi" kusho nanoma iyiphi imali ukuthi bazimisele ngokuvumelana imidwebo esetshenziswe nokuhlolwa izindleko elilinganisiwe. Calculus ngokuvamile ukukhiqiza ubuciko (Ubunginiyela). Ukuze athobele Imiphumela esinembile Kunconywa rechecking izisebenzi kulinganiselwa oqeqeshiwe.

Noma ukhonkolo prefabricated luqiniswe ngokhonkolo izakhiwo

Ngokucacile nokuhlolwa bomsebenzi kudivayisi yabo liqukethe yokuthi iyunithi amanani acabangele iqoqo amasevisi ukufakwa izingxenye ngaphandle kwenkokhiso. Kule ndaba, balinganisela sihlinzekela izikhundla ezimbili. Eyokuqala - ukunquma izindleko ukufakwa intengo iyunithi. Esesibili - ukubala izindleko zokwakha ngamanani zamanje kuwo. Inqubo nzima yokuthi kwezinye izimo, ubunikazi kanye izindleko wholesale kuyodingeka nemingcele ezahlukene. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, izinga elilinganisiwe ukufakwa izitezi ogibele isakhiwo esisodwa. lwamanani ase wholesale efanayo - ngamunye imitha square futhi imitha cubic ngokhonkolo. Ezimweni ezinjalo kubalulekile ukucacisa inombolo zezakhiwo (yizicucu) futhi abale endaweni yabo. Ngenxa yalesi simo le yesakhi isebenzisa izitatimende imidwebo ngokwanele ngokucacile limelela umkhiqizo. Ngo ukwakheka izilinganiso kuya izikimu, njengoba umthetho, aziphendukeli. Kulezi zimo, waqondisa kuphela isigqila phezu amanani elilinganisiwe abasebenzi. Ngakho-ke, esikhathini esidlule kubalulekile ukunikeza incazelo egcwele izakhiwo ibalwa.

Izidumbu zezakhiwo

Ngu isakhiwo ekuthwaleni umthwalo kusukela ekwakhiweni setshe futhi befaka izakhi zihlanganisa amakholomu, besokunxele, Trusses, ngemishayo girders. Uma kobukhulu izindawo esabelwe odongeni, ibizwa ngokuthi frameless. Mangithi ukuthi izilinganiso for ukwakhiwa civil kwesigaba "Frames" ayikho. Izindleko besokunxele, Trusses, ngemishayo ezivundlile kufakwe "Coatings" futhi "lokweqa" namakholomu, emi yedwa - e "Izindonga". Ububanzi umsebenzi ukufakwa bofeleba, nezinsika ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu uzimisele ucezu izimpahla. Precast uzimele ukhonkolo njengoba iyunithi wenza imitha cubic ngokhonkolo kuleli cala. Regulatory metal izakhiwo awobusuku 1 ton ukukhanya izinto - 100 m ^2. Izindleko laying kuma-panel kakhonkolo futhi ipuleti inhlangano uhlobo, Uthwale phansi futhi ezimisele ku 1 ucezu umkhiqizo.

ifomula eyisisekelo

Isakhiwo izakhiwo kanye ivolumu isici phansi ekamelweni elisophahleni (V1) kunqunywa kanje:

V1 = S1xH.

S1 - endaweni kwesigaba ovundlile ukwakhiwa we circumscription zangaphandle phansi fl 1st. H - ukuphakama ingxenye ezingeni esiphelele phansi phansi kuqala phezulu ukugcwaliswa phansi ekamelweni elisophahleni lwendlu. Enye ifomula:

V2 = S2 x L.

Ithola inani isakhiwo izakhiwo ngaphandle agqagqene elisophahleni (V2). S2 ndawo esigabeni mpo lakhiwa circumscription zezitho elingaphandle izindonga (phezulu eseqedile phansi 1 fl. Futhi uhlaka eliphezulu ophahleni). L - ukubaluleka belinganisa ubude besakhiwo ebusweni sangaphandle izindonga ekupheleni ezingeni esitezi sokuqala ngenhla cap. Futhi ngowokuqala futhi esimweni sesibili ke ayifakiwe ukubala ukubaluleka travel. Nokho, amanani wanezela bay amafasitela, niches, loggias, kovulandi, verandas, Skylights. Ngesikhathi esifanayo usayizi balcony akubalwa (nangaphandle), imipheme. Uma endaweni samaphansi ezahlukene zihlukile, isakhiwo sokuqala kunqunywa ivolumu ngamunye. Ngemva Amanani wafingqa.