Izigaba ezine agcwele kwemvelo kohlelo yemali global

Kuze kube manje, uhlelo yemali ngamazwe uyinto eyinkimbinkimbi, ithuthuka ngokushesha nokuguqula uhlelo. Ngokwemvelo, kwamazwe main ezinikeza elilodwa noma kwenye vector, ebheka ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo yemali emhlabeni, kukhona amazwe iminotho ithuthukiswe. Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba lolu phiko abadlali ku zonke izimakethe zomhlaba has a inzuzo ayisisekelo amakhono igolide lwemali.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuziphendukela uhlelo yemali global kuhlanganisa ezine yobude obugcwele esiteji, ogxile ezahlukene kwamaZwe yemali izinhlelo ezine. Isigaba sokuqala sale ukuthuthukiswa, noma kunalokho, ukwakheka esiteji, kwaba uhlelo okuthiwa standard igolide. With simiso, noma yikuphi lwemali, okuyinto lalisakaze emakethe yasekhaya (emazweni amaningi) ingahunyushwa kalula igolide. Sasungula ubuhlobo obunjalo ngempela angesabi, futhi kwenzeka cishe ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Kuyacaca ukuthi zonke izigaba ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo yemali emhlabeni, kuhlanganise standard igolide kwadingeka izici ayo ethize. Kulokhu, it: lwemali ngamunye iyunithi has a okuqukethwe ezithile igolide okulingana; convertibility ku igolide eyenzekile, kokubili ngaphakathi isimo nangaphandle ke; kumiswa ukuhlanganisa ocacile phakathi zigcine igolide yezwe futhi lunikeza imali ejikelezayo. Lezi izigaba ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo yemali emhlabeni eshiwo khona esinqunyiwe exchange rate. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-rate esinqunyiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuthuthukiswa ubudlelwane kwezomnotho ilahlekelwe incazelo yalo futhi salandelwa uhlelo lovumelanako izifundo.

Isigaba sesibili, okuyinto useke wabhekana kwemvelo kohlelo yemali global, isibe standard igolide exchange. Ingqikithi zalesi simiso kunciphisa kungenzeka exchange izincwadi zabo kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi exchange angaphandle, okungukuthi, amasheke, amanothi promissory, izikweletu kwamanye amazwe, okuyinto yena, kungenziwa umklomelo ngqo ngesikhathi igolide. Lesi sigaba, ukuqhubeka ukuqhubeka kohlelo yemali emhlabeni, iye yamukelwa umphakathi emhlabeni ngaleso Conference Genoa, eyaqhutshwa ngo-1922. Njengoba wazi, indima yisiqubulo lwemali kule nkathi ndawonye kwethulwa phambi kopondo British kanye, yebo, nedola laseMelika. Yingaleso kusukela ngaleso sikhathi futhi waqala ukubusa langempela lwemali ezimakethe zomhlaba.

Esigabeni esilandelayo, eyaqala ukuvela uhlelo yemali global, isibe ajwayelekile kithi igolide exchange ejwayelekile. Lolu hlelo kwamiswa ngaphansi ukucindezela ngamandla ekushintsheni nemibandela umnotho wembulunga yonke kwenkathi 30 - 50th iminyaka kwekhulu elidlule. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, ngokomthetho, de jure, uhlelo wavunyelwa ngokomthetho ngo-1944 e-US Bretton Woods. Kulokhu, lwemali yemali benana ngokuqondile, ngaphandle ukubandakanywa igolide, owawungumnyaka izici avelele inhlangano ubudlelwane lwemali global. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi igolide okwamanje asathuthuka, njengoba ngezigaba yangaphambilini ye ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo yemali emhlabeni, liye lagcina umsebenzi walo futhi eziseqhulwini imali yokugcina phakathi ahlukene.

Inani wesimo ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi amandla ngo-1974, ekugcineni futhi irrevocably ehlisa uhlelo Bretton Woods. Ngo-1976, ukuvela uhlelo yemali global usethathe sokugcina, okungenani isigaba samanje yentuthuko. Isici esiphawulekayo lesi sinyathelo kwaba ukuqedwa igolide njengoba yemali iyunithi imisebenzi. Sekuvele uhlobo impahla, Nokho, uketshezi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, okwamanje kwakhiwa uhlelo okuthiwa izinga elintantayo, esikubheka namuhla.