Iyunithi Elementary yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - kuyini? Ukunqunywa iyunithi aphansi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Umuntu namuhla, ngokuvamile, ujwayelene umqondo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo njengoba inqubo yentuthuko oqhubekayo wokuphila emhlabeni. It ngokuvamile ukuthi kwemvelo - inqubo ovumelana nezimo kokuhlukana kwazo zonke izinhlobo eziphilayo zavela ukuqhubeka. Kunempikiswano enkulu mayelana izinkolelo-mbono umsuka wokuphila emhlabeni, ngakho bonke baqala lapho. Kodwa umqondo kuvamile, it is konke siyafundwa esikoleni. Kulokhu, lokho lisisakhiwo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - umuntu, iqembu eziphilayo, zilwane, - azi futhi aqonde akubona bonke.

ukuthuthukiswa theory

Ngesikhathi elithi "ukuziphendukela kwemvelo" thina ngokushesha ukucabanga kaCharles Darwin (1809-1882). Kodwa esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba umqondo zavela kancane kancane zokuphila futhi into efana iyunithi aphansi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, uvele umcabango yefilosofi. Kodwa kwakungegazi uCharles Darwin fanele isingeniso wezesayensi ... cha, hhayi umqondo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nezinye Dynamics eziyobenza izinguquko eziphawulekayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi okukhulu eziphilayo ukuqeda lapho kumiswa kwezinhlobo ezintsha. Lesitshalo njengoba umphakathi engokwemvelo yezinto, ezifanayo wonke izici eziyinkimbinkimbi uyakwazi ukweqa ngokukhululekile ukuvela inzalo zokuzala. Ngakho, nodaba salesi sihloko - kwencazelo iyunithi kwencani, okungaba ushintsho eside and qualitative, okuholela ukubukeka into entsha futhi ihluke amafomu sabazali.

Ngaphambi Darwin

I umbono on ukuthuthukisa izwe organic, okuyinto yayikhona ngaphambi obhekwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsuka zinhlobo yizincwadi zikaDarwin, ngokuthi i-pre-kaDarwin. Ngaphandle kokuya le wilds inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, inkolelo-mbono evamile ababebhekwa kwaba zenkolo (zonke ezivela kuNkulunkulu) futhi zenkolo-okungokwemvelo (eziphilayo silwele ukuthuthukisa, futhi uNkulunkulu). Lezi kwemvelo kukhona iyunithi eyisisekelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kubhekwa i ndlovu ngabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, Zhan Batist Lamark (1744-1829) wachaza nesenzakalo nentamo ende izindlulamithi afisa ukufinyelela kanye emagatsheni aphezulu inzalo ukudluliswa nenshisekelo.

Darwin revolution

Okufanela kaCharles Darwin ukuthi emsebenzini wakhe "The Origin of Species:" zonke ezihlukahlukene Amazing eziphilayo emhlabeni Wachaza umphumela umzabalazo khona, ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. A yi yale nqubo Kwakuwukunqoba of the eziqine futhi ezinamandla. Darwin wagcizelela ukuthi lisisakhiwo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo iqembu labantu, hhayi abantu nje olulodwa. Ukukhetha engokwemvelo yaqala ke ukusebenza njengoba ngaphansi nobukhulu bayo ukuwa kube abantu abangashadile futhi iqembu lazo elingokwemvelo. Lelo qembu, ngokuvumelana Darwin, zimpawu zingase zithathe isikhathi iqhubeka namuhla ezingadingekile, kodwa kusasa babé ibalulekile nezimo eziphawula izinto eziphilayo ukuze izimo njalo siguqula zokuphila. Darwin iqembu zinhlobo njengoba lisisakhiwo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

KaDarwin plus zofuzo

Lokho kungatjho angeke sachaza Charlz Darvin e yakhe "Umsuka ..." indlela izinguquko okungahleliwe zidluliselwa bese ilungiswe nenzalo. Phela, nezici ezikhethekile uzobe kwaluqeda ngokuhamba izizukulwane ezizolandela. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi kukhona isayensi yezakhi zofuzo nemithetho yayo ifa kanye alleles esikhubazayo ephezulu, yandiswa iqembu eziphilayo. Imithetho Abathathu ukusebenza le nzalo isizukulwane sokuqala Mendel, le double helix kolwazi kwezakhi DNA Watson Crick, ngamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo futhi kwezakhi zofuzo, ukuthuthukiswa Embryology futhi Cytology, ethology, i-paleontology nesayensi, oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo futhi nemvelo -. Futhi ukukhanya okuzelwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela zokwenziwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, evelele esimweni sanamuhla zezemfundo.

Symbiosis kaDarwin futhi yesimanje

ithiyori Zokwenziwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yasungulwa ngonyaka ka Maphakathi nekhulu le-lamashumi amabili. Ukuze uthumele loluvela kuwo onkhe izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezikholelwa ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo ukuze lasungulwa akwanele Amakhasi amathathu. Qaphela izazi zezinto eziphilayo S. S. Chetverikova (1880-1959), FG Dobrozhanskogo (1900-1975) kanye I. I. Shmalgauzena (1884-1963). I postulate main kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela - iyunithi eyisisekelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo uwukuthi yikhona sabantu njengeqembu elihlukile zenye ahlala endaweni efanayo futhi ngendlela ethile behlukene nezinye imiphakathi yamazwe zilwane. Lokho kwemihlambi imiphakathi (imvelo, njengomumo womhlaba, ukukhiqizwa kabusha) kuholela ekwakhekeni kwezinhlobo ezintsha. Ukuchaza izindlela speciation kuholela theory zokwenziwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo by amalungiselelo athile, futhi uchaza ukuthi kungani abantu kubhekwa lisisakhiwo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Izinhlinzeko main kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela zokwenziwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Idatha yethulwa, akazange athi wafika ulwazi olugcwele futhi ngokuphelele amalungiselelo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela yesimanje kanye postulates kubhekwe ku umongo ukuthi labantu - iyunithi eyisisekelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Isazi sezinto eziphila kuleli Russian futhi isazi sezakhi zofuzo N. V Timofeev-Resovsky (1900-1981) washayelwa amalungiselelo eziyisisekelo STE aphansi amayunithi, izenzakalo futhi izici yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

• iyunithi Elementary yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - kungcono labantu.
• Lo mkhuba kwemvelo asebenzayo - iguquka echibini isakhi sofuzo (isethi ezivamile zezakhi zofuzo bonke abantu) labantu.
• Isakhi pool sabantu - okokusebenza lezinceku kwemvelo.
• Evolution izici - mutational izinqubo ukwahlukanisa labantu amagagasi (inombolo oscillations) kanye nokukhetha.

kungani abantu

labantu kuphela njengeqembu labantu elilodwa zilwane yomkhakha owodwa ezingasetshenziswa khona unomphela njengoba ubuqotho ngesikhathi nendawo. Futhi kuphela kule amathuba nabantu beyizalaniselana uhlale ephakeme kunaleyo ematfuba ukweqa abantu kusukela imiphakathi ehlukene. labantu kuphela ihlangabezana nezidingo inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, futhi ngenxa yalokho kuyinto iyunithi aphansi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kuphela ngaphansi kwaleli qembu nge ahlukene genotypes e ngabanye zikhethwa izici phenotypic. Kuphela ezifana irherho le-closed kungenzeka phenotypically yokuphepha yimpumelelo ngoba izimo kunikezwa ukhona izibonakaliso genotype salo lonke iqembu, echibini isakhi sofuzo sabantu. Futhi bandisa echibini isakhi sofuzo, ukushintsha genotypes ngabanye ngabanye, okuholela phenotypic (zangaphandle) umehluko.

Kunganjani umbono - iyunithi eyisisekelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo?

Ukubukwa Ungase futhi kumelwe ibhekwe njengezwe ephelele irherho le-closed, kukhona isikhathi eside. Kodwa ngalunye oluphilayo, ahlala endaweni ethile, kwasakazwa Ukuboshelwa on ensimini. Futhi zonke izingxenye - lolu labantu ezingase kwakuthiwa zisenza sibe inqubo speciation. Futhi abakwazi ukunikeza. Ezinye izinhlobo zawo, ezifana sendawo, ngokuvamile ibekwe endaweni lolulingene futhi amelwe labantu (i-arctic polar bear, noma nerpa). Futhi kukhona kwezinhlobo ezifana izinyoni ezivame emelelwa amakhulu imiphakathi ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba.

Akungcono yini sehlukane ukuze iyunithi ngabanye aphansi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo?

Inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuhilela ukuthuthukiswa futhi ukuvela izici ezintsha futhi izakhiwo i umzimba, okuholela ukuqina yayo enkulu. Bese uchungechunge izizukulwane kuyadingeka - umlando kwemvelo nokunye phetho kwemvelo. Umzimba alikho nganoma yisiphi ubude besikhathi ukuba phezu esaphila ukuthuthukisa begodu bahlanganise uphawu. Ngakho-ke, ezinkomeni noma umhlambi akukwazi lisisakhiwo - iqembu elingalodwa futhi kukhona akwanele, njengoba umthetho, hhayi elithi eside kakhulu umongo inani izizukulwane. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le nkulumo aluyona efanelekayo prokaryotes (non-senuzi) njengoba nje rate eliphezulu yokuzalana.